APUSH CH. 1
Samuel de Champlain
"The father of the New France" after 1600.
French Claims
1524 Giovanni de Verrazano. North America east coast including New York. Claims also based on Jacque Cortier's St. Lawrence River exploration. French preoccupied with European wars between Roman Catholics and French Protestants. Next century more interested in claims Samuel de Champlain 1608 Quebec first permanent French settlement. 1613 Louis Joliet explored Mississippi River.
Francisco Pizarro
1531, he led a band of soldiers down the Pacific Coast from panama towards Peru where they brutally subdue the Inca empire.
Valladolid Debate
1550 to 1551 in Spain. Las Casas argued that the Indians were completely human and Morley equal to Europeans, since leaving them was not justified. Juan Ginés de Sepúlvida, argued the Indians were less than humans. Hence, they benefited from serving the Spaniards in and call me in the system. Neither so I clearly want to debate. Though Las Casas was unable to gain equal treatment for Native Americans, he established to basic argument on behalf of the justice for Indians.
Florida
1565 Spanish establish a permanent settlement at Saint Augustine after numerous failed attempts and strong need a resistance. Now oldest North American city founded by Europeans.
New Mexico
16 ton Santa Fe became capital. Harsh efforts to Christy and eyes natives caused weblol people to revolt 1680. Spanish driven from area until 1692.
Encomienda System
A Socio economic system whereby favorite officers became privileged landowners who controlled Indian villages or groups of villages. As encomenderos, they are called upon to protect and care for the villages and support missionary priest. Intern, they could require Indians to provide them with goods in labor. Spanish America therefore developed from the start a society of extremes call and will pick up Casey doors and encomenderos at one end and natives held poverty at the other end.
Bartolomé de Las Casas
A priest who was an advocate against the treatment of Indians and the encomienda system.
Horses
Acquired in 17th century from Spanish. Sioux moved away from farming to hunting and following the buffalo across the plain.
Maya, Aztec, Incas
All three civilizations developed highly organized ascites, carried on extensive trade, and create a calendar that were based on accurate scientific observations. All three cultivate crops to provide a stable food supply, particularly corn for the ____ and _____ and potatoes for the ____.
Adena-Hopewell
American Midwest area. It left behind enormous earthworks and hundreds of elaborate burial mounds, some of them elaborately shaped. They were gathers and hunters. They had a complex social structure featuring a specialized division of labor. They developed an elaborate trade network that spanned the continent.
Isabella and Ferdinand
And 1469 they ended Ests chronic Civil War when they united to kingdoms in marriage. The two worker stating expansionists. On January 1 1492 after nearly 8 centuries of religious warfare between Spanish Christians and Moorish Muslims on the Iberian Peninsula, they declared victory for a Catholic schism add granted, the last Muslim strong. They gave the Defew did Muslims a desperate choice: convert to Christianity or leave Spain. Sue and after that they gave us the Sephardi, The Jews had the same ultimatum.
Atlantic seaboard settlements
Area from New Jersey self to Florida. Many descendants of Woodland mound builders and build tender and bark lodging across the river. Atlantic Ocean provide a rich source of food.
Hokokam Indians
Arid southwest spawned irrigation-based cultures. They migrated from present-day Mexico into today's southern Arizona. They developed sophisticated irrigation systems in order to grow corn and other crops, and they constructed temple mounds similar to those in Mexico. Society disappeared during 15th century.
Indian similarity
Both permanently settled.
New routes
Cheese realized route south and east shortest path sponsored by Prince Henry the navigator and eventually succeeded in opening up along zero across South Africa Cape of Good Hope. 98 Vasco thought gamma first to reach India via this route .
English claims
Claim rested on John Cabot voyages who and 1497 explorer to coast of Newfoundland. Other issue is preoccupied 1500s monarchy including Henry the eighth break with Roman Catholic Church. 5070s and 1580s challenge Spanish shipping in both Atlantic and Pacific ocean. Roanoke settlement.
Natives didn't have
Classical style civilizations with monumental architecture like ass text wash and goes. No metalwork, gunpowder, wheels, written languages, and domesticated animals. They weren't Christian. Didn't have the idea of exclusive possession of land.
Conquistadors
Cortes's soldiers received no pay; they were military entrepreneurs willing to risk their life for a share in the expected plunder and slaves.
Southwest settlements
Dry area includes New Mexico and Arizona. Hokokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos evolved multifaceted site is supported by farming with irrigation systems. Extreme drought and other hostile native took told by time of the Europeans. Way of life preserved an errand land, stone, and masonry dwellings.
Improvements in technology
Due to Renaissance promoting art and science. Europeans improved inventions of others. Ex. Gunpowder (Chinese), sailing compass (adopted from Arabs who knew from Chinese). Shipbuilding and map building. Movable printing press 1450s.
Protestant Revolt
Early 1500s certain Christians revolted against authority of Pope in Rome because of indulgences mainly Martin Luther. Let a series of religious wars proud of him versus Catholic. And this conflict also called desire to spread their own version of Christianity.
Nation-States
Europe was also changing politically in the 15th century. Smoking guns such as Castile and Aragon, were uniting at the larger ones. Enormous multiethnic empires, such as the sprawling Holy Roman Empire in Central Europe or breaking up. Replacing the small kingdoms and multiethnic empires were _____ -______ , Countries in which the majority of people shared both a common culture and common loyalty toward a central government. The monarchs of the emerging _______ pended on train to bring a needed revenues and on the church to justify their right to rule. They use their power to search for riches abroad and used it to spread the influence of their own version of Christianity to overseas dominions.
Disease
European importation of germs and diseases such as smallpox and measles killed millions. Mortality rate of 90%. Entire tribal communities wiped out.
Language
Europeans mainly in the Indo- European family while the natives had 20 families and over 400 distinct _______.
Native environment transformation
Exhausted soil quickly due to farming methods and irrigation system, architecture such as earth amounts, fishing, hunting slash and burn.
Spanish Empire Chief features
Exploitation of land/wealth, and call me and slash a Siento like systems, Christianizing population, strong opposition, and develop slowly.
Natives did have
Farming, complex political and social structures, and widespread trade networks. They develop the calendar, had democratic government method, and possessed a legal system. Plus, their economies were shape either geography, climate, and ecology.
Roanoke Island
First attempt by the English to colonize in the Americas. No one knows exactly what happened but no trace of the lost colonists ever found. Illustrate the change in British economic policy from rating to colonizing, a change and global power from Spanish domination to British domination, and the beginning of English peopling of North America. The first permanent colony was 1607 Jamestown.
Jacques Cartier
His voyages led to the first French effort at colonization. During three voyages, he explored the golf of St. Lawrence and ventured up the St. Lawrence River, between what would become Canada New York. Twice he got as far as present day Montreal, and twice he went through it at or near the site of quebec, near which is short-lived French colony appeared in 1541 to 1542. From that time forward, however, French kings lost interest in Canada
California
In response to Russians, exploration from Alaska, Spanish establish permanent settlement at San Diego 1765 and San Francisco 1776. By 1784, a series of settlements had been established along California coast by member the Franciscan order
Mississippi River Valley
In the Northeast, the __________, and along the Atlantic seaboard some societies developed next agricultural and Hunter gatherer economies that they were the development permanent villages.
Asiento System
It operated between the early 16th and mid 18th century, an agreement between the Spanish crown and a private person or another sovereign power by which Dilot it was granted a monopoly and supplying African slaves for the Spanish colonies in the Americas. The contractor agreed to pay a certain amount of money to the ground for the monopoly and to deliver a stipulated number of male and female slaves for sale in the American markets.
New laws of 1542
It provided sweeping changes and Spain's colonies. The natives were to be considered free, and the owners of the encomienda could no longer demand free labor or services from them. They did need to pay a certain amount of tribute, but any extra work was to be paid for. Natives were to be treated fairly and give an expanded rights. Conquistadors or out rage and they were repealed.
Christopher Columbus
Italian explorer who was dazzled by the prospect of Asian riches, he developed the bold plan to reach the Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic. He eventually persuaded Ferdinand and Isabella toward him a 10th share of any pearls, Gold, silver, or other brushes materials; and valuable spices he found any new territories. He claimed first island he saw as Catholic one. He received a hero's welcome back in Spain. Pope Alexander Vi God blessed the Spaniards to convert the New World. Three subsequent voyages across the Atlantic were disappointing he found little gold, few spices, and no simple path of China and India.
Aztecs
Late 13th century, arrived from the northwest to fill the vacuum in the Basin of Mexico. They founded the city of Tenochtitlán in 1325 and gradually expanded their control over central Mexico. When Spanish invaded in 1519, empire had estimated 5 million people.
French policy
Looking for furs and converts of Catholicism viewed natives as potential economic and military allies. French maintain good relations with the drive been countered. Seeking to control for a trade, built trading post throughout St. Lawrence Valley, great lake area, and along Mississippi River. They are the exchange runs good for beaver pelts and other fruits native collected. French toast less direct you to feel colonist, farms, or times than English and Spanish. Plus they assisted them in fighting old enemy.
Great Plains
Most nomadic or sedentary who farmed and trade it. The nomadic mainly hunted buffalo and lived in tepees. Farming tribes lived permanently earthen lodges against rivers. Corn, bean, squash, and traded. Moved away from agriculture to hunting once the horses introduced.
Great Basin, Great Plains
Native societies responded to the aridity the ________ and the grasslands of the western _______ by developing largely mobile lifestyles.
Indian difference
North American societies generally were smaller and less sophisticated than those in central and South America. North America more nomadic. South American higher population due to corn.
Algonquin
One of the distinct regional groups of the Eastern Woodlands. Dozens of _______-speaking tribes stretched far beyond eastern woodland. Their settlements reached from New England seaboard to lands along the Great Lakes and upper Midwest and south to NJ, Virginia, and Carolinas. Tribes along the coast were skilled at fishing; the inland graves excelled at hunting. All of them practiced agriculture. They frequently used dugouts to navigate rivers and lakes. Most lived in small rounded shelters called wigwams. Their villages ranged from 500 to 2000 inhabitants. Patriarchal.
Northwest settlements
Pacific Coast. Alaska to North California. Permanent long houses/plank houses. Rich diet up hunting, fishing, and gathering nuts, berries, and grits. Folklore was on large totem poles. High mountain ranges isolated drives and was barrier to development .
Mayas
Permanent farming towns developed in Mexico. Developed densely populated city centers complete with gigantic pyramids, temples, and palaces, all supported by surrounding peasant villages. They used mathematics and astronomy to devise a calendar more accurate than the one's Europeans used. 900 AD collapsed due to them overexploiting the rain forest, upon whose fragile ecosystem they depended. Deforestation led to a catastrophic loss of farmland. Overpopulation added to the strain on Society prompting civil wars. War parties destroyed one another's society, prompting civil wars.
Iroquois Confederation
Poltical union of 5 Independent tribes.
Midwest settlements
Rich food supply: hunting, fishing, and agriculture. Many permanent settlements developed in Mississippi and Ohio River valley and elsewhere. Adena-hopewell centered in Ohio famous for large or the mountains. Want to largest settlement with Cahokia what does many 30,000 people.
English Policies
Settled in areas with that large controllable made of empires. Interbreeding last comment because English often came as a family. Initially in Massachusetts, English and American coexisted, traded, and shared ideas. Natives taught English and Europeans learn to grow crops and hunt. Various where is traded for English manufactured goods especially iron tools and weapons. English had no respect for natives. Natives threatened by English growing population and taking more land. In this expelled natives from close rather than subjugating them.
Effects of Europe's expanding trade
Slavery, native decimation, spread of Christianity, spread of of nationstates, and new forms of influence and disease.
N. American culture
Smaller and less sophisticated than central and south because of slowness of the north word spread of corn cultivation for Mexico. Lived in semi permanent settlements and groups seldom 300. Men made tools and hunted for game. Woman gather plans and not/grew crops example of corn, beans, and tobacco.
Northwest, California
Societies in the _______ and present-day _______ supporting themselves by hunting and gathering, and some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean.
Northeast Settlements
Some Edina Hopewell culture spread from Ohio Valley into New York. Culture combine hunting and farming. Farming tech Meeks exhausted the soil facile people moved often. Iroquois confederation. Many families through mother lived in the longhouse is up to 200 feet.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Spain and Portugal were the first European kingdoms to claim territories in the Americas. Their claims overlapped leaving to disputes. And 1493 the pope and drew a vertical, north-south line on a world map called the line of them were station. The pope grants thing all lance to the west of the line and Portugal all lands the east. And 1494, Spain and Portugal move the popes line a few degrees to the west and signed an agreement. This treaty together with Portuguese explorations a stab list Portugal's Clint to Brazil and Spain's claim to the rest of the Americas.
Texas
Spanish establish that almonds. Communities group in early 1700s as Spain attempted to resist French efforts to explore the lower Mississippi river.
Religious Conflict
Spanish reconquered Spain from moors. Isabella and Ferdinand United the 2 largest kingdoms then conquered Granada, last moorish stronghold. Protestant revolt.
Dutch Claims
Teen hundred Netherlands also sponsored and explored. Hired Henry Hudson to seek westward passage to Asia through North America. 1609 Hudson river sailed through river later named after him. Expedition stop at Dutch claims to surrounding area that would become new Amsterdam later New York. Government granted private company, the Dutch West India Company, the right to control the region for economic gain.
Siouan
Teton Sioux and Crow of the Great Plains were this.
Long houses
The Iroquois's skill at growing corn led them to create permanent agricultural villages. Around there villages they constructed log walls and within them they built enormous bark-covered ________. Matriarchial.
John Cabot
The first despite the North American continent. He was a Venetian sponsored by Henry the seventh of England. He was authorized to conquer and possess any territory he found, he crossed the north Atlantic at 1497. Is landfall at what the king called the newfound land and present-day Canada, gave England the basis for a later claim to all of North America. During the 16th century, however, the English group so preoccupied with internal divisions and conflicts with France that they failed to capitalize on his discoveries.
Hernán Cortés
The most dramatic or European conquest of a major Indian civilization on the North American mainline occurred in Mexico. Spanish invasion began on February 18 1519 when he was driven by dreams of gold and glory in Mexico, set sail from Cuba with nearly 600 soldiers and sailors. Also on board were 200 Cubans, 16 horses, and several cannons. After the invaders landed at Velacruz, on the coast and Gulf of Mexico, they began to move Atlanta, where they assaulted thousands of Indian warriors of Tlaxcala. After defeating them, they were off to defeat Aztecs.hey forest alliance with Twaxcalans, and other Indians who resisted Aztecs. They made the emperor their puppet. After taking the Aztec's golf and silver, Spanish forced Montezuma to provide labor us to mine more of the precious metals. This lasted until spring of 1520 when Indians killed him. After a couple bottles, the last tax surrendered and Cortes order the leaders hang and he had his officers replace them as rulers over Aztec. He you set the style for plundering conquistadors to follow.
Anasazi
The most widespread and best known of southwest cultures. In ancient times they developed extensive settlements in the "four corners," where the states of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah meet. They lacked a rigid class structure unlike Mississippi and Mesoamerican. The religious leaders and warriors labored much as the rest of the people did. Warfare strictly self-defense. Environmental factors shaped _____ culture and eventually caused its decline. Toward end of 13th century, a lengthy drought and pressure of migrating Indians from the north threatened its survival.
Printing Press
The rediscovery of ancient texts, the rebirth of classical learning, and the spirit of inquiry already quickly through this.
Corn
The spread of _____ cultivation from Mexico northward into American southwest and beyond supported economic development and social diversification among societies in these areas.
Pueblos
They lived in the southwestern United States compromising several different language groups and two cultural divisions, one organized by matrilineal kingships and the other having a patrilineal system. Do you determine the clan membership with children, and lines of inherence and a stent. Their traditional called me is based on agriculture and trade. At the time of the Spanish encounter in the 16 century, they were living in villages that the Spanish called ____. The Europeans declined their fortunes since they arrived. The population went from 65,000 to 17,000. Franciscan Friars increasingly militant about stopping out all native religion. And resulted and six in it and 1680 pope religious leader organized uprising the forest Spanish to leave Santa Fe. The Spanish colony in Mexico was effectively destroyed. After revolt, Spanish more tolerant of indigenous religion and forced to abandon encomienda system.
Incas
What is now Colombia, they controlled a sprawling empire that by the 15th century stretched 1,000 miles along the Andes Mountains from Ecuador to Chile. It was crisscrosses by an elaborate system of roads and organized under an autocratic government.
