Applied Research
What are research questions?
Research objectives. What you want to know about the topic.
Example of Purpose Statement and Problem Statement. (Just flip)
Purpose statement: Analyze fan behavior in minor league baseball stadiums. Problem statement: How to promote ticket sales of new customers of a minor league team.
What are problem statements?
Refers to a specific business or industry problem that someone wants to solve.
What is the typical structure of scholarly articles?
1) Abstract 2 ) Introduction 3) Review of Literature 4) Research Design (method) 5) Findings 6) Limitations 7) Conclusions 8) Bibliography
What is the order of reading scholarly journal articles?
1) Introduction 2) Conclusion and bibliography 3) Research results and key findings 4) Methods and research design 5) Full Readings
What is the ranking of reliabilty/validity between Pure, Quasi, Pre-experimental, and Post-Hoc?
1) Pure-experimental 2) Quasi-experimental 3) Pre-experimental 5) Post-Hoc
What is an annotated bibliography?
A few paragraphs of an overall assessment of a single article or document.
What is a blind reviewer?
A person who reads an article, assesses its merits, decides about publishing it, and recommends possible revisions without knowing who wrote the article. Typically individuals in the same field.
What are similarities between Qualitative and Quantitative data?
Both valid. Both use serious research techniques. Both contribute new information and perspectives. Both are rigorous.
How do you prepare an annotated bibliography using CSA?
C - Citation - full citation in MLA format. S - Summary - contents of article, book, website. A - Assessment - evaluation, critique of the merits/validity/usefulness
What is CPR (Structure of Scholarly Articles)
C - Context/Common ground - what is the situation/environment/background/reason for the problem? P - Problem/purpose - what did they set out to investigate/significance of problem? R - Response/results/research design - what is the solution or how did they figure it out?
What are white papers?
Carefully written and researched reports addressing specific topics that may or may not involve prior research. Created to provide background/rationale for a new program/policy/proposal/etc. Generally published by governmental agencies, NGOs, and businesses.
What criteria do you using in reading any publications? (8 C's)
Clarity Coherence Comprehensiveness Cogency Currency Credibility Creativity Contribution
What are the Three "C's" of Quantitative Research? What are the purposes (Hint: the Road)?
Connection Correlation Causation PAVED Prove Assess Validate Examine Demonstrate
What is a Literature Review?
Definition of major findings in studies focusing on a particular topic. Compares insights from various articles. A coherent essay.
What is applied research?
Emphasizes on solving specific problems through conducting careful research that has a direct industry connection. Tries to find out what is happening and what factors influence behavior in order to make changes (in practice).
What is the criteria for a good purpose statement? (5 I's)
Important Interesting Intriguing Investigate Impactful
What is the structure of a literature review?
Introduction - explaining the topic Subsection with headings - patterns of findings Conclusion - summarizing key findings
What is LOAF (Structure of Scholarly Articles)
L - Limitations O - Opportunities for more research (next step) A - Application of findings F - Findings
What is Quantitative Research?
Large sample size with few variables. (Large-few) Test hypotheses/models/concepts. Controlled settings to limit outside influences. Uses statistical tools to demonstrate that differences and correlations are significant. Ex. Number data, experiments, forcasting, Post-hoc, etc
What is a scholarly article?
Often called a "peer/blind-reviewed article" is written for scholarly journals and focuses on expanding knowledge.
Who is the audience of a literature reivew?
Scholarly professionals Industry professionals Journal editors Editorial boards Students Colleagues People interested Funders Reviewrs of proposals
What is action research?
Seeks to understand and change problems/operations/policies through participation in and reflection on change process.
What is Qualitative Research?
Small sample size with many variables. (Small-many) Discovers what might be happening. Natural setting that may contribute to info gathered. Analytically tools to determine patterns and significance of data. Ex. Surveys, personal interviews, etc
How do you test purpose statements?
Spousal/partner/friend test Thanksgiving Test Public Speaking Test
What are purpose statements?
Statements that drive the research process and help you to focus on which research methods to pursue. Refers to a concern or area of interest appropriate to the whole industry, not something that an individual company is necessarily trying to address immediately.
What is Quasi-Experimental research?
TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE. Provides control over selection of respondents/treatment/etc, BUT less chance to prove cause and effect because of outside variables. Example: Balancing control and treatment groups (who has season tickets and who does not) and seeing how often they attend games. You do not have the ability to use a randomizing schedule. Can control randomization of participants, prove cause and effect with some certainty, can select sample carefully.
What is Pure Experimental Research?
TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE. Involves creating a design that measures the influence of one variable on another. Precents outside factors from influencing results. Example: Keeping human subjects in a controlled area. (needs consent and agreement from individuals willing to participate) Control treatment, pretest, assignment to control and experimental groups. Prove cause and effect with some certainty. Can select sample carefully.
What is Forecasting?
TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE. Attempts to predict future behavior, data, programs, events, or other items Methods Time series analysis Smoothing Regression analysis Trend analysis
What is Post-Hoc?
TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE. Conducted after an event, treatment, or program. Example: analysis of 9/11 on tourism demand.
What is Developmental Research?
TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE. Focuses on time factors, changes over the age of participants primarilty. Cohort studies - cross-sectional approach (classes) Longitudinal studies - long term approach (kids)
What is Experimental Research?
TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE. Gives control over independent variables, pre-test/post-test, selection of sample, treatment, etc. Has subcategories!
What is survey research?
TYPE OF QUANTITATIVE. Information about how a group of people think, perceive the world, feel about an activity, program, policy, possibility of change, new development. Methods include: Face to face interviews Telephone interviews Paper and pencil questionnaires Online questionnaires
What is the purpose of a completed literature review?
The essay provides information about the scholars, the articles, and the trade publication you have consulted. It presents the readers with arange of research that has been conducted in the topic area.
What is basic research?
Theoretical or "pure" research, primarily conducted to develop theories and a greater understanding of an activity/phenomenon/situation without an regards on the applicability (of the findings)
What are the 4 elements for the audience of a literary review?
Tone/voice Logical flow Coherence/focus Point of view (not personal)
What are some criteria for effective purpose statements?
Usefulness Validity Focus Feasibility Significance
What is the criteria for a good literature review?
Well written Carefully constructed Persuasive Well organized Insightful Clarity Coherence Comprehensiveness Cogency Currency Credibility Creativity Contribution
What is pre-experimental research?
You do not have contorl over two important aspects of experiment - 1) balancing control groups 2) balancing experimental groups. Example: Experimenting on those with season tickets and who does not) and comparing fan behavior seeing who buys more baseball caps. Buy could they not like the game, weather, etc? Hard to conclude
What are some ways of finding topics?
Your manger/professor Review of past reading New reading Interviewing Brainstorming Conversing Faculty Suggestions Cognitive mapping
