APHUG Chapter 2
What age groups are categorized as "dependent"?
0-14 and 65+
What is the global "average" TFR?
2.5
Stage 4?
About 9; China, Brazil, U.S, Canada, etc.
The World's population is highly clustered, or concentrated in certain regions. FOUR major population concentrations are identified in text. Shade and Label the ares of these concentrations on the map in red. TWO smaller concentrations, or emerging clusters, are also identified. Shade and Label these areas on the map in blue.
All information is found on page 46
About how many people are being added to the world's population each year?
Around 80 million people each year.
The shape of the pyramid is primarily determined by what demographic rate?
By the percent of total population in 5 age groups.
In what world regions is most growth occurring?
Developing countries have the most growth.
In the table below, list the four "lands" which are sparsely populated on earth. For each region, explain the reason which makes it inhospitable for human habitation.
Dry Lands: -too dry for farming -20% of the Earth's land surface -not enough water to grow food for a large population Wet Lands: -receive high amounts of precipitation -rain and heat depletes nutrients from soil too fast=no agriculture Cold Lands: -polar regions=no crops and few animals which= no humans/very little people High Lands: -plateaus and mountain regions are densely populated -mountains are snow covered, sparsely settled which is due to low altitudes.
In the boxes below, make note of the significant facts, features, countries involved, and characteristics of the four most important population concentrations and two secondary ones.
East Asia: - nearly 1/4 of the world's population -borders the Pacific Ocean -includes: eastern China, islands of Japan, Korean Peninsula, and island of Taiwan -Republic of China= world's most populated country Southeast Asia: -600 million people, mostly on a series o islands that lie between the Indian and Pacific Oceans -Indonesia= 13,677 islands & 4th most populated country -Java= 100 million people and is the largest population concentration -several islands belong to the Philippines and contains high population concentration along several river valleys and deltas at southern tip of Asian midland South Asia: -nearly 1/4 of the world's population -includes: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the island of Sri Lanka Europe: -4 dozen countries -3/4 inhabitants live in cities -highest population concentrations are near major rivers, coal fields and historical capital cities -Monaco= 1 square kilometer is equal to 33 thousand people compared to Russia which is the world's largest country in land area (when Asian part is included) Eastern North America: -largest population in western hemisphere= U.S and Canada (northeastern) West Africa: -Nigeria= Atlantic Coast -Asian= West African agriculture
Note the rates and locations of the global "highs and lows" in TFR.
High: Sub-Saharan Africa=5 Low:Europe=2
When did the global NIR peak, and what was it?
In 1963, and the NIR peaked 2.2%
In the chart below, summarize/bullet key points of India's and China's population policies.
India: -federalization and cannot enforce centralized policy -in areas if greatest natural increase famine is common -1950's: provided funds for family planning clinics -1960's: programs proposed that required sterilization fro those with more than 3 children; caused rioting -today: use of advertising persuasion and network of clinics (no sign of slowing) China: 1965: population=good 1976: 850 million people; CBR=25, Two-Child Policy enforced because the country was consuming half of its GDP, government provided services including abortion. 1970's (late): CBR=19.5 1979: Xiapong= Child Policy is harshly enforced, penalties to ensure policy is followed; late marriages, free contraceptives, abortion/sterilizations, fines, etc. 1984: policy relaxed in rural areas where child labor is important 1986: CBR=18
What occurs when the rate of physiological density increases?
It suggests that the available agricultural land is being used by more and may reach its limit too soon.
What is the NIR today?
Lower than 2.2%
Stage 1?
None
Use map on page 47 to prepare a sketch map that shows non-cumene and very sparsely inhabited lands.
Page 47, map 2 or 3
What types of countries/regions are likely to have more males than females? Why?
Poor countries because of the high mortality rate during childbirth, and because of the young people where there are more males due to the old people/males are only allowed to work.
What would non-ecumene mean?
Portions of earth NOT occupied by permanent human settlement
Fill in the chart below with characteristics describing each stage in the demographic transition model (CBR, CDR, NIR, etc.). Characterize the amount of growth of each stage (low, high, decreasing, (aka moderate) etc.).
Stage 1: -high birth and death rates -no long term natural increase Stage 2: -high birth rates -death rates declining -high natural increase Stage 3: -birth rates decline -death rates continue to decline -natural increase begins to moderate Stage 4: -very low birth rates -death rates produce no long term natural increase/possibly a decrease
In the chart below, which represents the four stages of the demographic transition, identify the country and where it is located which is in that stage and briefly describe how it got to that stage. Use the DTM samples and population pyramids on pages 56-57 to help you with this.
Stage 1: No country in this stage Stage 2: Cape Verde -entered stage in 1950 -near Africa -reflects the impacts of famines and out-migration. Stage 3: Chile -entered stage 2 in1930's, stage 3 in 1960's (birth rate ↓) Stage 4: Denmark -virtually no change in total population since it entered stage 4 in the 1970's.
Stage 2 and 3?
Stage 2: most of Sub-Saharan Africa Stage 3: about 6; South Africa, India, Pakistan, etc.
Define total fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
What would characterize a possible stage 5 of the DTM?
The country experiences a loss in overall population as death rates become higher than birth rates. (not an immediate effect.)
Where has Malthus's theory proven right?
The food production has increased roughly as much as he said it would.
What does the "graying" of a population refer to?
The increase in old people who need medical care after they retire
What is the sex ratio?
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Define physiological density
The number of people supported by a unit of arable land.
What is the dependency ratio?
The number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years.
Define doubling time
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
Define natural increase rate
The percentage by which a population grows in a year.
In what ways was Malthus mistaken?
The population did not increase like he said it would.
Define ecumene.
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
Define agricultural density.
The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land
Define crude death rate (CDR)
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Define crude birth rate (CBR)
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Define arithmetic density
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
Complete the table below to describe the views/theories of various population theorists.
Thomas Malthus: He believed that the population increases geometrically, food production increases arithmetically, and we will run out of food. Neo-Malthusians: They believed that when we run out of resources, violence will increase as a result. Critics of Malthus: Critics believed that Malthus is unrealistically pessimistic and necessity stimulates innovations.
Key Issue 1
Where is the World's Population Distributed?
Key Issue 3
Why Does Population Growth Vary Among Regions?
Key Issue 2
Why is Global Population Increasing?
The CBR has declined rapidly since 1990. Identify the two strategies that have been successful in reducing birth rates and explain why they have been successful.
a. Education and Health Care- -women remain/go to school and get jobs -women understand their reproductive rights -IMR's decline -improved prenatal care -consoling -child immunization b. Contraception- -rapidly diffusing modern contraception methods -economic development~ promotes lower birth rates -develpoing countries~ contraception devices greater= distribute them cheaper and quicker (best way)
Examine Japan's population:
a. How is Japan's population expected to change by 2050? -around 95 million -more elderly than children b. Why is this expected to happen? There is less immigration= less workers=less kids, and Japan's population can't handle that therefore meaning more elders will have to work c. Why is it problematic for Japan? More women working in place of not enough workers/elder=even lower birth rates
In what sense can we say that the first break came to different world regions for different reasons and in different ways?
a. It came to Europe and North America... during the Industrial Revolution (many got rich=better heath care) b. It came to Africa, Asia, and Latin America... during the Medical Revolution from North America and Europe (new medicine=people living longer)
Identify the two "big breaks" in the demographic transition and their causes.
a. The first break... The sudden drop in death rates due to technological innovations b. The second break... The sudden drop in birth rates because of social structure
The demographic transition is a _________ with serval _________ and every _______ is in one of these stages.
process of change, stages, country
How many countries are in each of the following stages of the demographic transition?
questions below on paper