APUSH Chapter 26-28, APUSH Chapter 23-25, APUSH Chapter 22, APUSH Chapter 20-21, APUSH Chapter 19, APUSH Chapter 18, APUSH Chapter 16-17, APUSH Chapter 16 Part 1, APUSH Chapters 14-15, APUSH Chapters 11-13, APUSH Chapters 9-12, APUSH Chapters 6-8, AP...

John Muir

founded Sierra Club in 1892; preservationist, opposed Roosevelts stance of conservation of some land but use of other land. Worked with Gifford Pinchot

John Humphrey Noyes

founder of Oneida Community

Half-Breeds

fraction of the republican party; led by James G Blaine; favored civil service reform, against patronage

Frederick Jackson Turner

gave speech "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," argued that American culture was forged in the western frontier.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," drafted Constitution and Bill of Rights.

blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Ralph Waldo Emerson

"The American Scholar", pioneered transcendentalism, one of the most prominent transcendentalists.

Confederate Cause

"state's rights": the right to secede, right to nullify laws, right to slavery

Bunker Hill

(Battle on Breed's Hill called Bunker Hill) Site of a battle early in the Revolutionary War. This battle contested control of two hills (Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill) overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran-out of ammunition. "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!" Battle implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies.

Boston Associates

group of Boston businessmen who built the first large scale factory using power looms. In 1814 in Waltham, Massachusetts, they opened a factory run by Lowell.

Country Party

group of radical English publicists whom historians have labeled the Commonwealthmen. Spoke against corruption, urged return to truly balanced constitution. Stated if you did not stand up to this corruption then you deserved to lose liberty!

Farmers Alliances

groups of farmers of those in sympathy with farming issues, who sent lectures from town to town to educate people about agricultural and rural issues, eventually turned into the Grange and the Populist party

Oregon War

***

Sand Creek Massacre

1864 attack in Colorado on the Natives - Cheyenne and Arapaho massacred.

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, famous for being part of the election of 1876/ compromise of 1877

13th amendment

Abolished of slavery

Southern fears

Abolitionist infiltration, lower class white dissent, slave revolt.

Samuel Chase

Accused Jefferson of treason for removing judges based off their beliefs and questions of Constitutionality showed up.

South Carolina Convention 1832

After Tariff of 1832, adopted Ordinance of Nullification

Great Compromise

Aka Connecticut Plan, proposed by Roger Sherman, compromise between Virginia and New Jersey plans, bicameral legislature w/ upper house equally represented (2) & lower house proportional to size of state (determined by a census), only the lower house initiated $ bills

The Philadelphia Convention

Aka Constitutional Convention, Convention called by delegates to revise the Articles of Confederation. James Madison chair, ended up redoing the whole thing and making the Constitution.

censure

harsh criticism or disapproval

Bernard M. Baruch (1870-1965)

head of the War Industries Board during WWI

The Food Administration

headed by Herbert Hoover, increased the production of food and ration food for the military. Slogan "Food will win the war." Reflects Progressive belief that war overseas could be used as inspiration to create changes locally, which leads to a short increase in government presence in American lives (similar to post Civil War).

Federalist Party

Alexander Hamilton, broad construction, supposed by the wealthy, more gov power, alliance with Britain, and economic program.

Sand Creek Massacre

Also known as Chivington Massacre. Colonel John M Chivington attacked sleeping group of Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes in Sand Creek reservation of Colorado. Set off angry protests. Government condemned "the gross and wanton outrages," but STILL forced the two tribes to surrender their Sand Creek reservation and live elsewhere

George Mason

American Revolutionary leader from Virginia whose objections led to the drafting of the Bill of Rights (1725-1792)

Wanton Act

An act done by a person in reckless disregard of the rights of another.

Armistice

An agreement to stop fighting

Trans-Appalachian

Area west of the Appalachian mountains

Credit Mobilier Scandal

hired themselves at inflated prices to build the railroad line, earning high dividends. When it was found out that government officials were paid stay quiet about the illicit business, some officials were censured.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin

cooperationists

Believed southern states should secede as a unit

Beginning/growth of brand names

Brand names such as Kelloggs etc. became popular.

Allied Powers of WWI

Britain, France, Russia, and later Italy and the United States

The Plains Tribes

included the Sioux, Cheyanne, Apache, Comanche, and Arapaho who lived in the Great Plains area; nomadic peoples; depended mainly on the buffalo for sustenance

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

British, developed a system of philosophy based on the theory of evolution, believed in the primacy of personal freedom and reasoned thinking. Basis of Social Darwinism.

Treaty of Washington

British-American treaty addressing grievances from the civil war: the British reimburse the US for damages done by their warships. Signed by Hamilton Fish

George Eastman

invented flexible film, which was later used to invent the Kodak camera (camera designed for amateur photos)

Elias Howe

invented the sewing machine

Elias Howe

invented the sewing machine 1846

John Wanamaker

Businessman whose business grew into one of the first department stores, pioneer in marketing

William T. Sherman

issued Special Field Order 15

Specie Resumption Act

issued by Congress, limited reduction of greenbacks, full resumption of specie payment by Jan. 1879, causes deflation angering farmers and workers

urban issues

issues that concerned new cities such as housing, transportation, water, sanitation, crime, and fires

Alvin York

killed 25 machine-gunners and captured 132 German soldiers when his soldiers took cover during Battle of Argonne Forest; won Congressional Medal of Freedom

Nominating Conventions

large meetings of party delegates to choose candidates for office

Holding company

large partnerships, formed by "competing" companies in order strengthen their control over the market without violating anti-monopoly laws.

Washington DC

Capital moved to here as a deal to persuade Virginian congress to approve the assumption of state debts.

Yazoo land cases

lead to Fletcher v Peck court case. Fraudulent land selling.

Chief Red Cloud

leader of the Lakota Sioux who defeated U.S. troops in the Fetterman Massacre/Battle of the Hundred Slain

National Women's Suffrage Association

led by Carrie Chapman, sought the support of working-class women and tied the economic exploitation of women to their lack of political power.

WWI impact on women

left domestic services to work in industry; given right to vote shortly after war

Sutter's Mill

location where gold was discovered in California in 1848, setting off the gold rush

Urban Working Class

long hours, low pay, unskilled labor, no pensions, no compensation for injuries; dangerous working conditions; but often paid more than others in Europe. Males mostly in more managerial positions & "men's jobs". As rural farmers moved to industrial jobs had a hard time adjusting to demand of clock/boss. Women often in jobs showing extensions of domestication such as textiles--eventually entered what became as more "women jobs" such as teachers, clerical etc. but paid less than men.

Redeemers

loose coalition of prewar Democrats, Vets, S Whigs who took over S state govts in the 1870's supposedly "redeeming" them from the corruption of Reconstruction sharing a commitment to white supremacy & laissez faire economics ( govt should be limited & should not intervene openly/directly in the economy).

George Pullman

made his fortune by designing and building sleeper cars that made long distance rail travel more comfortable. Built a company town near Chicago for his employees.

Mann Act

made it illegal to transport women across state borders for "immoral purposes"

Hamilton Fish

member of the Grant administration, he was an able diplomat who peacefully settled conflicts with Great Britain through the Treaty of Washington, in which Canada gave the U.S. permanent fishing rights to the St. Lawrence River.

Blue Collar

member of the working class who performs manual labor and earns an hourly wage

Open Door Notes

message send by secretary of state John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy & Japan asking the countries not to interfere with US trading rights in China.

placer mining

method of extracting mineral ore by hand using simple tools like picks, shovels, and pans

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations. Also proposed the Lodge Corollary

Specie

money in the form of gold or silver coins (NOT paper notes)

Securities and Exchange Commission

monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds. Prevented the unfair manipulation of the stock market.

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920 after thousands of industrial jobs opened to black laborers

Hawaii for Hawaiians

movement started by Queen Lili that wanted and take back Hawaii for the natives and rid Hawaii of the white plantations owners

Upton Sinclair

muckraker, shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago.

Anaconda policy

naval blockade and capture of Mississippi corridor in an attempt to starve out the south. Capture confederate capital

"swing around the circle" campaign

nickname for Andrew Johnson's series of political speeches in the congressional campaign of 1866 to get support for his Reconstruction plan

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Gifford Pinchot

Chief of the Forest Service, worked closely with John Muir to create national parks, forests, and other conservation measures

Pontiac

Chief of the Ottawa who led Pontiac's Rebellion

Directorship

one of a group of persons chosen to control or govern the affairs of a company or corporation

The Shakers

one of the most successful/long lived utopian religious community. Officially known as the Millennial Church or the United Society of Believers. Founded by Mother Ann Lee. Named for their expressions of religion through vigorous dancelike movements; believed in communal ownership; strict celibacy; lived simply; minimal contact with outside world; expecting Christ's second coming momentarily

Buying on margin

only initially paying a small amount of the price and borrowing the rest. Allowed early post WWI lower class citizens to purchase things they didn't have the money for. Ultimately contributed to the "bull market" and stock market crash.

Margaret Dreier Robins

organizer of the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL)

Henry Knox

Commander of Artillery for Washington's Confederate Army. Dragged Ticonderoga cannon to Boston, and was able to dislodge the British after they took it over during Bunker Hill.

George Washington

Commander of the Continental Army

George W. Bellows

painted the painting "Cliff Dwellers" in which he captured the color and excitement of the tenements. Ashcan school artist

New Lights

part of the emotional revivalists of the Great Awakening

Silverites

people who believed coining silver in unlimited quantities would solve the nations economic crisis

Gerald Ford

period 8, 1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon

The Progressive Era

period of political and social reform that lasted roughly from the 1890s to the 1920s. Mostly involved middle-class white men who were afraid large monopolies posed a threat to their societal position.

Battle of Gettysburg

Confederate Attempt to win a battle on union soil, union victory

Yalta Conference

Conference between Soviets, US, and British. Agreed to split Germany into occupational zones, Soviets join war against Japan, allowed for creation of the United Nations.

Reconcentration

policy of moving Cubans to detention camps so that they could not aid rebels. Disease and starvation caused by this brought sympathy from Americans after Yellow Journalism

Warren G Harding

president who called for a return to normalcy following WWI. "not heroics but healing; not nostrums but normalcy; not revolution but restoration"

Illinois Factory Act

prohibited child labor and limited women's work hours

David Wilmot

proposed the Wilmot Proviso

Treaty of Paris 1898

Cuba Freed, Puerto Rico and Guam acquired, US paid 20 mil for the Philippines, ended the Spanish-American War

Stalingrad

Decisive battle in German invasion of Russia, Germans winning until winter came.

Challenges of the South in mobilizing for civil war

Drafting/ getting enough volunteers, blockade prevented getting manufactured goods, growing cotton instead of edibles, inadequate transportation, inflation due to overprinting, unexportable cotton

Gold Standard Act

During McKinley's presidency, made gold the only currency (NO SILVER!)

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812, stalemate, restored status quo

Big Bonanza 1869

Enormous gold and silver ore body discovered by John Mackay beneath Virginia City, Nevada in the Comstock Lode

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, monopolized the oil business.

Election of 1940

FDR wins his 3rd term.

Fort Sumter

First battle of the Civil War

1st Continental Congress

First big gathering of colonies to form plan to resist the Intolerable Acts. Patrick Henry quote "Give me liberty or give me death!" Formed the Continental Association. Began the shift towards belief in natural rights and liberty (John Locke). Happened in Philadelphia

Molasses Act 1733

George Grenville, Sought to curtail trade between New England and the French Caribbean by imposing a prohibitive tax on French-produced molasses used to make rum in American distilleries.

Sussex Pledge

Germans would not sink merchant & passenger (non-military) vessels. Violated later with the later resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare

Poland

Germany broke the Munich Agreement and invaded this country, led to Britain and France declaring war and starting WWII

Hamilton Fish

Grant's secretary of state. Arranged the Treaty of Washington, which settled disputes with Britain over the Alabama claims the and Canadian-American boundary.

Ragtime, blues, jazz

Have their roots in African American music

Samuel J. Tilden

Hayes' opponent in the 1876 presidential race, Democratic nominee.

Andrew Jackson

Hero of the Battle of New Orleans, War of 1812

The New Deal and Housing

Home Owners Loan Corporation and Federal Housing Administration insure millions of long term mortgages issued by private banks. The government also built thousands of low-rent housing units.

Homespun

Homespun goods - refers to domestic goods that Daughters of Liberty made to boycott.

Immigration in the 1840s and 1850s

Huge amounts of Germans and Irish immigrated, Irish immigrated mostly due to the potato famine, modernization of agriculture and industrial revolution pushed many peasants off their land. Provided labor force for America's new factory systems.

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

John C. Calhoun

In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional during the Nullification Crisis.

Trent Affair

In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisoners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release

Tobacco-based Slavery

In Chesapeake colonies

Florence Kelley (1859-1932)

reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers, pushed the Illinois Factory Act 1893.

Nonplantation-based slavery

In New England and Middle colonies

Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Primary

Initiative: the people introduce a bill Referendum: a law passed by the legislature referred to the people for approval/veto. Recall: removal of an elected official by popular vote. Primary: the people choose the party's candidate for office.

Ohio Valley

Inland river territory, scene of fierce competition between the French and English and Natives. Middle Ground

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts

Cyrus McCormick

Invented the mechanical reaper

Robert Fulton

Invented the steamboat

John Deere

Invented the steel plow

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Charles Goodyear

Invented vulcanized rubber

James Davenport

reverend and rational revivalist. He would frighten people with his sermons and was the most radical evangelist in this time period

US strategy in the Pacific

Island hopping, conquering one Japanese controlled island at a time until reaching mainland Japan.

Hartford Convention

James Madison - Federalists proposed constitutional changes to lesson power of South and West, such as ridding the 3/5 compromise and counting white population only. Limited president to single term only (most had been from southern states), and 2/3 majority req. to declare war, pass commercial regulations, or admit new states to the union. Led to the end of the Federalist Party

Reign of Witches

John Adams, Sedition Act allowed for prosecution of any media critical of government. Targeted Republican press

Snowbound

John Greenleaf Whittier, depicts a peaceful return to idealistic domesticity and rural life after the Civil War.

The Grapes of Wrath

John Steinbeck's novel about a struggling farm family during the Great Depression. Gave a face to the violence and exploitation that migrant farm workers faced in America (Okies)

Aaron Burr

Killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel** jefferson VP

King George III

King of England during the American Revolution

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce, delivered a speech condemning the policy of confining Indians to reservations.

White Collar

salaried professional or a person whose job is clerical in nature

Five Power Treaty

Limited the number of battleships and aircraft carriers by set ratios for the US, Britain, Japan, Italy, and France

Shunpikes

short detours that enabled residents to avoid tollgates, causing most toll roads to never make a profit

Causes of WWI (MAIN)

M- Militarism A- Alliances I- Imperialism N- Nationalism

Currency Act

Made to compensate for costs of Seven Years War along with the Revenue and Sugar Acts.

Election of 1836.

Martin Van Buren won, Jackson supported him (he was blamed for the Panic of 1837, not Andrew Jackson) vs. the Whig's 3 candidates.

Suffolk Resolves

Massachusetts plan to resist Intolerable Acts - told citizens to refuse obedience to new laws, withhold taxes, and prepare for war.

Newburgh Conspiracy of 1783

Military driven rebellion that almost happened due to the Articles of Confederation not allowing taxing, meaning soldiers could not be paid. George Washington's reputation stopped it. Showed Articles' lack of power.

Gilded Age Concerns

Monopolies, Labor, Political machines/corruption, Racism, Wage gap

Immigrants during Market Revolution

Mostly came from Germany and Ireland, supplied US with labor during Market Revolution, created nativist believers

Staple crops in every region

N-Wheat, NE-Sheep, S-tobacco, rice, cotton (black belt)

Buchanan v. Warley

NAACP victory, stuck down laws requiring residential segregation

Midway Islands

Near Hawaii, US conquered and took these islands - example of US imperialism

Justifications for American Imperialism

Need more raw materials/natural resources, needed new markets to sell to, Strong navy to defend trade, social Darwinism, "white man's burden"

Comstock Lode

Nevada gold and silver mine discovered by Henry Comstock in 1859. Where the Big Bonanza was found.

Public Works Administration

New Deal agency that provided millions of jobs constructing infrastructure

Edmund Genet

Newly appointed French minister to the U.S., commissioned privately owned American ships to seize British ships in the name of France, put American neutrality in jeopardy.

Josiah Strong (1847-1916)

One main proponent of the Social Gospel movement (other leaders: Washington Gladden and Walter Rauschenbusch)

Pennsylvania Government

Only unicameral (one house) legislature in the colonies

Special Field Order 15

Order by General William T. Sherman, set aside abandoned land along the southern Atlantic coast for forty-acre grants to freedmen; rescinded by President Andrew Johnson later that year.

Wisconsin Idea

Package of reform ideas advocated by Lafollette that included Initiative, Recall, Referendum. Promoted the idea of grounding legislation on thorough research and expert involvement.

2nd National Bank

Part of American System. Established in 1816, given more authority than the First Bank of the U.S. Bank. Loans used to finance industrial revolution after War of 1812.

Tariff of 1816

Part of American System. This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) (1933)

Part of the 100 Days/First New Deal. Hired young, unemployed men to do restoration projects and improve the infrastructure around the US.

Dingley Tariff

Passed in 1897-one of the highest protective tariffs in history; it was pushed through by big business in Northern cities

19th Amendment (1920)

Period 7, Women suffrage - many women still chose not to vote

Engel v. Vitale

Period 8, banned formal prayer in schools, government would not make any religion the 'official' religion.

Moses Austin

Persuaded the Spanish government to give him a land grant to settle 300 American families. Son Stephan F. Austin

National Gazette

Philip Freneau, supported the Republicans

Transcendentalism

Pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson: literary & philosophical movement, individual could transcend material reality & ordinary understanding with a higher form of reason, attaining a oneness w/ the universe as a whole & w/the spiritual forces that lay behind it. Believed society & institutions corrupt purity of individual.

Erza Pound, T.S. Eliot, Robert Frost, Carl Sandburg

Poets

Greenback Party

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation

Squatters

Poor farmers who occupied land and raised crops without a clear legal title to the soil

Old Lights

traditionalists, saw Great Awakening as dangerous nonsense

George Ripley

transcendentalist, established Brook Farm

Commission form of government

type of government that Galveston used shortly after the hurricane destroyed the city; the mayor is replaced with a five-person commission, where each commissioner is specialized in a different area of city affairs

New Negro

Promoted by W.E.B DuBois, who expected more rights to be gained for African-Americans after their war efforts.

William Paterson

Proposed New Jersey Plan

George McClellan

union general, overly cautious, lost to Robert E Lee, fired by Lincoln, democrat candidate in 1864 election

Ku Klux Klan

used terror tactics to keep blacks out of the political process and near insurrections against state governments, Want to restore white supremacy

IQ test

used to assess draftees readiness for military service. enforced minimal entrance requirements for school.

John Breckinridge

vice president under James Buchanan and South Democratic presidential nominee in 1860 who supported slavery and states' rights; he split the Democratic vote with Stephan Douglas and lost the election to Lincoln.

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

The "Tramp"

Refers to when thousands of men take to the roads in search of work following an economic depression. Term developed during the Second Great Industrialization 1870s and 1890s

Senate Nye Committee Hearings

Revealed that international bankers and arms exporters profited from WWI, and had pressed the Wilson administration into entering it. "merchant of death thesis." Mad America more pacifist, contributing to Neutrality Acts

sitdown strike

work stoppage in which workers refuse to leave a factory

*Cato's Letters

written by John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, part of Country Party, they were a series of essays condemning corruption within the British political system. Had little impact in Britain, but inspired Americans.

Our Country

written by Josiah Strong, stated that Anglo-Saxons should spread their institution and values to inferior races around the world.

Johnson v. M'Intosh

Ruled that natives did not own their land, and that they merely had a "right of occupancy'

Jacob Riis (1849-1917)

wrote "How the Other Half Lives" that exposed to the public the living conditions of the poor including photographs.

Henry George (1839-1897)

wrote "Progress and Poverty" about the increasing wealth divide during the Gilded Age, proposed a "single tax" policy

William G Sumner

wrote "What social classes owe each other". Social Darwinist, Yale professor, promoted theory of laissez faire and that nobody had right to interfere with the success/failure of a business.

Edward Bellamy

wrote Looking Backward, description of a utopian society in the year 2000.

Herman Melville

wrote Moby Dick, cautioned about the aggressive ideals of Young America.

Kate Douglas Wiggin

wrote Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, which popularized rural themes

Stephen Crane

wrote Red Badge of Courage; American novelist, short story writer, poet, journalist, raised in NY and NJ; style and technique: naturalism, realism, impressionism; themes: ideals v. realities, spiritual crisis, fears

F. Scott Fitzgerald

wrote The Great Gatsby, criticized the materialism of the 1920s.

Olive Branch Petition

Second Continental Congress - final attempt to resolve things peacefully with the British. Shows that the colonies really did not want to go to war with the British.

Works Progress Administration (WPA) (1935)

Second New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings. Also operated a large amount of projects relating to arts such as murals, theater, music, dance, and literature.

Speakeasies

Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally - resisted prohibition

Difference between Espionage and Sedition Acts:

Sedition is anything to do with speech or writing, etc. Espionage any treasonous acts like spying.

Daniel Shays

Shay's Rebellion

Non-Intercourse Act

Signed by Jefferson After repeal of the Embargo Act, this act authorized resumption of trade w/ all nations of the world except Britain & France. Trade would resume if either promised to observe neutral rights.

New Immigrant

Southern and Eastern European immigrants who arrived in the United States in a great wave between 1880 and 1920

Barrios

Spanish enclaves

Wabash v Illinois (1886)

Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce. Led to creation of the Interstate Commerce Committee.

Elkins Act

Stopped railroads from giving rebates to preferred customers, gave the Interstate Commerce Commissions the power to impose fines for abuses.

Pago Pago, Samoa

Strategic used for refueling U.S. warships overseas. Part of building an international military presence.

Andrew Johnson

Succeeded Lincoln, rescinded Special Field Order 15. Impeached

Amoskeag Textile Factory

Successful textile plant that was known for its interest in worker's welfare thus creating loyal workers.

The Crime Against Kansas

Sumner's speech that denounced slavery, he was attacked by Preston Brooks

United States v E.C. Knight 1895

Supreme Court case-ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could only be applied only to commerce, not to manufacturing., preventing the break up of a sugar refining monopoly. Crippled the Sherman Antitrust Act

Whiskey Rebellion

Tax on whiskey that threatened to put many farmers out of business.

Louisiana Purchase

Territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million. Ironic because buying land from foreign powers was not underlined in the constitution.

Goliad

Texas outpost where American volunteers, having laid down their arms and surrendered, were massacred by Mexican forces in 1836. The incident, along with the slaughter at the Alamo, fueled American support for Texan independence.

William Pitt

The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War.

Bully Pulpit

The president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public. Theodore Roosevelt referred to his position as president as this.

Turnpikes

Toll roads - have to pay a toll to get across

Midway Island

Turning point in Pacific, crippled Japanese naval power, started the Island Hopping Campaign

Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata

Two revolutionaries in Mexico that fought against Diaz's army.

Battle of Vicksburg

Ulysses S. Grant victory, union gains control of Mississippi

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war

Pearl Harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. 1941. "A day which shall live in infamy"

Mark Twain

United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, one of the authors of The Gilded Age

Oneida

Utopian community Founded 1848 Upstate NY by John Humphrey Noyes. Communal living. Free love society. Strict rules within society Noyes rules.

Independent Treasury Bill

Van Buren presidency - Separated federal funds from commercial usage. Split the Democratic party into Business-oriented and Farming-oriented. During Panic of 1837, caused suspicion.

Alexander Stephens

Vice President of the Confederacy

Leaves of Grass

Walt Whitman, banned due to potentially explicit poems

Bracero Program

Wartime agreement between the United States and Mexico to import farm workers to meet a perceived manpower shortage.

Gentry

Wealthy landowning class

positive liberal state

Whig support, government has right to subsidize or protect enterprises that could contribute to economic growth

19th Amendment (1920)

Women's suffrage

Bread and Butter Issues

Working for better wages and working conditions, often associated with AFL.

Farming on the Great Plains

Zebulon Pike & others thought the land beyond the Mississippi was uninhabitable ...American maps between 1825-60 labeled this area the Great American Desert because of its low rainfall. Other harsh conditions included extreme climate changes; grasshoppers; blizzards

Charles Dudley Warner

co-wrote The Gilded Age

Shenck v. US

freedom of speech is limited if there is clear and present danger

Fuel Administration

government agency created during the war to regulate the use of coal for the war effort

Wild West Shows

incorporated Indians into the entertainment

Incandescent light bulb 1879

invented by Thomas Edison

Burned Over District

label given to Western New York due to intense level of evangelical revelation that swept through the area like wildfire w/ the revivals of the 2nd Great Awakening. Name coined by Charles Finney who felt that the area had been so heavily evangelized as to have no "fuel" (unconverted population) left over to "burn" (convert)

Railroads supported by local governments through?

land grants

Primogeniture

right, by law/custom, of the firstborn to inherit entire estate

Leisure time activities

spectator sports such as baseball, circus, nickelodeons, vaudeville theaters, croquet, ragtime

Rural Free Delivery

system that brought packages directly to every home including rural farms

Antebellum

the time period before the Civil War

bimetallism

the use of both gold and silver as a basis for a national monetary system

Susan B Anthony (1820-1906)

social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, temperance, and was abolitionist. Helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association (1890)

Melting pot

society in which people of different nationalities assimilate to form one culture, described new immigrants

Liberty Bonds

sold to American people to raise money for the war efforts

expatriate

someone who chooses to live outside of, or renounce, his or her native country

Prospector

someone who explores an area for mineral deposits

Industrial magnate

someone who has achieved great success and enormous wealth through the ownership of multiple lines of enterprise

Natural rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

R.H. Macy

started one of the first department stores in New York City

Sharecropping

system in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops

putting-out system

tasks distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes; also known as cottage industry

Freedman's Bureau

temporary agency to set up aid to former slaves by providing relief, education, legal help, & assistance in obtaining land/employment

Talleyrand

the French foreign minister, whom which three American diplomats seek to reach an agreement with, they are stopped by the French X, Y, and Z diplomats and are asked for a bribe to speak with Talleyrand. Causes XYZ affair.

Mason Dixon Line

***line split north and south southern/free?

Great Steel Strike

1919 Chicago steel workers demand union recognition, higher wages, 8 hour workday. Workers win an 8 hour workday, but the strike collapses after steel magnates retaliate with anti-immigrant sentiments.

21st amendment

1933 Repeal of Prohibition/18th amendment. 18th Amendment only increased crime and disrespect towards fed government.

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand their territory any further.

self-made man

According to this idea, those who achieved success in America did so not as a result of hereditary privilege or government favoritism, but through their own intelligence and hard work, described by John Jacob Astor.

Parliamentary Sovereignty

After the French & Indian War, Parliament became more involved in colonial political affairs. According to Britain Parliament has ultimate authority.

Loyalists

Aka Tories, American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

French and Indian War Native Sides

Algonquins joined French, Iroquois joined British

Cross of Gold Speech

An address given by Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee during the national convention of the Democratic party, it criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver. His beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers.

American First Committee

An anti-interventionist group opposed to the American entry in WWII

End of Civil War

BEGINNING OF PERIOD 6, 1865

American Plan

Based on "open shop" where the workplace is free of both government regulation and unions. "Collective bargaining" sen as an infringement of personal liberty

Open Shop (Gilded Age)

Basically meant NO UNIONS WERE ALLOWED IN THE JOB. Banned Unions. Technique used by employers to work against Unions.

Secularism

Belief that religion should be excluded from political affairs.

Poor Richards Almanack

Benjamin Franklin's highly popular collection of information, parables, and advice

Junto

Benjamin Franklin,Would eventually become the American Philosophical Society

Fifty- fourth Massachusetts

Best known African American infantry. White commander Robert Gould Shaw. Shaw and more than half of his regiment died during a battle near Charleston, South Carolina, in the summer of 1863. Proved blacks were capable

Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

Sir William Howe

British General - Breed/Bunker Hill

"Democracy in America"

By Alexis de Tocqueville, on the United States in the 1830s and its strengths and weaknesses such as the tyranny of the majority; explained why republicanism succeeded in the U.S. and failed elsewhere.

Californios

California residents of Spanish descent

Open Door Policy

Called for equal equal trading privileges for all countries trading with China

British land claims 1815*

Canada, Oregon

How did FDR loosen the Neutrality Acts?

Cash and Carry and Lend-Lease Policy

Fourier Phalanxes

Charles Fourier, community wherein people share work responsibilities and living arrangements in order to solve the problems of a competitive society. Failed

Tariff of 1824

Clearly worked to the benefit of north. Growing sectionalism would make this a big issue.

Preston Brooks

Congressman from South Carolina, notorious for brutally assaulting senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate during the Crime against Kansas

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches

7 years war

Continued European rivalry for power between the French & British...called this in Europe - This war eventually spilled over into the colonies, led to British debt.

Charles Townshend

Created Townshend Duties.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

Created by Roosevelt. led by Harry Hopkins. gave direct money to help local agencies that aided the impoverished.

Louis Brandeis

Created the "Brandeis Brief" in the Muller v. Oregon case, appointed to the Supreme court by Woodrow Wilson. First Jewish justice

Jose Marti

Cuban poet and journalist who organized a guerilla revolution against Spain in 1895- "Cuba Libre" free Cuba was his battle cry-and sought US support and intervention.

Reasons for American expansionism overseas

Cultural superiority, natural resources, military, more power

Hoover Dam

Dam on the Colorado River that was built during the Great Depression, provided jobs, water supply, flood control, and electricity

Reed Rules

Directive of the clerk to record those that are present. Invoked by Speaker Thomas Reed, measure against disappearing quorum tactic used by democrats.

Challenges of the North in mobilizing for civil war

Drafting/ getting enough volunteers, inflation due to inflation, industry efficiency

Article 1:8

Elastic clause - "[government can] make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for executing powers." Would create argument in how far this elastic clause could be interpreted.

Workingmen's Parties

Emerged in the 1820s and 1830s to protect equal rights that appeared to be eroding because of low wages in industries.

Beginning/growth of mail order

Ex Sears & Roebuck & Montgomery Ward, Sold to rural customers through mail order catalogues. Shipped goods from the city out to rural areas when people ordered them. Consumer markets provided convenience and standardization

Cotton Club

Famous Harlem nightclub, featured black musicians playing for white audiences.

Hudson River School

First native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River

John Hancock*

First person to sign the Declaration of Independence, president of the Second Continental Congress

Spanish land claims 1815

Florida, Texas, Mexican Cession area

Ann Lee

Founder of the Shakers

Fair Labor Standards Act

Franklin D Roosevelt 1938. Banned goods produced by child labor in interstate commerce, set minimum wages and max hours requiring overtime pay.

Hay-Bunae-Varilla Treaty

Gave the US the right to construct and operate the Panama canal.

Hessians

German mercenaries hired by British - George Washington captures Hessian group in Trenton - minor victory restores morale.

Deism

God essentially withdrew after creating the world, leaving it to function according to scientific laws without divine intervention.

Robert Livingston

He was the U.S. Minister to France from 1801 to 1804. He negotiated the purchase of the Louisiana Territory.

George Creel (1876-1953)

Headed the Committee on Public Information

J. P. Morgan

Highly successful banker. Took control of the RR industry and organized it so there weren't so many random parallel tracks (consolidation!!). Also launched U.S Steel and made it the first billion dollar corporation by combining 8 large steel companies, including Carnegie.

Agriculture in the 1920's

Huge expansion of industry during WWI, but after the war world demand decreases and government support wanes. Farmers still continue to produce at high rates, however, due to improvements in technology and the use of fertilizer, causing them to lose out on even more wages. Farm and farmer numbers decline for the first time in American history.

Graft

Illegal use of political influence for personal gain; used by political machines.

Ellis Island

Immigrant receiving station in the west

Rice-based Slavery

In Georgia and South Carolina

Federalists

In favor of strong federal gov and the new Constitution.

Counting Coup

Indian practice of touching a live enemy with a stick and escaping unharmed, used to measure bravery in battle

John Deere

Invented Steel plow

Telephone 1876

Invented by Alexander Graham Bell, revolutionized communication

Transatlantic Cable (1854)

Invented by Cyrus Field. Made electronic telegraph messages between US and Europe possible.

Alternating current 1884

Invented by Nikola Tesla, made the transmission of electrical power across great distances much more economical.

Election of 1884

James G Blaine was nominated by the Republicans, while Grover Cleveland was the Democratic nominee. The Independent Republicans, known as "Mugwumps," supported Cleveland, which cost Blaine the election. The Democrats controlled the House, while the Republicans dominated the Senate.

Duke Ellington

Jazz pianist and composer

Naturalization Act/Law

John Adams - Part of the Alien and Sedition Laws - 14 yr probation period before foreigners could apply for citizenship. Republicans saw this as a direct attack against them, since foreign immigrants often voted Republicans.

Women's Christian Temperance Movement

Joined with the Anti-Saloon League. Helped get the 18th Amendment passed.

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York. His court case, the Zenger Trials, was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

Sugar Act 1764

Made to compensate for costs of Seven Years War along with the Currency and Revenue Acts. Lowered tax on molasses, but also prevented widespread smuggling from taking place (ending of Salutary/Benign Neglect). Strengthened the admiralty courts, where accused smugglers could be judged without benefit of a jury trial. Writs of Assistance to search ships for sugar.

Army of Potomac

Main army of the Union during the Civil War

Chisholm Trail 1867

Major cattle route from San Antonio, Texas, through Oklahoma to Kansas. Trail itself formed by Jesse Chisholm. Was turned into a cattle route by McCoy's efforts.

Battle of Quebec

Marked the end of the French and Indian war.

Californios

Mexican cattle ranchers, possessed most of California's land.

Who was involved in the Progressive Movement?

Middle Class, Women,

Birth of a Nation (1915)

Movie produced by D.W. Griffith. Revolutionized film making with modern techniques (close ups, angles, fading, etc.) during the Progressive Era as mass consumption and leisure time became important aspects of American life. BUT movie was very controversial because it portrayed the KKK as heroes.

John Jay

Negotiated the Treaty of Paris 1783 alongside John Adams and Benjamin Franklin.

Buffalo Soldiers

Nickname for African-American soldiers who fought in the wars against Native Americans living on the Great Plains during the 1870s (Red River War)

Copperheads

Northern Democrats that opposed the Civil War, especially among immigrant working class who feared war-induced growth of federal power and opposed emancipation due to prejudices.

Texas Origins

Northern province of Mexico, first part of Mexico to be settled by a lot of Americans, settlement proposed by Moses Austin

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

Colonization Movement

Organization founded 1817 who believed slavery was evil but because of economic/social roots must be eliminated gradually with cooperation of slaveholders. Proposed to move free blacks who chose to Africa establishing colony of Liberia to relieve fears of retaliation to whites.

Greenbacks

Overprinted currency during the Civil War - lost its value during Reconstruction. Leads to the Specie Resumption Act, which people hated

Internal Improvements

Part of American System. federal projects, such as canals and roads, to develop the nation's transportation system.

Mail Order Catalogs, Brand Names, Advertising, Chain Stores

Period 7, all became more popular

Title IX

Period 8, Bans gender discrimination in schools that receive federal funds

Civil Rights Act of 1968

Period 8, LBJ, a law that banned discrimination in housing

Stonewall Riots

Period 8, a group of riots in New York by homosexuals, marked the beginning of the gay rights movement

Containment Policy

Period 8, efforts to stop the expansion of communism and Russian control

Department of Homeland Security

Period 9, Cabinet department created after the 9/11 terrorist attacks to coordinate domestic security efforts

2008 Election

Period 9, Obama vs. McCain. Campaign focuses on the economy. Obama wins.

Ivy L. Lee

Pioneer in public relations, helped many companies increase their worker's job satisfaction in order to increase output.

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter. 2500 troops died from disease and malnutrition, morale low.

Brahmin Poets

Poets in New England who wrote sentiments and moral messages to the middle class.

Populist Movement 1891

Political movement begun by farmers and members of labor unions seeking to limit the power of big businesses and get the government to regulate banks, railroads, and improve working conditions.

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work. "Sink or Swim"

Court Packing Plan

President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15, justified by replacing members rising in age (over 70). FDR was afraid the Court would invalidate Second New Deal measures. Even tho it failed, the threat of court packing led the court to start supporting the new legislation.

Underwood Tariff

Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, 1913, reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax. Removed duties from sugar, wool, and other goods. Difference in revenue balanced by 16th amendment.

Richard Ely (1854-1943)

Rejected Social Darwinism, founded the American Economic Association. Urged government intervention in economic affairs, linked economics to social problems.

Mugwumps

Republican Party activists who had switched to the Democratic Party because they did not like the financial corruption that was associated with the Republican candidate James G. Blaine in 1884. Tried to end political corruption in politics.

Habeas Corpus

Requires an arrested person to be brought before a judge or court in order to determine if their imprisonment/detainment was lawful.

Yeomen farmers

Resented the planter class, but also aspired to own slaves themselves and be wealthy, so they didn't rebel.

African Methodist Episcopal Church

Richard Allen founded this first independent black Protestant run church in 1816 in the US. It supported abolition and founded educational institutions for free blacks

Hull House (1889)

Run by Jane Addams, most famous settlement house.

Fair Labor Standards Bill (1938)

Second New Deal - banned goods produced by child labor, set forty cent minimum hourly wage, and required overtime pay for working over forty a week.

Numberg Trials

Series of trials in 1945 conducted by an International Military Tribunal in which former Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes

American Federation of Labor

Sought better wages and working conditions for white male skilled laborers. Led by Samuel Gompers

Presidios

Spanish military outposts

Hepburn Act

Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission, allowing it to fix railroad rates and broadened its jurisdiction.

Standard Oil v. U.S.

Supreme Court finds Standard Oil guilty of monopolizing the petroleum industry through a series of abusive and anticompetitive actions. Divided Standard Oil into several competing firms

Birds of Passage

Temporary migrants who came to the United States to work and save money then returned home to their native countries during slack season.

Battle of the Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

San Jacinto

The decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Led by General Sam Houston

Publius

The pen name that Framers Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay used when writing the Federalist Papers; Latin for "public man"

Second American Revolution

The transformation of American government and society brought about by the Civil War.

Impeachment of Judges episode

Thomas Jefferson - campaigned to remove Federalist judges by impeachment, questions of Constitutionality arose. Unable to remove Samuel Chase accused of treason-statements against Republican policies rose.

War Hawks

Those who were eager for war with Britain

Republican Motherhood

Though woman were treated better (could sue for abuse, some property rights) they were primarily seen as the homemaker & nurturer of republican values which was seen as an important role

William James

Thought of Pragmatism, also believed that people are not only shaped by their environment but also shape their environment.

James Mason

Trent Affair, Confederate emissary to Britain

Long Staple Cotton

Type of cotton that had always been used in the south. Could not grow in a variety of climates like the newly discovered short-staple cotton, and was replaced by .

Social and Economic impact of the Great Depression

Unemployment, loss of homes/shantytowns, crop prices too low to make farming profitable, overproduction causes factories to close, standing in line for charity, declining health care, college/education no longer possible

Rotten Boroughs

Uneven electoral districts. Some districts had less people, so each individual's vote counted for more. British corruption, criticized by Cato's letters.

Office of Price Administration

WWII administration that set up a rationing system for goods like rubber, gas, and sugar. Also controlled inflation.

"Cutthroat" Competition

When companies intentionally take losses to drive competitors out of business

Election of 1840

William Henry Harrison (Whig) won against Martin Van Buren (Democrat) following the Panic of 1837 caused by European drop in certain demand and Specie Circular; Harrison died shortly after, so John Tyler, the VP, took over. Almost nothing was accomplished during his term. "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"

William Jennings Bryan

Wilson Secretary of State, negotiated "cooling off" treaties between nations prohibiting action until an investigation of a commission of which the countries could accept or reject.

Boston Police Strike

the Police Force in Boston, MA went on a strike, governor Calvin Coolidge (future VP/presidentt) fired the entire police force and called in the National Guard to patrol the city. Inflamed anti-labor sentiments, DIVIDE BETWEEN EMPLOYER/EMPLOYEE!

empresario

the Spanish word for a land agent whose job it was to bring new settlers into an area. Stephan F. Austin

Wilson's 14 Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan for post-war peace: no secret treaties; freedom of the seas; removal of economic barriers; reduction of arms; adjust colonial claims; self-determination for all nations creation of a general association of nations

Circular Letter*

Written by Samuel Adams and James Otis. A letter circulated in reaction to the Townshend Act. Urged colonists to sign a petition of protest and was influential in causing colonists to work together against the British. Parliament responded by occupying Boston with military.

Nazi-Soviet Pact

agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 that promised not to fight each other and to divide up land in Eastern Europe

Hiram Revels

first African American senator

Joseph Smith

founder of Mormonism

Trading with the Enemy Act

obliged any newspaper printed in a foreign language to be censored/translated into English

cottage industry

tasks distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes; also known as putting-out system

Reciprocity agreements

trade agreements of mutual benefit

Stimson Doctrine

the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria

bootlegging

the act of making of transporting alcoholic liquor for sale illegally - resisted prohibition

Democratic coalition

the alignment of interest groups and voting blocs that supported the New Deal and voted for Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 until approximately 1968, which made the Democratic Party the majority party during that period

Republicanism

the belief that government should be based on the consent of the people

Feminism

the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men

Total War

the channeling of a nation's entire resources into a war effort

Battle of Wounded Knee

the massacre by U.S. soldiers of 150-300 Ghost Dances at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, in 1890

Afrika Corps

the name of the German forces in North Africa under the command of Erwin Rommel

Census

the official count of a population

Peonage

the practice of making a debtor work for his creditor until the debt is discharged. Many blacks were bound by this system for their entire life.

Convoy System

the protection of merchant ships from U-boat-German submarine-attacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by warships

Interchangeable parts

"American system of manufactures" relied on identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing, which allowed the rapid assembly of parts into standardized finished products.

General John J. Pershing

"Black Jack", General of the American Expeditionary Force in WWI, Battle of Meuse-Argonne Forest

William Tweed

"Boss Tweed", N.Y. political boss (did not hold a political office) controlled the Democratic political machine known as Tammany Hall; Stole $200 million form New York City

Gabriel Prosser

"Gabriel's Army" Planned a slave revolt in Virginia in 1800 that failed before it could get underway; Persecuted and executed

Patrick Henry

"Give me liberty or give me death." Persuaded Virginia House of Burgesses to pass Virginia Resolves - which protested against the Stamp Acts.

Indian Reorganization Act

"Indian New Deal", Indian rights to self govern recognized as long as under national law. Allowed them to create their own schools, councils, etc.

Huey Long

"Kingfish", preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs as a senator. Proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, tax the rich, redistribute wealth, etc. Ended up assassinated before he could run for president. Would directly influence the Second New Deal to levy a tax on large fortunes and corporate profits. Promoted the idea that the Depression was caused by the lack of consumer demand and that the government should redistribute national income to sustain purchasing power.

Mary Harris

"Mother Jones", Supported striking railroad workers in Pittsburg, and traveled around the country organizing coal miners and campaigning for improved working conditions. Helped pave the way for reform, co founder/leader of the IWW.

Late 19th century immigration

"New Immigrants" from eastern and southern European countries like Italy, Greece, Austria-Hungary, Poland, and Russia. Often Catholic or Jew, and unskilled. Caused extreme nativists in US. Led to Immigration Restriction League (1894)

Father Charles E. Coughlin (1891-1979)

"Radio priest" - Coughlin attracted millions of listeners with weekly broadcasts attacking the higher class. Originally supported FDR, but became critical of what he considered the failure of the New Deal. Was part of the sign of popular discontent that eventually sparked the Second New Deal.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

"Social Contract" he explained an ideal society where each community member would vote on issues and majority would become one law. Enlightenment Thinker.

Liberalism

"Social contract", men surrendered a part of their right to govern themselves in order to enjoy the benefits of the rule of law. They retained their natural rights. Consent of the governed.

John Locke

"Two Treatises of Government", Brought forth such governmental ideas as the possession of natural rights-life, liberty, property as well as the creation of a social contract based on the consent of the governed & the right of rebellion against an oppressive/unjust govt.

Young America movement

"Young America" term coined by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Describes the positive attitude in 1840s-1850s towards Commercial development, territorial expansion, technological progress, aggressive foreign policy, and celebration of Americas unique strengths & virtues

Wilson vs. Lodge

"reservationists"- led by Henry Cabot Lodge (Rep senator) feared membership in League would commit U.S. to involvement in affairs of other countries & wanted Congress to supersede if involved.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

(1903) granted the US land to build the Panama canal in exchange for $10 million and annual payments to Panama. Occurred shortly after Roosevelt encouraged Panamanians to revolt against Colombia.

Roosevelt Corllary

(1904) extension of the Monroe Doctrine - stated that US can police Caribbean Sea, warned Latin American countries to keep their affairs in order or face American intervention. "Big Stick" Policy

Battle of Verdun

(1916) the longest battle of World War I; it ended in stalemate, with both sides suffering hundreds of thousands of casualties

Hammer v. Dagenhart

(1918). Declared the Keating-Owen Act (a child labor act) unconstitutional on the grounds that it was an invasion of state authority.

Battle of Guadalcanal

(1942-1943) World War II battle in the Pacific; first Allied counter-attack against Japanese forces; Allied victory forced Japanese forces to abandon the island

Breed's Hill

(Battle on Breed's Hill called Bunker Hill) Site of a battle early in the Revolutionary War. This battle contested control of two hills (Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill) overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran out of ammunition. "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!" Battle implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies.

Lucy Burns and Alice Paul

***Formed the National Woman's Party and adopted more radical tactics such as around-the-clock picketing of the White House. Some picketers went to jail and even started a hunger strike.

Josiah Henson

***may not be important, did underground railroad

Ideas behind Manifest Destiny

1) God intended for the US to expand (puritan idea of "chosen people") 2) American extension of democracy and freedom to new lands 3) Growing population needs more land for opportunities

Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

1)Created temporary loyal provisional governors who called Const Conv w/ loyal whites who had to take oath of allegiance to vote for delegates.... Confederate leaders/officeholders and people with over 20,000$ in property excluded from office (had to apply for indiv pres pardons to exempt & get political/property rts) 2)Declare secession illegal 3)Repudiate Confederate debt 4)Ratify the Thirteenth Amendment

John Tyler

10th President, "his accidency," made Texas annexation a central issue to utilize Manifest Destiny and attempt to gain reelection after his failed presidency.

James L Polk

11th President of the United States, 54 40 or Fight campaign promise. Annexed Texas, part of Oregon, and started American-Mexican War

Franklin Pierce

14th President Democrat (1853-1857), Candidate from the North who could please the South. His success in securing the Gadsden Purchase was overshadowed by the controversy surrounding the Ostend Manifesto, the Kansas Nebraska Act and "Bleeding Kansas." Passions over slavery had been further inflamed, and the North and South were more irreconcilable than before. He succeeded only in splitting the country further apart.

Abraham Lincoln

16th president of the United States; supported abolition, but was adamant about preserving the union and stopping the spread of slavery. Lincoln-Douglas Debates.

XYZ Affair

1797-Charles Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry went to negotiate terms with the French who had been seizing American ships(?) attempting to trade with Britain whom they were at war with. Wanted compensation for seized ships and release from treaties of 1778 with the French. In exchange, the U.S. offered same commercial privileges as with Britain. "millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute" -Marshall

Rush-Bagot Agreement

1817 agreement that limited American and British naval forces on the Great Lakes

Second Seminole War

1835-1842 war in which the Seminoles tried to retain their land in Florida

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate. "House divided by itself cannot stand".

Morrill Land Grant Act

1862 distributed millions of acres of western lands to state governments in order to fund state agricultural colleges like Texas A&M.

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period which looked good from the outside, but involved corrupt politics & a growing gap between the rich & poor. Named after a novel by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner

Oklahoma Land Rush

1889; former Indian lands opened up for settlement, resulting in a race to lay claim for a homestead

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

Wilson Gorman Tariff

1894, Restricted US sugar imports. The tariff led to an economic downturn in Cuba, and in turn helped to increase the anger of Cuban natives against colonial Spain. Was 40% rate compared to McKinley Tariff, however again he was defeated on tariff program

Prohibition (1919)

18th Amendment, prohibited manufacturing, sale, and transportation of alcohol. Strongly supported by fundamentalists, Anti-Saloon League, Women's Christian Temperance, and progressives.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

1901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal.

Treaty of Portsmouth

1905 treaty between Russia and Japan ending the Russo-Japanese War. Theodore Roosevelt wins the Nobel peace price for settling the war.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, result of muckraking journalist exposing the dangers of substances in patent medicines

Meat Inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines. Result of Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle"

The Jungle

1906 work by Upton Sinclair, pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. Led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act. and the Pure Food and Drug Act

Muller v. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the nature of a woman's physical and childbearing traits

Muller v Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on working hours of women. Justified by stating that women's physical traits were unable to handle long hours. Limited work hours, but encouraged sexism.

17th Amendment

1913, calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal.

Adamson Act

1916 law that established 8 hour workday for railroad workers in order to avert a national strike. Also established a federal commission to regulate railroads

The Committee on Public Information

1917 Headed by George Creel. Promoted the war effort, used every medium available to spread pro-war propaganda. Described to be the first time the federal government attempted to manipulate the habits of the masses, and proved that it was possible to sway the ideas of entire populations. Advertisers and future active governmental efforts to shape public opinion (such as WWII, Cold War, and Iraq) will use the techniques of the CPI.

Red Scare

1919-1920 short-lived period of political intolerance (communism) inspired by the postwar strike wave & fears generated by the Russian Revolution and mass propaganda of the Committee on Public Information during WWI.

Washington Naval Conference

1921 - president Harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence. Five Power treaty, Nine power treaty

Four Power Treaty

1921. Treaty between the US, Great Britain, France, and Japan to maintain the status quo in the South Pacific, that no countries could seek further territorial gain.

Nine Power Treaty

1922. Treaty that was essentially a reinvention of the Open Door Policy. All members to allow equal and fair trading rights with China. Signed by US, Japan, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal.

Clark Memorandum

1930 policy statement repudiated the strict Roosevelt Corollary added to the Monroe Doctrine. Clark noted that the U.S. under the Monroe Doctrine had no right to intervene unless protecting American lives/property under international law. Written by J. Reuben Clark, and released by the Herbert Hoover administration.

Japanese & Manchuria

1931, Japan invades Manchuria,, a province of northern China, seeking to expand its military and economic power. violated the Nine Power Treaty and the Kellogg Briand Pact

First New Deal

1933-1934, First phase of FDR's domestic reform program. More government intervention/COOPERATION with large corporations. Economy improved to a degree as unemployment decreased, but did not end the Depression in itself. With it came banking stabilization (Emergency Banking Act, Glass-Steagall Act, FDIC), the beginnings of Liberalism, the National Industrial Recovery Act (established NRA), the CCC, Tennessee Valley Authority, Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA), the housing crisis (Home Owners Loan Corporation and FHA), and the 21st amendment. Would eventually come to a halt as a Republican-dominated Supreme court that still believed mostly in 19th-century freedom (liberty in contract) would declare many of the new acts unconstitutional (most notably the NRA and AAA).

Wagner Act

1935, AKA National Labor Relations Act. Part of the Second New Deal. Outlawed "unfair labor practices" (firing and blacklisting union organizers), guaranteed workers the right of collective bargaining, set down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-management relations. (if members of a workforce vote for a union to recognize them, employers must be compelled to negotiate with the union).

National Labor Relations Act

1935, AKA Wagner Act. Part of the Second New Deal. Outlawed "unfair labor practices" (firing and blacklisting union organizers), guaranteed workers the right of collective bargaining, set down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-management relations. (if members of a workforce vote for a union to recognize them, employers must be compelled to negotiate with the union).

Non-Aggression Pact

1939-Secret agreement between German leader Hitler and Soviet Leader Stalin not to attack one another and to divide Poland

Japanese Trade Embargo

1940 - Due to the Japanese aggression in South East Asia, America decides to stop trading oil and scrap metal to Asia. These are resources the Japanese desperately need. Rather than altering their aggressive behavior, the Japanese get very angry and view America as a threat, and secretly plans an attack on Pearl Harbor.

Executive order 8802

1941 Prohibited discriminatory employment practices by federal agencies, unions, and companies engaged in war-related work. Established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war

End of WWII

1945, END OF PERIOD 7

Liberty Party

1st Antislavery political party, third party to run alongside Whigs and Democrats.

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Railroad

1st big business, allowed for faster and cheaper overland travel. Opened vast new areas of American interior to settlement, and stimulated the mining of coal for fuel and manufacturing of iron for locomotives and rails.

George Washington

1st president, set 2 term precedent, set up cabinet, Judiciary Act, Tariff of 1789, farewell address warning against parties and non neutrality

Bull Run

1st real battle of the civil war, Confederate victory, realization that war is not going to be quick and easy for either side

Clermont 150

1st steamboat to go upstream the Hudson River. Demonstrated technological and commercial feasibility

Anti-Masonic Party

1st third party in the presidential elections - against the Mason order of which Andrew Jackson was a part of - anti-Jackson

Gettysburg Address

2-3 minute speech by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg. Discussed Lincoln's concept of the war through topics of liberty, equality, and democratic ideas. Considered Lincoln's best speech.

Second Party System

2-party system w/ Democrats and Whigs replacing Federalists and Republicans; two parties on equal footing in every region

James A. Garfield (1831-1881)

20th President, assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau, attempted to unite the republican party and lower/manage tariffs

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes. Wanted to lower tariffs. Supported by mugwumps who gave up on republican party.

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist. Ended the Populist Movement.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War. 1st modern president, distinguished between good and bad trusts.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage , Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification) "Peace without victory"

Charles Finney

2nd Great Awakening, Presbyterian minister who is credited and is known as the "Father of modern Revivalism"; advocated the abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans

John Adams

2nd president, defended the Redcoats during the Boston Massacre

State constitutions

3 commonalities: written constitutions, a declarations, and reduced the power of governors.

Alien Act 1798

3 separate acts 1) Alien Enemies Law allowed president to detain or deport suspicious citizens of nations which the U.S. was at war with. (never went into effect since war never declared with French) 2) Alien Law gave power to Pres to expel any foreigner from U.S. simply by executive decree 3) Naturalization Law established 14 year probationary period before foreigners could apply for citizenship

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII. Only president to serve four terms, Democrat won landslide victory over Hoover after Hoover failed to address Depression. "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself"

James Monroe

5th President, negotiated Louisiana Purchase

Changes in the North during the Civil War

618000 troops dead, women seek non domestic roles, 13th amendment frees slaves, wartime inflation

Desert Land Act 1877

640 acres of land given at $1.25 an acre if you improved the land through irrigation. Encouraged Western expansion and cultivation.

Andrew Jackson

7th president, self made man, symbolized triumph of political democracy, lead Jacksonian Democracy, created the Democratic party with the assistance of Van Buren when campaigning against John Quincy Adams. Won Election of 1828.

Requirements for Ratification

9/13 states agree, decided in state conventions

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped tea into Boston Harbor. Lead by Samuel Adams (Sons of Liberty), caused the Coercive/Intolerable Acts.

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 Uprising in China, aimed to end foreign influence in the country.

Newlands Reclamation Act

A 1902 law, supported by President Theodore Roosevelt, that allowed the federal government to sell public lands to raise money for irrigation projects that expanded agriculture on arid lands.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German submarine on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Alamo

A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force. Along with Goliad fueled American support for Texan independence.

Insular territory

A US territory that isn't one of the states nor a district

How the Other Half Lives

A book by John Riis that exposed the extremes between poverty and wealth

Impending Crisis of the South

A book written by Hinton Helper. Helper hated both slavery and blacks and used this book to try to prove that non-slave owning whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery because the planter class was preventing industrialization. Was banned by the south.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. Gave New York an edge against other competing port cities, and farmers migrating from New England created many cities such as Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse. Caused other states to scramble to create their own canals to compete with New York.

Grandfather Clause

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

America First Committee

A committee organized by isolationists who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.

Lodge Corollary

A corollary to the Monroe Doctrine proposed by Henry Cabot Lodge forbidding any foreign power to purchase harbors and other military sites in Latin America.

Protectorate

A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.

Seditious libel

A crime that included defaming government officials in published works.

Haymarket Square Riot (1886)

A demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 campaigning for 8 hour workdays that turned violent after a bombing. Public opinion saw Unions as radical, and Knights of Labor shortly ended afterwards

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners to recover wartime losses

Peculiar Institution

A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal".

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield. Led to a stalemate where neither side gained ground.

Crispus Attucks

A free black man who was the first person killed in the Revolution at the Boston Massacre.

*Backcountry

A frontier region extending through several colonies, from Pennsylvania to Georgia. *Mostly consisted of small farmers from Scotland, Ireland, and Germany.

sub-treasury system

A goal of the Farmer's Alliance. The idea behind this was that the government would own all warehouses and silos used by farmers- with the promise that storage rates would be low. The democrats, who the Farmer's Alliance sided with, felt that it was too radical, and was also rejected by industrial workers

Bureau of Indian Affairs

A government agency created in late 1800s post Civil War to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans. Established boarding schools to separate Native children from parents and tribe, and impose and educate them in white ways.

Fascism

A governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism.

United Negro Improvement Association

A group founded by Marcus Garvey to promote the settlement of American blacks in their own "African homeland"

The Lost Generation

A group of American writers that rebelled against America's lack of cosmopolitan culture in the early 20th century. Many moved to cultural centers such as London in Paris in search for literary freedom. Prominent writers included T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Ernest Hemingway among others.

Stockholders

A group of people that make up a corporation by sharing ownership in a certain company. Financed the wave of mergers in the 1920's replacing investment bankers like J.P. Morgan

Ohio Gang

A group of poker-playing men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.

Bolsheviks

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

A high tariff enacted in 1930 during the Great Depression. By taxing imported goods, Congress hoped to stimulate American manufacturing, but the tariff triggered retaliatory tariffs in other countries, which further hindered global trade and led to greater economic contraction.

Muckraker (Progressive Era)

A journalist that exposes corruptness in society

Collier's Magazine

A mass magazine that was active in exposing political corruption and corporate wrongdoing.

National Women's Party

A militant feminist group led by Alice Paul that argued the Nineteenth Amendment was not adequate enough to protect women's rights. They believed they needed a more constitutional amendment that would clearly provide legal protection of their rights and prohibit sex-based discrimination. Advocated the Equal Rights Amendment.

Gold Standard

A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which said that freedom and spiritual self-development required an equalization of wealth and power and that unbridled competition mocked the Christian ideal of brotherhood. Walter Rauscehnbusch, Washington Gladden, and Josiah important leaders.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Immigration Restriction League (1894)

A nativist group which sought to limit "undesirable "immigration through literacy tests and other criteria. Supported esp by middleclass Americans.

Manchuria

A northern industrial province in China, invaded by the Japanese in 1931.

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Political machine

A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity. Participates in graft.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Bull market

A period of increased stock trading and rising stock prices

Gabriel's Rebellion

A planned slave rebellion in Richmond led by Gabriel, a slave. The plan leaked out just before the march, and authorities rounded up the participants and executed thirty-five of them, including Gabriel.

Claude McKay 1889-1948

A poet who was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance movement and wrote the poem "If We Must Die" after the Chicago riot of 1919.

Jacksonian Democracy

A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a "Common Man" theme. Led by Andrew Jackson, paralleled the Market Revolution and territorial growth of America.

Free Soil Movement

A political movement that opposed the expansion of slavery. In 1848 the free-soilers organized the Free-Soil Party, which depicted slavery as a threat to republicanism and to the Jeffersonian ideal of a freeholder society, arguments that won broad support among aspiring white farmers.

Democratic Party

A political party formed by supporters of Andrew Jackson after the presidential election of 1824. Van Buren main person to lead it. Supported state over federal power.

McGuffey's Eclectic Readers

A primer used in public schools to teach children to accept their positions in society. Taught that a good child didn't envy the rich and that they could still be very happy even if they were poor.

Credit mobilier scandal

A railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. Used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president to avoid being convicted.

Rhineland

A region in Germany designated a demilitarized zone by the Treaty of Versailles; Hitler violated the treaty and sent German troops there in 1936

Poll tax

A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote, used to prevent African Americans from voting.

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb. Led by J. Robert Oppenheimer

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify the tariff of 1828.

Seven Days Campaign

A series of military engagements in June 1862 on the peninsula of south Richmond, VA; Lee stifled McClellan's attacks and forced him back into Washington D.C

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression. Consisted of Relief (helping the unemployed and poor), Recovery (of the economy to normal level), and Reform (to prevent future depressions). Expanded the meaning of freedom greatly, creating the idea of Liberalism, which, as opposed to Social Darwinism, believed in government aid to those in need. Emphasized economic recovery.

Zoot Suit Riots

A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, whites attacked Mexican youths because of the flamboyant clothing they wore.

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional, first seen in Kentucky and Virginia resolutions.

The Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere, pledges to stay out of European affairs in exchange. No enforcement policy at the time.

Tweed Ring

A symbol of Gilded Age corruption, "Boss" Tweed and his deputies ran the New York City Democratic party in the 1860s and swindled $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying.

"task" system

A system of slave labor under which a slave had to complete a specific assignment each day. After they finished, their time was their own. Used primarily on rice plantations.

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Tariff of 1832

A tariff imposed by Jackson which reduced the tariff of 1828, but didn't help.

High Federalists

A term used to describe Alexander Hamilton and some of his fervent supporters. They wanted the naval war with France to continue and also wanted to severely limit the rights of the opposing party.

Literacy Test

A test administered as a precondition for voting, used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote.

Roaring 20's

A time of booming business, lots of new entertainment like Jazz Age music, and new technologies. Dominated by Republican (conservative) administrations. Characterized by flappers, speakeasies, bull market stock market, easy credit, revolt against moral rules, uniformity due to mass consumerism., and spread of mass culture due to radio/movies.

Bessemer Process 1856

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities. Steel is much more durable and practical for building than iron.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by in Woodrow Wilson's 14 points, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Yellow Dog Contracts

A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company. Technique used by employers to work against Unions.

Mormons

AKA Church of Jesus Christ Latter-Day Saints. Founded by Joseph Smith, original settlement in Nauvoo, Illinois, until they were prosecuted for unorthodoxy (polygamy) and Smith was killed. Brigham Young, successor to Smith, led the Mormons on Oregon Trail to Salt Lake City, Utah, where they established a New Zion (the State of Deseret). The request for statehood was denied by Congress (Zachary Taylor presidency at this time); polygamy was controversial practice, and proposal was considered too ambitious (encompassed a lot of land); prevented the territory inhabited by Mormons from becoming a state until 1896. Mormons were successful as a result of irrigation systems and an organized communal society.

Church of Jesus Christ Latter-Day Saints

AKA Church of Latter-Day Saints. Founded by Joseph Smith, original settlement in Nauvoo, Illinois, until they were prosecuted for unorthodoxy (polygamy) and Smith was killed. Brigham Young, successor to Smith, led the Mormons on Oregon Trail to Salt Lake City, Utah, where they established a New Zion (the State of Deseret). The request for statehood was denied by Congress (Zachary Taylor presidency at this time); polygamy was controversial practice, and proposal was considered too ambitious (encompassed a lot of land); prevented the territory inhabited by Mormons from becoming a state until 1896. Mormons were successful as a result of irrigation systems and an organized communal society.

The Great Strike of 1877

AKA The Great Railroad Strike. large number of railroad workers went on strike due to wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

AKA The Great Strike of 1877. large number of railroad workers went on strike due to wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men

The Great Railroad Strike (1877)

AKA The Great Strike of 1877. large number of railroad workers went on strike due to wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men

Sojourner Truth

Abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery in NY around 1827. Truth spoke of her hard years of labor to make a point, flexed her arm and famously replied "and ain't I a woman.

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858) Also murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek. Became a martyr for the abolitionist cause.

House Divided Speech

Abraham Lincoln, stated that the United States will either be all slave or all free, can't succeed while half and half

Horizontal Integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level. Prevented rival companies

Opportunity (founded 1923)

Academic Journal published by the National Urban League. Fostered literary culture during the Harlem Renaissance

Early slavery in North

Acknowledged the irony in praising republicanism and practicing slavery. No economic desire for slavery. White laborers resented competing for jobs. Led to creation in antislavery groups.

Midnight Appointments

Adams appointed as many Federalists as possible to the federal courts before leaving office, Marshall appointed Chief Justice

Platt Amendment

Added amendment in Cuba's new constitution. Allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba whenever it saw fit and gave the them control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

Bill of Rights

Added to the constitution to appease anti-federalists by guaranteeing the protection of certain rights from tyranny

Beginning/growth of advertising

Advertising focused on making "wants" appear "needs"

Booker T. Washington

Advocated for practical education, where black adjust to segregation and work towards obtaining farms or skilled jobs instead. Thought that if black show they are worthy of rights they would get them eventually. Founded Tuskegee Institute. "Atlanta Compromise"

Benjamin Banneker

African American astronomer and mathematician - proved blacks were just as intellectually capable, surveyed the area for Washington DC

Bessie Smith

African American blues singer who played and important role in the Harlem Reniassance.

Ida B. Wells (1862-1931)

African American journalist who spoke out against the lynching of blacks.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

"Jelly Roll" Morton

African American pianist, composer, arranger, and band leader from New Orleans; Bridged that gap between the piano styles of ragtime and jazz; Was the first important jazz composer

Langston Hughes 1902-1967

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. Wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem. Also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

Robert Smalls

African American sailor and later a Union naval captain, he was highly honored for his feats of bravery and heroism. He became a Congressman after the Civil War.

WWI impact on African Americans

African Americans often fought in the war (often noncombat) but came home to the same harsh treatment. Filled industry jobs (Great Migration of African Am to industries) but faced tension/violence when competing for housing/jobs.

Exodusters

African Americans who took advantage of Homestead Act (which gave land out for very cheap) to flee the Black Codes in the South

Declaratory Act

After Stamp Act was repealed. Declared that British parliament held all rights to tax and Americans didn't have right to reject. Promised further conflict in the future.

12th amendment

After controversial election of 1800 where Jefferson and Burks tied for the presidency.

"New South"

After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady was a big advocator.

Role of African Americans

After the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, many blacks left slavery to join Union troops. Black soldiers segregated into all-colored units; one such unit was the Massachusetts 54th Regiment (from Glory)-African American soldiers fought & earned respect for their unwavering bravery fought at Fort Wagner

The Quasi War

After the XYZ affair, undeclared war fought mostly at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800.

Prohibitory Act

After the olive branch petition, closed the colonies to all overseas trade and made no concessions to american demands, enforced with a naval blockade. Attempted to prevent colonies' ability to wage war, and attempted to sway those who were on the fence about the war.

Anti-Federalist

Against strong federal gov and the new Constitution

Enlightenment

Age of Reason: Intellectual movement that swept Europe with new, radical ideas altering the way Europeans thought about God, nature, and society. Basic assumptions: 1) Optimistic view of human nature 2)God set up the universe and human society to operate by mechanistic, natural laws 3)Those laws can be found through reason. Isaac Newton

American Foreign Policy 1901-1920

Aggressive, nationalistic, built a large navy, protected its colonial empire (Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines), leading industrial power economically through exports, investments, etc. Contributed to globalization

Kellogg Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 after WWI in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another. No enforcement meant not really effective.

Gadsden Purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.

Gentlemen's Agreement

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japanese men already living in the US to join them

Asiento

Agreement whereby Spain subcontracted to a foreign power the right to provide slaves to Spanish America. Treaty of Utrecht

Fair Employment Practices Committee

Aimed at insuring morale and maximum use of labor force by preventing employer discrimination against workers because of race or religion. Laid the foundation for the Civil Rights movement of the 1950's. Enacted by executive order 8802.

Know-Nothing Party

Aka American party. Party which pushed for political action against immigrants. Anti-immigrants and Anti-Catholics. Began as a secret organization where members were expected to reply "I know nothing" to questioning.

Battle of Sharpsburg

Aka Battle of Antietam, draw, bloodiest battle, 1 day long

Cult of True Womanhood

Aka Cult of Domesticity, new conception of the woman's role which emphasized "virtue" (used to define a characteristic of men), which meant sexual innocence, beauty, and above all a dependence on men. Encouraged a life of submission and servitude for that of man. Gave women more power in personal affairs, but assigned women to the private world and discouraged interaction with outside turmoil (politics, women suffrage, etc.).

Cult of Domesticity

Aka Cult of True Womanhood, new conception of the woman's role which emphasized "virtue" (used to define a characteristic of men), which meant sexual innocence, beauty, and above all a dependence on men. Encouraged a life of submission and servitude for that of man. Gave women more power in personal affairs, but assigned women to the private world and discouraged interaction with outside turmoil (politics, women suffrage, etc.).

Connecticut Plan

Aka Great Compromise, proposed by Roger Sherman, compromise between Virginia and New Jersey plans, bicameral legislature w/ upper house equally represented (2) & lower house proportional to size of state (determined by a census), only the lower house initiated $ bills

American Party

Aka Know Nothing party. Party which pushed for political action against immigrants. Anti-immigrants and Anti-Catholics. Began as a secret organization where members were expected to reply "I know nothing" to questioning.

Tories

Aka Loyalists, American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Constitutional Convention of 1787

Aka Philadelphia Convention, Convention called by delegates to revise the Articles of Confederation. James Madison chair, ended up redoing the whole thing and making the Constitution.

Treaty of San Lorenzo

Aka Pinckney's Treaty, George Washington - Believing Jay's Treaty signaled alliance to strip Spain of N. American possessions, Spain made treaty w/ U.S. which opened Mississippi River, right to use port of New Orleans w/out duties, secured southern boundary of the U.S. @ 31st parallel (N boundary Florida), & a promise to stay out of indian affairs

Popular Sovereignty

Aka Squatters Sovereignty, belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Pinckney's Treaty 1795

Aka Treaty of San Lorenzo, Believing Jay's Treaty signaled alliance to strip Spain of N. American possessions, Spain made treaty w/ U.S. which opened Mississippi River, right to use port of New Orleans w/out duties, secured southern boundary of the U.S. at 31st parallel (N boundary Florida), & promised to stay out of Indian affairs

The National Road

Aka the Cumberland Road. First federal transportation project, was to improve roads, built between Cumberland, Maryland on the Potomac and Wheeling, Virginia on the Ohio (1811-1818), impressive toll road that had a crushed stone surface & immense stone bridges , eventually extended to Vandalia, Illinois in 1838. Never really made a profit as a result of high maintenance costs and shunpikes - short detours that avoided the toll.

Cumberland Road

Aka the National Road. First federal transportation project, was to improve roads, built between Cumberland, Maryland on the Potomac and Wheeling, Virginia on the Ohio (1811-1818), impressive toll road that had a crushed stone surface & immense stone bridges , eventually extended to Vandalia, Illinois in 1838. Never really made a profit as a result of high maintenance costs and shunpikes - short detours that avoided the toll.

Franco-American Alliance of 1778

Alliance between Louis XVI's France and the United States, during the American Revolutionary War. Military pact in which France provided arms and money, and engaged in full-scale war with Britain.

Operation Torch

Allied invasion of North Africa

Battle of Some

Allies attack - very high casualties

Timber and Stone Act 1878

Allowed any person to acquire land at $2.50 an acre up to 160 acres if the land was "unfit for cultivation," and the person excavated timber and stone.

Transportation Act

Allowed judges to send convicts out of the country.

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

Jeffery Amherst

Along with James Wolfe, brilliant English generals during French and Indian War.

Fetterman Massacre

Also known as Battle of the Hundred Slain. Massacre in 1866 during Sioux Wars where 1,500 Sioux warriors led by Chief Red Cloud lured Captain William Fetterman and 80 soldiers away from a Wyoming fort and attacked them. Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail, the main route into Montana.

Battle of the Hundred Slain

Also known as Fetterman Massacre. Massacre in 1866 during Sioux Wars where 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and 80 soldiers away from a Wyoming fort and attacked them. Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail, the main route into Montana.

Chivington Massacre

Also known as Sand Creek Massacre. Colonel John M Chivington attacked sleeping group of Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes in Sand Creek reservation of Colorado. Set off angry protests. Government condemned "the gross and wanton outrages," but STILL forced the two tribes to surrender their Sand Creek reservation and live elsewhere

GI Bill of Rights

Also known as Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 gave money to veterans to study in colleges, universities, gave medical treatment, loans to buy a house or farm or start a new business

Progressive Party

Also known as the "Bull Moose Party", formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912. After Taft won the Republican Party's nomination, Roosevelt ran on the Progressive party ticket.

Alabama Claims

America's demands that England pay for the damage that the confederate ships that were built in Britain caused during the Civil War, US got $15 million

Mountain Men

American adventurers and fur trappers who spent most of their time in the Rocky Mountains

Cyrus Field

American businessman who laid the first telegraph wire across the Atlantic (Transatlantic Cable)

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

American Expeditionary Force

American force of 14,500 that landed in France in June 1917 under the command of General John Pershing. Both women and blacks served during the war, mostly under white officers

John Jacob Astor

American fur trader and financier, began as the son of a poor German butcher and became the richest man in the US. Exemplified and created the idea of a "self-made man".

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900s (was illegalized earlier by the Comstock Law). Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Edwin Drake

American pioneer in oil industry; became first to drill for petroleum

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who captured the excitement and expansionism of Young America in his "Song of the Open Road"

Zebulon Pike

American soldier and explorer whom Pikes Peak in Colorada is named. His Pike expedition often compared to the Lewis and Clark expedition, mapped much of the southern portion of the Louisiana Purchase

USS Kearny; USS Rueben James

American warships that were attacked by German U-Boats.

British vs American advantages

American: Fighting on their own turf - know the land better and don't have to send supplies overseas. Troops are fighting for their own cause. Used guerrilla tactics learned from Natives. Utilized British rivalries for allies. British: Much larger army and funding. Army is much better trained. Superior navy by far.

Nativists

Americans who feared that immigrants would take jobs and impose their Roman Catholic beliefs on society

Whig Party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements. Federal more power than states

Florence Kelley

An advocate for improving the lives of women and children. (Social Welfare). Helped win passage of the Illinois factory act in 1893 which prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours.

Anti-Comintern Pact

An anti-Communist pact directed against the Soviets in case of attack. Japan signed this with Germany and it was later ratified by Italy. Proved to be the foundation for a diplomatic alliance between these three powers.

two-party system

An electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in national elections.

Federalist #10

An essay composed by James Madison which argues that liberty is safest in a large republic because many interests (factions) exist. Such diversity makes tyranny by the majority more difficult since ruling coalitions will always be unstable.

English Liberty

An idea that certain ''rights of Englishmen'' applied to all within the kingdom.

Washington Disarmament Conference

An international conference on the limitation of naval fleet construction begins in Washington. USA, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan pledge not to exceed the designated sizes of their respective naval fleets. Five Power Treaty signed as a part of this conference.

Trail of Tears

Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands after the Indian Removal Act.

Force Bill

Andrew Jackson bill that says Congress is authorized to use the military against hostile states. Is nullified by South Carolina.

Jackson's Financial Policy

Andrew Jackson removed federal deposits from the Bank of the US and put them into "pet banks" that supported him

Election of 1828

Andrew Jackson won a landslide victory. Marked the beginning of modern American politics, with the decisive establishment of democracy and the formation of the two-party system.

Specie Circular

Andrew Jackson's policy that required hard gold to be used in all land transactions with the federal government, led to Panic of 1837

Indian Removal Act

Andrew Jackson, Provided funds for the removal of 5 Civilized tribes (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, creek, and Seminole) in the South

Spoils System

Andrew Jackson, system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Arose because the state of Maryland had levied a tax on the Baltimore branch of the Bank of the U.S. (second national bank introduced by Henry Clay in the American System). Marshall court ruled that the National Bank constitutional under the necessary and proper clause, and that state governments didn't have the power to tax federal institutions.

Effects of Technological Advancement in Civil War

As guns became more accurate (grooved barrels) and weapons became more dangerous, wars all around the world became deadlier as death tolls skyrocketed. War became dependent on playing on the defensive - digging complicated trenches and building elaborate forts - because otherwise you would get massacred.

Abigail Adams

Asked husband John Adams to "remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than [his] ancestors".

John Dickinson

Asked to form the first form of government. Surprisingly created government with high central power - was ultimately rejected due to fear. Chaired the committee charged with drafting the Articles of Confederation.

Unions

Association of workers who advocated for better working conditions, and aimed to equalize the pay of employee/employer.

Deference

Assumption among ordinary people that wealth, education, and social prominence carried a right to public office

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Author, Original resident of Brook Farm; disillusionment of utopias; The Scarlet Letter criticized transcendentalism, and Blithdale Romance lampooned Brook Farm

The Federalist Papers

Authors James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton. Group of essays to convince anti federalists to support the new constitution.

Ohio Company

Awarded a massive land grant from the Virginia government. Demand for French recognition of their claims led to the 7 Years War.

Mexican Cession

Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. Contained California and New Mexico

Four major railroad routes

B&O, Erie, NY Central (controlled by Cornelius Vanderbilt - rich dude), and Pennsylvania railroad (think monopoly!)

Election of 1844

BEGINNING OF PERIOD 5, Pres. John Tyler tried to make Texas annexation a central issue since he was essentially partyless & needed the southern vote. Clay (Whig) & Van Buren (Democrat) agreed to keep the issue out of the election by rejecting immediate annexation. Clay got Whig nomination but a dark horse candidate James K. Polk got Democrat nomination.(S. Dem support) Liberty Party candidate James G Birney. Polk won through 54 50 or fight - utilized manifest destiny to gain support and public popularity

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

Ballinger, Secretary of Interior, opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska against Roosevelt's conservation policies. Pinchot, Chief of Forestry, supported Roosevelt and demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger. Taft supported Ballinger and dismissed Pinchot on the basis of insubordination. Divided the Republican Party.

Slave Trade decision at Constitutional Convention

Banning would be postponed until 1808

Social Darwinism

Based on ideas of Herbert Spencer. The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. Discouraged government interference with the free market (known as Laissez Faire capitalism), meaning workers virtually had no government assistance.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.

Unionization of the 1930s Great Depression

Before the New Deal, American factories were essentially mini dictatorships supported by local governments across the country. Millions of workers began protesting industries with the federal gov. on their side, and militant socialist/communist labor leaders who had experience in organization and survived the repression of the 1920s provided leadership to the labor upsurge. Laborers fought for better wages, an end to employers' arbitrary power, and basic civil liberties (right to picket, distribute literature, etc.). During 1934, over 2000 strikes occurred, and many produced violent confrontations between employees and employers.

Second Great Awakening

Began about 1800; Unlike the 1st Great Awakening, this one focused on the "unchurched" instead of its members through emotional revival meetings. Intertwined the ideas of liberty and Christianity, making Christianity a central aspect of American culture. Church membership skyrocketed, and smaller sects proliferated. Started in the southern frontier.

New Deal Liberalism

Belief that the government should protect various groups of citizens - workers, farmers and other vulnerable populations - particularly in times of crisis. However, while the New Deal Liberalism expanded the meaning of freedom, it did not erase freedom's boundaries, as men benefitted far more than women, industrial workers more than tenant farmers, and white Americans more than blacks.

Thomas Hobbes

Believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority. Enlightenment thinker.

Albany Plan

Ben Franklin proposed, plan of colonial union, envisioned the formation of a Grand Council made up of elected delegates from the various colonies to oversee matters, A President General appointed by the king would preside. Franklin's most daring suggestion was that the council should be authorized to collect taxes for military expenses.

Ethiopia

Benito Mussolini/Italy invaded this country in 1933

Election of 1888

Benjamin Harrison (republican) is elected as a result of money from big business and veterans votes. Supported the increase in tariffs and pensions, and resulted in the economy going into a depression

Southern Justification of Slavery

Blacks inferior, bible sanctions slavery, blacks incapable of caring for selves, more humane than wage laborers of north.

Southern restrictions on 15th amendment

Blacks restricted by poll tax, literacy test, and property requirement

Lincoln's Leadership

Boldly used the war powers of the presidency (martial law, conscription, suspending habeas corpus, closing some newspapers that printed false information on military secrets), ignoring inconvenient parts of the Constitution. Made many decisions without the permission of Congress. "Malice toward none & charity for all"

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Bolshevik Revolution 1917 brought communism & Russia was now renamed this under Vladimir Lenin. Called for a worldwide revolution sparked uprisings in other governments.

A Century of Dishonor 1882

Book by Helen Hunt Jackson condemning US policy towards Natives and how they broke their promises and treaties

Sunshine and Shadow 1869

Book written by Matthew Smith. Contrasted living conditions of rich and poor in NY. Helped gain sympathy for labor force

Dawes Plan

Britain and France almost declare war against Germany bc Germany isn't paying back reparations, so US makes loans to Germany to pay back reparations to Britain France who can pay back US loans. DON'T CONFUSE WITH DAWES SEVERALTY ACT 1887, WHICH ASSIMILATED NATIVE AMERICANS

Convention of 1818

Britain and the United States agreed to the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory between Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains. The two nations also agreed to joint occupation of the Oregon country for ten years.

James Wolfe

British General who won the Battle of Quebec in the Plains of Abraham

Thomas Hutchinson

British Governor of Massachusetts, convinced that "there must be an abridgment [to]... English Liberties" after having his house demolished by Bostonians. Angered Bostons radicals when he ordered the tea ships not to clear the Boston harbor until they had unloaded their cargo

*George Grenville

British Prime Minister who ordered Molasses Act of 1733 - ignored (salutary neglect). Later passed Sugar Act of 1764 - lowered original 1733 tax but increased strictness, ended period of neglect. *did he pass both?*

General John Burgoyne

British general went north to meet with Howe, but Howe went north to Canada. Was surrounded and defeated in Saratoga.

Impressment

British kidnapping poor men on the streets for maritime service.

*Quebec Act (1774)

British law for recently conquered Quebec after winning the French Indian War. No elected legislature - governor held all legislative power. Made colonists very worried that Britain would treat them the same by getting rid of elected legislative assembly. Allowed Catholics to freely practice their religion - very concerning for Protestant colonies.

the Orders in Council

British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods. Violated Proclamation of Neutrality

Orders in Council

British laws which led to the War of 1812. Permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods.

Samuel Slater

British mechanic that moved to America, built from memory the first American machine for spinning cotton. Known as "the Father of the Factory System", started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

"wooden shoes"

British saying, Continental people's standard of living were much lower than Britons.

Zimmerman Note

British spies intercept a message from Germany to Mexico promising them the land they lost in the Mexican war if they help attack the US in WWI. Part of the reason for America's entering into World War I.

British East India Company

British tea company in India - Tea Act was passed to support the company by selling worse tea to the colonies. This lead to Boston Tea Party, leading to Intolerable/Coercive Acts

Tecumseh

Brother of the Prophet, chief of the Shawnees, as the leader of the Native military efforts, realized that they could only defeat the whites and take back the Northwest if they united, set out down the Mississippi river to visit tribes and persuade them to join him in the Tecumseh confederacy and battle the whites who had wrongly taken their land through treaties.

Beginning/growth of department stores

Browse/buy... innovations in pricing. Advertised often, esp through displays. New concept of having service as a focus (first in U.S. was Marshall Field). Consumer markets provided convenience and standardization

Bataan Death March

Brutal march of American and Filipino prisoners by Japanese soldiers in 1942

Join or Die Cartoon

By Ben Franklin, encouraged colonies to unite with the British against the French

On the Dangers of an Unconverted Ministry

By Gilbert Tennent - questioned the clergy and brought conflict

Peggy Eaton Affair

Calhoun's wife slandered Peggy Eaton, causing a heated debate between Jackson and Calhoun

Mexican-American War

Cali & N. Mexico areas of great interest for Pres Polk. Sent emissary, (John Slidell) to negotiate purchase but not received by Mexico due to tensions....Texan claim to area between Nueces & Rio Grande Rivers not recognized by Mexico bringing tension with U.S who had annexed Tx. Zachary Taylor going into this disputed area begins the war. War lasts 1846-1848. Ended with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, America got Cali and New Mexico

Sectional Balance issues in 1850

California statehood, southern "fire eaters" threatening secession, fugitive slave issues: Personal liberty laws which denied local jails to federal officials involved in catches slaves, underground railroad

Beginning/growth of chain stores

Called 5 & dime store. Bought in quantity to sell goods cheap (Ex Woolworth, A & P Grocery). Consumer markets provided convenience and standardization

The Missouri Compromise of 1820

Called a "Fire bell in the Night" by Jefferson, Missouri admitted as slave state, Maine separated from Massachusetts and admitted as free state, Slavery banned elsewhere in Louisiana Purchase above the latitude of 36° 30'

Women's Christian Temperance Union (founded 1873)

Called for the national prohibition of alcohol. Led by Frances E. Willard and Annie Wittenmeyer (who is Carrie A. Nation?)

Jonathan Edwards

Calvinist, welcomed all protestants, famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God", intense emotional preaching

Pontiac's Rebellion

Campaign to drive the British out of Ohio Country by natives. Overran all but 3 British ports west of the Appalachians and killed two thousand soldiers and settlers. The British retaliated by distributing smallpox blankets.

Preparedness Issue

Campaign to strengthen the US military to be prepared for WWI in case the US got involved

Northern War Strategy

Capture Confederate capital, Richmond, VA., Control Mississippi River (split confederacy in two), blockade southern ports (three part plan known as "anaconda" policy). Realized capturing the capital wouldn't be enough to win the war.

Commodore Dewey

Captured the Philippines and Guam. Followed Roosevelt's order to attack Spanish forces in the Philippines when war was declared; completely destroyed the Spanish fleet stationed at Manila Bay. Showed change in purpose from just freeing Cuba to stripping Spain of all of its colonies.

The Automobile

Cars mass produced with Ford's assembly line. Half of all American families owned one by 1929. Stimulated many industries while also promoting tourism and the growth of suburbs. Led the way in innovating production methods for goods. Changed architecture - garages, landscape shifted to serve the automobile.

Plains of Abraham

the setting of the Battle of Quebec, the decisive battle of the French and Indian War

William Howard Taft

Chosen successor of Roosevelt. Put more land in conservation than Roos. Antitrust success Taft's 43 (in his 4yrs) compared to Roos 25 (in his 7 years). Successfully supported several important pieces of legislation, including the Sixteenth Amendment authorizing income taxes, the creation of a Children's Bureau in the federal government, and laws mandating employer liability and an eight- hour work day. Republican party splits into conservatives and progressives during his presidency

Mormons

Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints founded by Joseph Smith, 1830; persecuted for unorthodoxy... Smith advocated polygamy; Followers of the Book of Mormon intending to establish a New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion.

15th amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude. Opposed by the democratic party

Operation Barbarossa

Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.

Cohens v. Virginia

Cohen brothers found guilty of selling illegal lottery tickets and convicted, but taken to supreme court, and Marshall asserted right of Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme court decisions.

John M. Chivington

Colonel of Colorado militia. Attacked and massacred Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes in the Chivington Massacre/Sand Creek Massacre

Robert E. Lee

Commander of the Confederate Army, brilliant strategist, fought with the Confederates out of devotion to Virginia

Sam Houston

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

Charles Cornwallis

Commanding general of the British forces that were defeated at Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolution.

New Harmony

Communal society with nearly one thousand members. Established in New Harmony, Indiana by Robert Owen. Attracted a hodgepodge of individuals, from scholars to crooks. Fell apart because of continuous infighting and confusion after two years.

Settlement houses

Community centers located in the slums and near tenements that gave aid to the poor, especially immigrants. Education, medical, job training, learning English, run mostly by women.

First Transcontinental Railroad 1869

Completed with Golden Spike at Promontory Point, Utah, Marked the meeting of the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads

Irving Berlin

Composed jazz songs for a golden age of musical theatre

Crittenden's Compromise

Compromise that would guarantee slavery where it already existed and would reinstate the Missouri Compromise line extending it to California. It did not pass. Last attempt to prevent secession.

Davis' leadership

Concerned mainly with military (too involved with directing it instead of leaving it to experienced generals). Neglected civilian morale and economy.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842

Concluded the undeclared Aroostook War, Daniel Webster (American) meets with Alexander Baring (first Baron Ashburton). Settled agreement on boundaries (America got Maine, more land), extradition (the legal process for returning fugitives to the other jurisdiction, extradition came up as a result of the incident with the Creole ship), and the African Slave Trade (US agrees to station ships to prevent the slave trade from illegally continuing)

Southern Industrialization

the south (esp deep south) did not industrialize much nor share in the urban growth as much as in the north. Upper south a little industrialization but still protected slavery

Confederate Constitution

Confederate constitution resembles U.S. (only differences were central govt denied authority to impose tariffs; subsidize internal improvements; or interfere w/ slavery in the states & required to pass laws to protect slavery in the territories.

"The Contrabands" (Civil War)

Confederate slaves who were caught were initially returned back to Confederate slave owners out of respect for the Fugitive Slave Law, but Benjamin Butler suggested treating slaves as contrabands of war: property subject to military confiscation. Escaping slaves became known as "the contrabands."

2nd Continental Congress

Congress appoints George Washington as commander for Confederate Army and begins raising funds for military action. Made Olive Branch Petition - final attempt to avoid war with the British. Debates on whether to declare independence.

planned obsolescence

the strategy of deliberately designing products to fail in order to shorten the time between purchases

Which colonies had elections for governors and councils.*

Connecticut and Rhode Island. Most power was helped in appointed positions. (Appointed by crown and proprietors in Pennsylvania and Maryland)

Fundamentalists

Conservative Christians who (as a group) have become more active in politics in the last two decades. Strictly adhere to what is written in the bible.

Fundamentalism

Conservative beliefs in the Bible and that it should be literally believed and applied. Pitting of conservatives and modernists caused by rural citizens immigrating into cities

Treaty of Fort Laramie

the treaty requiring the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River

Philippine-American War

Continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence. The Philippines declared war on the US and it became a savage conflict with guerilla warfare. Villages were destroyed, civilians were murdered, and prisoners were tortured.

Stephan F. Austin

Continued his father's plan of settling Texas. Rebelled when Mexico annulled existing land contracts and barred emigration from the US. Allowed the immigration of many new American citizens, eventually leading to Spanish fear, eventually leading to the Texas Revolution and independence. Empresario

Oligopoly

Control of a service/commodity by a small number of large, powerful companies.

Father Junipero Serra

Controversial Spanish missionary in California, converted thousands of natives to Christianity, but many of them died because of forced labor and disease.

Annapolis Convention

Convention held in 1786 to consider problems in Articles of Confederation, attended by five states ,issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention

War Production Board

Converted factories from civilian to military production. Manufacturing output tripled.

King George's War

Cost the British a lot of money.

Commonwealthmen

Country Party, spoke against corruption, urged return to truly balanced constitution. Stated if did not stand up to this corruption then deserved to lose liberty!

Fletcher v Peck

Court case concerning the sale of lands by discredited companies. Jefferson created a commission to clean up the problem and recommended Congress set aside 5 million acres for buyers who purchased land from the discredited companies. Quids (extreme Republicans) complained settlement condoned fraud. Extended judicial review power to the states. Concluded the sale between Fletcher and Peck was a binding contract, which under the Contract Clause cannot be invalidated even if it is illegally secured.

Judiciary Review

Court power established during Marbury v Madison

Oliver Ellsworth

Created Judiciary Act, structured federal court system and described its contents.

Carnegie Steel Company

Created by Andrew Carnegie. Workers wages low, vertical integration, dominated the steel industry.

Townshend Acts

Created by British Prime Minister Charles Townshend. Formed a program of taxing items imported into the colonies such as paper, lead, glass, tea. American Board of Customs Commissioners created to enforce the collection of duties.

Interstate Commerce Commission

Created by Congress following Wabash v Illinois to ensure that railroad rates to farmers and merchants were "reasonable" and didn't favor some over others. First of its kind, ultimately not very effective.

Continental Association*

Created by First Continental Congress in case colony demands weren't met. Halted trade with the British and West Indies, encouraged domestic manufacturing (Daughters of Liberty, homespun). Allowed for lower class people previously uninvolved in politics to discuss and debate politics.

Civil Works Administration

Created construction jobs, mainly improving or constructing buildings and bridges. Cost the government over $1 Billion and was cancelled. Hired 4 million people and was mostly concerned with paying high wages.

Paul Revere*

Created propaganda depiction of the Boston Massacre - bias for the colonies. Midnight ride - alerted colonists of British approach towards Lexington prior to Battles of Lexington and Concord. Sons of Liberty

Sedition Act 1798

Criticism of the U.S. govt is criminal libel. Citizens found guilty by a jury were subject to fines and imprisonment.

Coral Sea

Crucial naval battle which stopped the Japanese march across the Pacific and their ability to attack Australia.

Cuban Rebellion

Cuba wanted independence from Spain, Spain refuses, America intervened, and due to the rising tensions, the Spanish American war started.

Cuba Libre

Cuban independence and Cuban revolution, declared Cuba free but we still had full control of their decisions and money

Shay's Rebellion

Daniel Shays, impoverished/over taxed soldiers, exhibited the breakdown of law & order, because of shortcomings/weak central government of the Articles, could not be prevented thus instrumental in pressing the need for change. Led to the rewriting of the constitution

Webster-Hayne Debate

Daniel Webster responded to Robert Y Hayne in the senate. Started over the controversy of curtailing land sales in the west and ended with whether states had the right to nullify federal laws. Said that the people made the constitution, making the federal government sovereign, and that nullification was illegal, unconstitutional, and treasonous. Sparked nullification crisis into an unavoidable flame

Franklin's "Grand Committee"

Decided how toe determine representatives in the national legislature during the Constitutional Convention. One delegate from each of the 11 present states. Adopted a compromise similar to Roger Sherman's Connecticut Plan.

14th amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

Bear Flag Republic

Declaring independence from Mexican control, this republic was declared in 1846 by American settlers living in California; this political act was part of a larger American political and military strategy to wrest Texas and California from Mexico.

Great Depression Causes

Decline of key industries (RR, Farming), unequal distribution of wealth, buying on credit/margin, overproduction of goods, growing speculation in stock market/real estate, Republican conservative laissez-faire policies, high tariffs.

William Henry Harrison

Defeated Tecumseh and his brother the Prophet in the Battle of Tippecanoe, 9th president

Southern War Strategy

Defensive trenches, North in unfamiliar territory. Offensive only when they have physiological advantage.

Neolin

Delaware native prophet who told natives to return to ancestral ways without European influence. Teachings contributed to Pontiac's Rebellion. Pan-Indian Identity

Election of 1856

Democrat James Buchanan (pop sovereignty) defeated Republican John C. Fremont (stop slave expansion). Won by denouncing the abolitionists, promising not to allow any interference with the Compromise of 1850, and supporting the principle of noninterference by Congress with slavery in the territories. American party has a very strong first election.

disappearing quorum

Democrat minority tactic in which they refused to answer roll call in order to prevent voting to happen on legislation they didn't like. Stopped by Reed Rules

negative liberal state

Democrat support, government should keep its hands off of economy so that it can't favor specific interests. Claimed that interference would hurt poor and help rich.

Lewis Cass

Democratic presidential candidate in 1848, original proponent of the idea of popular sovereignty

Thomas Jefferson

Democratic-Republican, Secretary of State in Washington's Cabinet, 3rd president, "Revolution of 1800", "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists", reversed many Federal policies, but kept some of them, Marbury v Madison, Fletcher v Peck, Louisiana Purchase, Barbary States conflict, Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act

James Madison

Democratic-Republican, rejected Montesquieu's thinking (sovereignty must exist with states because republican gov couldn't survive with big territory), concluded from philosopher David Humes that a big republic could work. Nationalist - wrote Federalist Papers, 4th president, Macron's Bill #2, War of 1812

Strict Construction

Democratic-Republicans, If it wasn't written in the constitutional, then it wasn't allowed.

Worcester v. Georgia

Denied states the power to extend jurisdiction over natives as they were considered a separate political identity. Jackson strongly opposed. "Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it.

Washington's Cabinet

Departments of War (Henry Knox), State (Thomas Jefferson), Treasury (Alexander Hamilton) to help with expertise in decision making. Attorney General went to Edmund Randolph

Great Depression 1873-1897

Depression that occurred as a result of technological advancements and economic spur in the Second Industrial Revolution, which led to a rapid drop in prices of goods.

Cajuns

Descended from Acadians, in Louisiana

Tea Act

Designed to help the British East India Company (big seller of tea going bankrupt) by making the sale of its tea cheaper in America. Price of tea was lowered but it hurt colonial merchants by undercutting their ability to sell as well. Forced the colonists to pay for a huge shipment of tea -> Sam Adams lead the Boston Tea Party -> Intolerable/Coercive Acts.

Sherman's March to the Sea

Destroyed anything of use to the Confederacy from Atlanta to Savannah by William T Sherman. Aimed to kill Confederate moral

Insular Cases

Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.

Winfield Scott

Developed the anaconda plan

Mexican Vaqueros

Developed the open range system of raising livestock. Influenced the cattle ranching business in the US both in the techniques used and culture formed (clothing, language, and food)

Cotton Gin

Device that removed the cotton fiber from the seed. Made growing and selling cotton possible on a large scale. Re-vitalized the huge demand for slavery. Invented by Eli Whitney.

Supply and Demand

Dictated the "iron law of wages"

Benito Mussolini

Dictator of Italy that founded fascism. invaded and conquered Ethiopia. The League of Nations did nothing to stop him.

Electoral College

Directly decided the executive (president) of the country, and provided as a middle passage between the voters to act as a failsafe in case the voters made an uninformed decision.

Henry David Thoreau

Disciple of Ralph Waldo Emerson, transcendentalist, lived by himself in the woods along shore of Walden Pond & recorded his thoughts/ impressions writing book called "Walden", pushed ideal of self-culture to its logical outcome: a utopia of one

Foreign Miners Tax

Discriminatory taxes by white nativists imposed by the state of California on Mexican and Asian miners

Commonwealth Theory

Distributive justice is the basis of peace and mutuality, public good could only be achieved by paying attention to the needs and wants of the private individual.

Declaration of Sentiments

Document modeled after the Declaration of Independence listed the injustices towards women, written at the Seneca Falls Convention

Gilded Age Democratic Supporters

Dominated the South, did well among Catholic voters (esp Irish-Americans) and in the nation's cities.

Dorothea Dix

Drive to rehabilitate persons in institutions such as jails, poorhouses, and asylums...Dix publicized the inhumane treatment in prisons, asylums etc & called for changes to bring about better treatment/care for the mentally ill

Dust Bowl

Drought in the 1930s that turned the Great Planes extremely dry. Mechanized agriculture pulverized the topsoil, killing native grasses which prevented erosion. As a result, winds blew much of the soil away, creating the Dust Bowl (dust storms). Displaced more than 1 million farmers.

Battle of Little Bighorn 1876

During Sioux Wars; General Custer and his men wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. Referred to by Americans as "Custer's Last Stand"

The Propaganda War WWI

During the Civil War, prowar sentiments were mostly the responsibility of private companies, but Wilson's department decided that patriotism was too important to leave it for companies. IWW and Socialist Party especially went against the idea for war, trying to get the workers of the world to stop

Treaty of Paris 1783

END OF PERIOD 2, British formally recognized the independence of the United States; granted generous boundaries, Americans could no longer persecute Loyalists and had to restore their property to them, states vowed to put no lawful obstacles in the way of debt-collecting from British. Protected the loyalists in the colonies.

Election of 1800

END OF PERIOD 3, Adams (VP Pinckney) vs Jefferson (VP Burr) Jefferson and Burr tied sending the election the House. Jefferson was voted by the House to be Pres and Burr VP. Election referred by Jefferson as the "Revolution of 1800", a return to original revolutionary ideals.

Revolution of 1800

END OF PERIOD 3, Aka Election of 1800, Adams (VP Pinckney) vs Jefferson (VP Burr) Jefferson and Burr tied sending the election the House. Jefferson was voted by the House to be Pres and Burr VP.

End of Mexican-American War

END OF PERIOD 4, 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Compromise of 1877

END OF PERIOD 5, Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

Spanish-American War

END OF PERIOD 6, In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence. Lasted 10 weeks, few American deaths. US gains the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Cuba forced to approve Platt Amendment before having its independence recognized. Called the "splendid little war"

Election of 1980

END OF PERIOD 8, Ronald Reagan won over Jimmy Carter because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America's stagflation.

Virtual Representation

Each member in Parliament represented the entire empire, not just his own district—the interests of all who lived under the British crown were supposedly taken into account.

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

Battle of Iwo Jima and Okinawa

Early 1945 battles that showed the Americans how difficult it would be to invade the islands of Japan

Washington Gladden (1836-1918)

Early leader of Social Gospel movement (other important leaders: Walter Rauscehnbusch and Josiah Strong)

Eugenics

Early progressives advocated for this to purge society of undesirable traits

Societal problems due to Articles of Confederation

Economic depression, inability to regulate trade, fiscal (government revenue/tax) instability, national debt(unpaid soldiers)

John Tyler

Elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died. Was a Whig but opposed many of their things. "Your Accidency"

Chester A. Arthur (1829-1886)

Elected as Vice President in 1880, became President after Garfield's assassination. Primarily known for his efforts at civil service reform, culminating in the Pendleton Civil Service Act

Wizard of Oz Allegory

Emerald City [D.C.; Green is the color of money], Oz [Ounces of silver and gold], Dorothy + Toto [Women's suffrage], Scarecrow [Grange], Tinman [Union], Cowardly Lion [Reform politicians], "Silver Slippers" [Silver vs. gold], Munchkin ["little people" Unionists], Wicked Witches [Capitalists], Flying Monkeys [Blacks', Wizard of Oz [Ordinary man], Poppies [Drugs]. South does not exist to C.W.

"Pools"

Emerged as a result of economic competition during Second Great Industrialization. Divided the market into competing firms and created agreed upon fixed prices. Ultimately disintegrated rapidly as individual firms pursued profits

"Trusts"

Emerged as a result of economic competition during Second Great Industrialization. Were legal devices which made it so that several rival companies were managed by a single director. Ultimately disintegrated rapidly as individual firms pursued profits

GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) (1947)

Encourages free trade by lowering tariffs and other trade restrictions. Created an enormous market for American goods and investments. Influenced by Great Depression when countries kept raising tariffs, halting world trade and making the Depression ultimately worse.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain

Peace of Paris 1763

Ended the Seven Year's War, France had to abandon all claim to North America; Great Britain received Canada and the eastern half of the Mississippi Valley, Spain got back the Philippine Islands and Cuba, but had to cede East and West Florida to England

Boston Massacre

English government moves 4000 Redcoats to Boston. Troops clash with Boston's population. No real reason for the Redcoats being there and tension over taxation. March 5, 1770—English soldiers fire on civilian crowd, kill five Americans. One that becomes a martyr of the incident was Crispus Attucks (Indian/African/white ancestry)

George Whitefield

English minister, Calvinist, sparked Great Awakening, brought his brand of emotional preaching to the colonies from Georgia to New England

John Wilkes

English reformer who published attacks on George III and supported the rights of the American colonists (1727-1797). Wilkes elected to Parliament in London but expelled from his seat.

Vaudeville

Entertainment that drew on the immigrant experience with skits, songs, comedy, dance, etc

Gilded Age Liberals Beliefs

Equality and liberty began splitting can no longer coexist. Social Darwinism. For true liberty to exist, unequal classes are inevitable, and if you are in the lower class it results of your own lack of merit.

Slavery status after Revolution

Equality was being advocated yet there was slavery

"Get rich, dishonestly if we can, honestly if we must"

Era of 1870-90's "slogan" according to the Gilded Age.

Frederick Douglass

Escaped from slavery in 1838 & became abolitionist crusader against slavery; speaker at antislavery gatherings; publisher of antislavery newspaper The North Star

Land Ordinance of 1785

Established an orderly division of land into townships (selling off acreage to make $), set aside some land for public education, one of the few successes of the Articles of Confederation

Society for the Relief of Free Negroes, Unlawfully Held

Established by Ben Franklin, included John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and others.

Library Company of Philadelphia

Established by Benjamin Franklin, helped make reading become "fashionable". Newspapers and printing press more common because literacy rate is higher in the colonies.

Society of Cincinnati

Established by George Washington to stay in connection with his fellow soldiers, and pass down membership through heritage. Colonists outraged, claiming Washington plans to abuse his power.

Standard Oil

Established by John D. Rockefeller, monopolized the oil business, vertically and horizontally integrated.

Gazette of the US

Established by John Fenno, supported Federalists

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Established by the Banking Act of 1933/Glass-Steagall Act. Basically insured individual depositors that if a bank crisis were to ever happen or happen again, then depositors would still be able to gain access to their money in their accounts.

Taft Commission

Established civil government in Philippines. "Modernized" by expanding railroads and harbors, brining teaching and public health officials, and modernized their agriculture. Promised the Philipinos eventual independence when they were "ready"

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the Interstate Commerce Commission - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices. First of its kind, ultimately not very effective.

Francis Lowell

Established the first factory town and one of the first to hire women to work the factories; idea of specialized work force

Gilbert Tennent

Evangelist, wrote famous sermon "On the Dangers of an Unconverted Ministry"

Black Hills Gold Rush 1875

Event that drew prospectors onto Sioux hunting grounds in the Dakotas and Montana through the Bozeman Trail. Led to the Sioux Wars.

Compulsory Attendance

Every city and town required to offer primary school, and every parent required to send kids to school. Main reason for education was training for industrial society

Election 1936

FDR (D) vs Alfred Landon (R). Election revolved around the two ideas of freedom - one of socialized liberty (FDR), and the other of individual private freedoms (Landon). Politics during this time were extremely reflective of class divisions. FDR wins by a landslide despite Landon getting support from newspapers and business communities because of the New Deal Coalition of organized labor, southern voters (white and black) , protestant farmers, urban Catholic and Jews, industrial workers, and middle class homeowners (groups of people who are normally in opposition with one another).

Federal Aids Road Act

Facilitated government financing of road building, required every state desiring federal funds to establish a highway department to plan routes, oversee construction, and maintain roads.

Stalwarts

Faction of the Republican party in the ends of the 1800s Supported the political machine and patronage (spoils system). Conservatives who hated civil service reform.

Hay-Herran Convention

Failed, was supposed to give the US 99 years in the Panama Canal zone, US would pay Columbia 10mil and rent

Washington's Farewell Address

Fall 1796—written by Hamilton, announced his retirement from the Presidency. Warned against all political parties and permanent "foreign entanglements"

Harriet Tubman

Famous conductor on the Underground Railroad, led other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Clarence Darrow (1857-1938)

Famous criminal defense lawyer; believed criminals were made by their impoverished conditions, not born; rejected Social Darwinism.

Okies

Farmers in dust bowl area who migrate out towards cities. Okies depicted in the Grapes of Wrath

Francisco Franco

Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini, overthrew the democratic government and established a fascist one.

Frederick Winslow Taylor

Father of scientific management, emphasized the enforcement of work standards and cooperation. Wrote "The Principals of Scientific Management".

Walter Rauschenbusch (1861-1918)

Father of the Social Gospel movement (other important leaders: Washington Gladden and Josiah Strong)

Changes in the North after the Civil War

Fed gov predominant over states and takes activist role in the economy (tariffs, Homestead Act, RR grants, agricultural colleges, banking system), large corporations operate across state lines and national organizations.

National War Labor Board

Federal agency created in order to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers in order to ensure labor reliability and productivity during the World War I; it was disbanded after the war in May 1919.

Hatch Act

Federal statute barring Federal employees from active participation in certain kinds of politics and protecting them from being fired on partisan grounds.

John Jay

Federalist, Nationalist - Federalist Papers, 1st Chief Justice, negotiated Jay's Treaty.

Alexander Hamilton

Federalist, Nationalist - Federalist Papers, Treasurer in Washington's cabinet, Hamilton's economic plan (1st bank, funding debts, invest in businesses/cities, whiskey tax), died in duel with Burr

John Adams

Federalist, VP for Washington, 2nd president, XYZ affair and Quasi War, Alien and Sedition Acts, Convention of Morfontaine, Reign of Witches

John Marshall

Federalist. One of the diplomats involved in the XYZ Affair negotiations ("millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute"). Appointed chief justice by John Adams

Broad Contruction

Federalists, used Article 1:8 in order to justify, thought that the constitution gave implied powers.

D.W. Griffith (1875-1948)

Film director. Produced Birth of a Nation. Revolutionized film making with modern techniques (close ups, angles, fading, etc.) during the Progressive Era as mass consumption and leisure time became important aspects of American life. BUT movie was very controversial because it portrayed the KKK as heroes.

Lancaster Turnpike

Financed the First Turnpike

Emergency Banking Act

First 100 Days, part of the First New Deal. Provided funds to shore up threatened institutions, supporting troubled banks and allowing a few to reopen. Gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened

FDR's "Hundred Days"

First 100 days of FDR's presidency; FDR takes advantage of the sense of crisis and momentum of an electoral victory to pass legislation he hoped would promote economic recovery. Was an intense period of lawmaking, at least 15 pieces of legislation made, lots of new agencies created. Included the creation of the NRA, AAA, and CCC.

Booker T. Washington

First African American to dine in the White House

John C Fremont

First candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, First presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery. Led successful independence revolt in California.

Baltimore and Ohio

First commercial railroad in America.

South Carolina Canal and Railroad

First long-distance rail line to begin operation

Manifest Destiny

First mentioned by John L O'Sullivan (New York Journalist) - belief that the United States had a divine right to care for the land, and that any interventions to that right were an act against liberty.

NBC

First national radio network

John L. O'Sullivan

First person to mention the Manifest Destiny - belief that the United States had a divine right to care for the land, and that any interventions to that right were an act against liberty.

KDKA

First radio station

Massachusetts 54th Regiment

First successful Black regiment (headed mostly by whites). Most famous battle was that fought at Ft. Wagner where they lost most of their men--a very celebrated regiment

Manifest Destiny

First used by John O' Sullivan, belief that the US should expand from coast to coast.

John Dewey

Followed William James' theory and adapted it to education

trunk lines

Following the Civil War, four major eastern railroad networks, or trunk lines, emerged from a flurry of mergers and consolidations. All were designed to connect the eastern seaports to the Great Lakes and western rivers.

Proclamation of 1763

Forbade colonists from moving past the Appalachian Mountains to prevent native border conflicts and therefore war costs. Enraged many colonists, and the colonists ignored it.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft, exchanged financial support for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Exchanged money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Republicanism

Form of government in which leaders are elected for a specific period by the preponderance of the citizenry, and laws are passed by leaders for the benefit of the entire republic, rather than a select aristocracy.

Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793

Formal announcement issued by George Washington on April 22, 1793, declared the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain.

Republican Party

Formed because of the Kansas-Nebraska controversy. Anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories

Constitutional Union Party

Formed by moderate Whigs and Know-Nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis.

Samuel Gompers (1850-1924)

Formed the American Federation of Labor in 1886.

Women's Trade Union League

Formed to bring women into unions, as they were excluded from other unions. Fought for factory regulations for safer working conditions.

Richard Allen

Former slave, found Bethel Church for for Negro Methodist, later organized African Methodist Episcopal church. Institutions of great cultural and religious significance for 19th century blacks.

Aroostook War

Fought over land disputes from unresolved boundaries of Treaty of Paris 1783 between Maine and Canada/Britain/New Brusnwick. Webstur-Ashburton Treaty; compromised before fighting occurred, bloodless war raised tensions between US and Britain. America gains more land, stood up to British.

John MacKay

Found the Big Bonanza (gold/silver ore deposit beneath Virginia City), became richest person in the world

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism

Robert Owen

Founded New Harmony

American Economic Association 1885

Founded by Richard Ely (1854-1943); linked economic situation to social problems, urged more government intervention (went against Social Darwinism)

Committees of Correspondence

Founded by Samuel Adams, system of communication between patriot leaders throughout the colonies. First form of communication between colonies.

American Federation of Labor (1886)

Founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hours, and working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent. Believed in fighting for bread and butter issues and negotiating with businesses rather than attempting to become a separate entity.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Founded by William Lloyd Garrison in support of abolition of slaves - allowed women to speak up too

Wobblies

Founded in 1905, aka Industrial Workers of the World, aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. Worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

Industrial Workers of the World

Founded in 1905, aka Wobblies, aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. Worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

Uriah S. Stephens (1821-1882)

Founder of the Knights of Labor, which is eventually led by Terence Powderly

Panic of 1873

Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver) Greenbacks overprinted

Good Neighbor Policy

Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene militarily in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy and the Roosevelt Corollary.

Election of 1852

Franklin Pierce (Democrat) vs Winfield Scott (Whig); Pierce won landslide.

Four Freedoms

Freedom of Speech, Religion, Want, from Fear. Four Freedoms reflected American values FDR believed should be spread worldwide. Contrasted WWI - this time in WWII, America placed heavy influence on Bill of Rights and confirmed the importance of individuality as part of freedom even during crisis.

Baron de Montesquieu

French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. Greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution.

Fort Duquesne

French decided to seize the Ohio River Valley before Virginians did so. Many attempts by colonists to take over failed. Later renamed Pittsburgh.

Philippe Bunau-Varilla

French engineer who helped stage a revolution in Panama and then became the new country's "instant" foreign minister

Aristide Briand

French foreign minister who deemphasized aggressive military intervention and championed the League of Nations, suggested the Kellogg-Briand Pact

Acadians

French in Canada, British confiscated land, descendants in Louisiana are Cajuns.

Alexis de Tocqueville

French political writer noted for his analysis of American institutions. "Democracy in America"

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army. Lead the French in the Battle of Yorktown, preventing British escape.

National Origins Quota Act 1924

Further reduced immigration by putting a 150,000 person annual quota on immigrants. Expanded on Emergency Quota Act 1921. Allotted most of the slots to Germany, Britain, Ireland, and Scandinavians. Reflected Isolationist and anti-foreign feelings in America as well as departure from traditional American ideals.

Homestead Act of 1862

Gave 160 acres to each head of household who paid a $10 registration fee & pledged to live/cultivate the land (under Lincoln's govt 1863) Post Reconstruction freed African citizens took advantage of opportunity (called exodusters). Was meant to push people West and cultivate land. Land was often given to speculators instead of intended farmers.

Treaty of Greenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.

Timber Culture Act 1873

Gave additional 160 acres of land to people who planted trees. Designed to get people to move West and cultivate the deserty land

Battle of Meuse-Argonne Forest

General John J. Pershing leads more than 1 million US soldiers to push back the Germans. The German Kaiser (leader) abdicates and Germany asks for peace.

Valeriano Weyler

General sent by Spain to stop Cuban revolt, referred to as the "Butcher" because of harsh tactics "concentration camps, shooting civilian, ect.)

4 leaders who dominated negotiations after WWI

George Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (England), Vittorio Orlando (Italy), Woodrow Wilson (US)

Report on Manufacturers

George Washington - Part of Hamilton's Economic Plan. Hamilton recommended government support for protective tariffs; bounties/govt subsidies; money raised would be used for the growth of cities. Rejected by the south who were mostly farmers.

National Bank (Hamilton)

George Washington - Part of Hamilton's Economic Plan. Served as the main depository for the U.S. government, also issued currency, suggested by Hamilton. Originally controversial - people saw it as a way for the rich to get richer. Criticized for not being outlined in the constitution.

Report on the Public Credit

George Washington - Part of Hamilton's Economic Plan. Would pay off national and state debts fully to ensure good future relations. Criticized by Jefferson and Madison because it greatly expanded government involvement.

Tariff of 1789

George Washington - Tariff to generate govt revenue for the national debt & also protect infant American industries

Judiciary Act 1789

George Washington - Work of Oliver Ellsworth, Structured Supreme Court w/ 5 justices & chief justice (1st John Jay) plus 13 district courts to review state decisions

Central Powers of WWI

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

Axis Powers vs Allied Powers

Germany, Italy and Japan and were in opposition with Britain, France, the United States and later the Soviet Union.

Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis

Germany, Italy, and Japan that went to war against the Allies in World War II due to aggressive nationalism

Middle ground

Goal of Native American confederacies in maintaining a strong independent voice (control) pitted the French and British against each other. Failed when French were mostly kicked out of the New World.

Dewitt Clinton

Governor of New York who oversaw the Erie Canal project.

Robert M. La Follette

Governor of Wisconsin who promoted the principle of government by experts, advocated progressivism, and established a Legislative Reference Bureau to provide research, advice, and help in the drafting of legislation. "Wisconsin Idea"

Roger Sherman

Great Compromiser, compromised between the Virginia plan and the New Jersey Plan to make the Connecticut Plan.

Hawaii Annexation

Group of American planters overthrew Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii annexed during the Spanish-American War. White planters wanted annexation to avoid McKinley Tariff, but denied by president Cleveland. Others wanted because of its economic and military value, fear of the Japanese taking it. McKinley fulfills by using a joint-resolution instead of a treaty.

Loyal Nine*

Group of Boston merchants and craftsmen who had taken the lead in opposing the Stamp Act 1765.

Paxton Boys

Group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks like Pontiac's Rebellion. They made an armed march on Philadelphia attacking natives. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians.

Bonus Army

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their government war bonuses in cash. Tried to pass the Patman Bill.

brain trust

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

Ashcan School

Group of realist painters that depicted the environment around them

Pinkerton Guards (Gilded Age)

Guards hired by employers to break up labor protests and spy on workers. Technique used by employers to work against Unions.

James G. Blaine

Had diplomatic success in Latin America as a result of tariff reciprocity agreements to expand trade, helped create the International Bureau of the American Republics, later named the Pan-American Union, which exchanged political, scientific, and other information.

Short Staple Cotton

Hardier and coarser strain of cotton that could grow successfully in a variety of climates and in a variety of soils. Harder to process than long-staple cotton because seeds were difficult to remove from the fiber. Invention of the cotton gin solved this problem.

Fort Necessity

Hastily built fort by George Washington in the Ohio Valley to contest Fort Duquesne

Albert Gallatin

He was an American politician, diplomat, and Secretary of the Treasury under Jefferson. He was responsible for balancing the budget, which let America purchase the Louisiana territory from France.

John Collier

Head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs who introduced the Indian New Deal and pushed congress to pass Indian Reorganization Act

Herbert Hoover

Headed the Food Administration, 31st president

Martin Van Buren*

Helped Jackson create and popularize the Democrat party. 8th President, believed political parties were necessary and desirable because it put checks on power and counteracted sectionalism. forced to deal with the Panic of 1837 after Jackson left office.

Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929

Herbert Hoover aimed to help farmers prevent foreclosures and buy surplus upon seeing that laissez-faire wasn't working. Too little too late.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff 1930

Herbert Hoover increased tariff inspired other countries to raise tariffs stifling global trade and contributing to global Economic Depression

Reconstruction Finance Corporation 1932

Herbert Hoover provided financial support to state/local governments, made loans to businesses, made to help resume banks after Great Depression. Too little too late.

Technique used by employers to work against Unions:

Hiring scabs and Pinkerton guards, blacklisting workers (meaning that certain worker won't be able to find a job anywhere), open shop, court injunction rulings that worked against laborers (due to Social Darwinism and money, most court rulings worked in favor of employers), and public fear of Unions (public fear saw Unions as radical; example of this being Haymarket Affair)

Public School Movement

Horace Mann leading education reformer began to push for tax supported schools to lessen the gap between the rich and poor, but Social discipline for many was the real push. Focused on 3 R's (Reading, (w)Riting, (a)Rithmatic) & Protestant ethics.

Fire-eaters

Hotheaded southern agitators who pushed for southern interests and favored secession from the Union

Treaty of Utrecht

How Britain acquired asiento from Spanish

Election of 1916

Hughes, Wilson, issues: Wilson ran for reelection for the Democrats with the slogan "He kept us out of war". Charles Evans Hughes was the Republican candidate who attacked the inefficiency of the Democratic Party. Wilson won the election, so was able to continue his idealistic policies.

Sedition Act

Illegal to make printed or spoken statements that advocate interference with the war effort.

Stephan A. Douglas

Illinois senator who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed new territories to choose their own position on slavery. Argued for popular sovereignty because he was afraid the south would discourage his desires to build a railroad (railroad -> population -> statehood -> conflict). Lost support from south because of Freeport Doctrine and Lecompton Compromise

Angel Island

Immigrant receiving station in the east (near Statue of Liberty)

birds of passage (Progressive Movement)

Immigrants who came to America to earn money for a time and then returned to their native land. Many ended up staying in America.

Santa Fe Trail

Important trade route going between Independence, Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico

We the People

Important wording first used in Massachusetts constitution then the US constitution.

Native American Policy of Independent Nation

In 1871, Congress eliminated the treaty system by which the federal government negotiated agreements with Indians as if they were independent nations. This meant Congress could kind of do whatever they wanted, and impose all kinds of white cruelty on the Natives. Shows America's wish to grow, even though this is POST CIVIL WAR and America if anything should be praising equality. Ironic.

European and Pacific Theaters

In Europe you have Eisenhower and his strategy was to squish Germany the best he could by coming up Italy and surrounding it from the other two sides. In the Pacific you have MacArthur and the strong American navy that island hopped and eventually dominated the Japanese forces.

Western Front

In WWI, the region of Northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other.

Virginia Resolves

In response to the 1765 Stamp Act, Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several strongly worded resolutions that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

Incident in 1807 that brought on a war crisis when the British warship Leopard attacked the American warship Chesapeake. Led to Embargo Act.

Immigration restrictions

Increased fear of immigrants led to acts reducing the number of immigrants coming from the Eastern Hemisphere.

Lockean Ideas

Individual Rights, Consent of the governed, right of rebellion

Gilded Age Republican supporters:

Industrial North/Midwest, agrarian West, and Republican was particularly strong among members of revivalist churches, Protestant immigrants, and blacks.

State conventions*

Innovation for ratifying a constitution used in Massachusetts

Rural Counterattack

Insecurity in the face of all this social upheaval caused rural and small-town America to reject to the dominance of the city. Anti-immigrant activity increased as did movements aimed at cultural and political conformity and a return to traditional values. Consisted of the Red Scare, Prohibitionism, the Ku Klux Klan, and Immigration restrictions.

Manager type government

Inspired by the Progressive movement, meant to rid cities of corrupt political machines and abuses of the spoils system. Usually has a city council responsible for legislative functions.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Introduced by Stephan Douglas in order to make the Transcontinental railroad and create new cities and towns. Signed by Franklin Pierce. Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. Led to the demise of the Whig party, the splitting of the Democratic party, and the creation of the Republican Party. Also was catalyst of Bleeding Sumner

Mechanical Reaper

Invented by Cyrus McCormick, could harvest wheat quickly. Made cash crop farming much more incentivizing and economically viable for rural farmers who before the market revolution would have stuck to subsistence farming and creating their own goods.

Kodak Camera 1888

Invented by George Eastman, created flexible film, which eventually led to the invention of the Kodak Camera (which could be used to take amateur photos)

Steel Plow

Invented by John Deere, could plow through thick soil so people could now farm in the Midwest, made plowing easier. Made cash crop farming much more incentivizing and economically viable for rural farmers who before the market revolution would have stuck to subsistence farming and creating their own goods.

Telegraph 1844

Invented by Samuel Morse in 1830s. Cyrus Field first to connect cables across the Atlantic through Transatlantic Cable.

Nikola Tesla

Invented the Alternating current

Thomas Edison

Invented the Incandescent light bulb and way of distributing electricity which freed factories and cities from relying on waterpower (Weltinghouse improves this with high voltage, which can travel for larger distances, and Tesla's alternating current)

Samuel F.B. Morse

Inventor of the telegraph

JP Morgan & Co.

Investment firm, showed trend of trusts being financed by more bankers than industrialists.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian radicals who became symbols of the Red Scare of the 1920s; arrested (1920), tried and executed (1927) for a robbery/murder, they were believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status and radical political beliefs.

The Bank War

Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich. Believed that the bank was blackmailing him. Nicholas Biddle head of Bank of US was just as stubborn as Jackson (Jackson despised him), and believed people supported bank. Biddle rechartered the bank EARLY so that the problem could be addressed, but Jackson vetoed the 2nd Bank charter. Henry Clay tried to turn the bank war into a political issue believing that voters were in support of bank, but in reality most people adored Jackson for it and gave him more support.

First Seminole War

Jackson raided Florida to capture Seminole raiders. He did this without receiving any direct orders. This upset many Spanish leaders, but most Americans supported Jackson. Led to American acquisition of Florida in Adams Onis Treaty

Election of 1832*

Jackson v Clay, Jackson wins. Political parties will hold nominating conventions where the people decide who the nominee is. First time a third party was in an election, Anti-Masonic party. Set in stone the death of the 2nd bank *

kitchen cabinet

Jackson's group of unofficial advisors consisting of newspaper editors and Democratic leaders that met to discuss current issues. Jackson used the Kitchen Cabinet more than his official Cabinet.

Henry David Thoreau

Jailed for refusing to pay taxes as a protest to the Mexican-American War. Wrote "On Civil Disobedience". Transcendentalist - secluded himself in a mountain.

Election of 1880

James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur (republican). Winfield Scott (democrat). Garfield won election, but was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau, so Chester Arthur pres.

Fifty-Four Forty or Fight

James K Polk campaign promise to claim the entirety of the Oregon territory for the US. Only managed to obtain the territory below the 49th parallel.

War of 1812

James Madison - Aka Mr. Madison's War, Caused by British impressment of American sailors. Violation of free trade. British provoking of Indian attacks. Ended in stalemate with the Treaty of Ghent. Broke power of Natives, completed conquest of land east of Mississippi River. Federalist stance on the war would cause them to disband.

Mr. Madison's War

James Madison - Aka War of 1812, Caused by British impressment of American sailors. Violation of free trade. British provoking of Indian attacks. Ended in stalemate with the Treaty of Ghent

Battle of New Orleans

James Madison - During War of 1812, British Attempt to capture New Orleans was thwarted by Andrew Jackson in 1815. Andrew Jackson became a hero.

Battle of Fort McHenry

James Madison - During the War of 1812, attack by British on the Chesapeake Bay to take Baltimore, but was defended at Fort McHenry

Oliver Hazzard Perry

James Madison - Won control of Great Lakes for U.S. in Battle of Put-In Bay during the conquest for Canada in the War of 1812... turning point in war for Americans, gave control of Great Lakes to America allowing William Henry Harrison to invade Canada

Election of 1892

James Weaver Populist candidate, won 1 million votes; lost badly in the South and failed to attack urban workers in the North; Harrison (republican) vs. Cleveland (democrat) (from 1884 election) Cleveland won again because of the unpopularity of the high-tax McKinley tariff (first president to serve two inconsecutive terms)

Fire bell in the night

Jefferson said this about the Missouri Compromise, saw Northern and Southern conflicts increasing

Election of 1796

John Adams (Federalist) vs Thomas Jefferson (Republican) Adams became pres and Jefferson VP. (two different parties/philosophies)

Convention of Morfontaine

John Adams - Second commission with France following XYZ Affair with similar goals to obtain compensation for seized ships and nullify 1778 treaties that bounded America to France. Negotiated with Napoleon - agreed to declare treaties void and remove restrictions, but refused to compensate ships.

Pottawatomie Creek

John Brown murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers, reaction to pro-slavery sacking of anti-slavery capitol in Kansas.

Harpers Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

John L Lewis - head of United Mine Workers, made the CIO. Formed because AFL refused to unite all workers of a given industry (AFL tended to unite skilled workers only). Used sit-down strikes - halting production inside a plant but remaining inside instead of walking out in order to prevent managers from bringing in strikebreakers. While AFL was hostile to government intervention in labor-management relations, the CIO put forward an ambitious program for federal action. Promoted the idea that the Depression was caused by the lack of consumer demand, and that the government should redistribute national income to sustain purchasing power.

Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina

John Locke helped draft, Proposed a feudal society in the New World, complete with hereditary nobility, serfs. and slaves.

Two Treatises of Government

John Locke wrote, natural rights, limited government.

Dartmouth v. Woodward

John Marshall court ruled that corporate charters issued by state legislatures were contracts that future lawyers couldn't alter or rescind, even if its a private corporation. Court case over if New Hampshire legislature could turn Dartmouth college into a state university.

Gibbons v. Ogden

John Marshall court ruled that states can't interfere with congress's power to regulate trade. A steam boat monopoly granted by New York is challenged by a rival ferry service.

Andrew Johnson Impeachment

Johnson obstructs Congressional Reconstruction... Congress limits Presidential power ( to limit his authority over Reconstruction matters) passes Tenure of Office Act. 1868 Johnson discharges Sec of War Edwin Stanton (Radical) going against the Tenure of Office Act & he is impeached

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

Jonathan Edwards sermon

Yellow journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers. Exaggerations caused more people to support the Spanish-American War

Henry Grady

Journalist from Georgia who coined the phrase "New South". Advocated for economic diversity and laissez fair capitalism.

Declaration of Independence

July 4 1776 Congress officially approved. Written by Thomas Jefferson, mostly listed grievances against George III. Preamble establishes basic human rights that are natural to all men, changing the cause of the Revolution from English rights to natural human rights (established by John Locke). Document is an argument for why people should support colonial independence.

John J. Crittenden

Kentucky senator he attempted to save the Union by reconciling differences between northern and southern states in the Senate proposal known as Crittenden's Compromise - last attempt at compromise before Civil War

The "New Affluence"

Key to affluence was assembly line. Consumers able to engage in mass market buying cheaper goods. Advertising used to prompt consumerism. Purchasing on credit (installment plan) rapidly altered the standard of living for Americans. Americans able to spend more leisure time due to efficiency & new conveniences.

Philip Randalph

Labor leader that threatened a march on Washing to end racial discrimination in defense industries and government employment, and to integrate the armed forces

Uprising of the 20,000

Labor strike, demanded better safety in clothing factories, esp with the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, which had still not given in to the demands of the Women's Trade Union. Began in November 1909 and ended with the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire in March 1911.

Knights of Labor 1869

Labor union that was open to all workers regardless of race, gender, or skill. "An injury to one is an injury to all", against the use of strikes though sometimes happened anyway. Failed because employees were easier to fire, the Haymaker riot put bad reputation, and overall bad leadership. First led by Uriah S Stephens, then Terence Powderly.

Liberty Tree

Large elm tree in Boston - mannequin of stamp distributor Andrew Oliver hung to pressure him into resigning, pamphlets of its image spread throughout colonies.

Bonanza Farms

Large scale single crop farms often over 50,000 acres where farmers set up companies to operate. Large scale investment by multiple people. Usually ended up bankrupt due to lack of crop diversity

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay (Yorktown) by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Squatters Sovereignty

Later known as "popular sovereignty" it would allow the people of each territory (acting through their own legislature) to decide the status of slavery there.

Free Soil Party

Launched by the Wilmot Proviso, opposed the expansion of slavery due to slaves causing job competition for whites. Didn't justify because slavery was immoral but because whites would have to compete with freed blacks for jobs. First ran in 1848 with Martin Van Buren.

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

Law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies that interfered with free trade. First of its kind to try to stop monopolies that were harming the American public. Many monopolists managed to find loopholes through wealth and power because the Legislature wasn't strong enough. Did not effectively remove monopolies. Monopolists actually used the Sherman Antitrust Act AGAINST strikers. Law states that "you cannot restrict process of trade," and striking technically goes against trade.

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

James Otis

Lawyer and political leader who fought the Writs of Assistance and later became a member of the Massachusetts assembly and founding member of the Sons of Liberty. Also wrote the Circular Letter

*Articles of Confederation

Lays out a constitution for if they win the war - first government of the colonies. Had very weak central government - gave state sovereignty.

Green Mountain Boys

Lead by Ethan Allen - took arms against New Yorkers, eventually creating Vermont. Green Mountain Boys along with Benedict Arnold and militia surrounded the British in Fort Ticonderoga near NY during revolution, forcing them to surrender.

William D. ("Big Bill") Haywood (1869-1928)

Leader of IWW/Wobblies

Thaddeus Stevens

Leader of Radical Republicans along with Charles Sumner during Reconstruction post-Civil War. Wanted to confiscate disloyal planter land and divvy it among slaves.

Charles Sumner

Leader of Radical Republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens during Reconstruction post-Civil War. Senator from Massachusetts.

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives, also led to the Slave Codes

Samuel Gompers

Leader of the American Federation of Labor, supported white male skilled laborers to get better wages and working conditions.

Eugene Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, aided workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over. In re Debs

Ethan Allen

Leader of the Green Mountain Boys. Took arms against New Yorkers, eventually creating Vermont. Green Mountain Boys along with Benedict Arnold and militia surrounded the British in Fort Ticonderoga near NY during revolution, forcing them to surrender.

Terence Powderly (1849-1924)

Leader of the Knights of Labor following Uriah S. Stephens

Emilio Alguinaldo

Leader of the Philippine rebellion against the US in the Philipino-American War

Louis Armstrong

Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

Eugene V Debs

Leading advocate for Socialism

Eugene V. Debs

Leading advocate for the Socialist Party

McClure's Magazine

Leading journal for muckraking articles. Journalists like Lincoln Steffens and Ida Tarbell were featured in this magazine.

National Woman Suffrage Association

Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Opposed the fifteenth amendment because of its failure to include women in its provisions. Attempted to utilize racism to support feminism

Massachusetts Governmental Framework

Led by John Adams, created late in 1780. Would include important wording ("We the people... of Massachusetts") to be used in the federal Constitution, and many aspects that reflect the Constitution today (popularly elected governor could veto legislative laws). *Double check

Women's Rights

Led by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Active involvement by women while in the Abolitionist movement & the denial of simply public speaking made women focus on their inequality as well. Not just a U.S. movement but international movement.

Donner Party

Led by brothers Jacob and George Donner, attempted to take a shortcut, ended up costing the party 18 days, they got trapped in the cold harsh environment in Sierra Mountains, and only half the party survived. Reportedly resorted to cannibalism, "Donner Party" and "cannibalism" became synonymous terms.

Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906)

Led the process of merging of the National Women's Suffrage Association (NWSA) with the Lucy Stone's American Suffrage Association (AWSA) to create the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Lemuel Shaw Mass. court ruled that there was nothing inherently illegal about workers forming unions and participating in strikes. Previous decisions ruled that employer had authority over workers.

Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction

Lenient, Proclamation of Amnesty & Reconstruction

Lewis & Clark Expedition

Lewis and Clark Expedition commissioned by Jefferson after the purchase of Louisiana. Goal to find if Missouri River goes to Pacific and to explore flora and fauna. Led through difficult areas/Rockies by Sacajawea. Demonstrated possibility of overland travel to Pacific.

Emergency Quota Act 1921

Limited the number of immigrants from Europe which was set at 3% of the nationality currently in the U.S. Greatly limited the number of immigrants who could move to the U.S. Reflected Isolationist and anti-foreign feelings in America as well as the departure from traditional American ideals.

Holden vs Hardy (1898)

Limited work hours for miners because it was considered dangerous work

Election of 1860

Lincoln won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. Lincoln wins without a single south vote so they no longer felt like they had a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union. Democrats split between Stephen Douglas north and John Breckinridge south, Whigs/Know-Nothings ran John Bell, and Republicans ran Abraham Lincoln

List of Grievances

List of complaints about King George III in Declaration of Independence.

Evangelists

Literally "Bearers of good news", traveling preachers

Brandeis Brief

Louis Brandeis, Contained 115 pages of sociological evidence on the negative effects of long workdays on women's health and thus on women as mothers. Won women shorter hours but on the basis of their inferiority.

American Woman Suffrage Association

Lucy Stone president; supported fifteenth amendment, saw it as a step towards universal suffrage which included women.

Revenue Act

Made to compensate for costs of Seven Years War along with the Currency and Sugar Acts. Placed goods such as wool and hides on the enumerated list - could only be traded with England for a tax.

Election of 1916

Main concern of voters was whether or not the United States would become involved in World War I. Supreme Court Justice Charles E. Hughes and President Woodrow Wilson ran against each other. Wilson won by an extremely shallow margin, running the campaign slogan "He Kept Us Out Of War"

Election of 1848

Main issue is slavery in the Mexican Cession territory. Van Buren named Free Soil candidate (opposed slavery expansion, first time Free Soil ran), Lewis Cass for Democrats (popular sovereignty), and Zachary Taylor for Whigs (no stance on slavery, was a slave owner). Taylor wins.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

War of Jenkins' Ear

Maritime struggle in the West Indies over trade control between the English and the Spanish. Created opportunity for Stono Rebellion

Samuel Clemens

Mark Twain's real name

Golden Spike at Promontory Point, Utah 1869

Marked the location where the Union and Central Pacific railroads met together, resulting in the first transcontinental railroad.

California Gold Rush

Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848. Known as 49ers

Paternalism in Slavery

Master has the right of obedience and labor from slave, slave has right of protection, counsel, guidance, subsistence, care, and attention in sickness in old age.

Ostend Manifesto

Memorandum urging purchase or forceful acquisition of Cuba from Spain. Northerners believed it was a ploy to get more slave areas. Failed.

South Carolina Secession

Met in convention, first state to secede from the Union, had been in forefront for states' rights & proslavery agitation, justified secession charging that a "sectional party had elected a president "whose opinions & purposes are hostile to slavery".

Impact of New Deal on Minorities

Mexican Americans: often deported, did not benefit from New Deal as agricultural workers. African Americans: last hired/first fired, and were excluded from the Social Security Act (which was praised for its universal aid) at the insistence of powerful SOUTHERN Democrats in Congress. Unemployment rate double that of whites. Some federal position appointments (Mary McLeod Bethune appointed to "Black Cabinet" to advise)

rancheros

Mexican landowners in the southern part of California who managed to hang on to their land during white expansion because of the large market of cattle created by the anglo communities in the north of the state. However, reckless expansion, growing indebtedness, and a severe drought in the 1860s devastated the Mexican ranching culture, and the hispanic aristocracy of California largely ceased to exist by 18180.

Winfield Scott

Military hero of the Mexican War who became the Whigs' last presidential candidate in 1852, lost support of southern Whigs when he allied himself with antislavery, and nativist when he reached out to Catholic immigrants.

Sitting Bull

Military leader of the Sioux during the Sioux War along with Crazy Horse. Attempted to flee to Canada with group of Natives, but surrendered due to shortage of supplies.

Crazy Horse

Military leader of the Sioux during the Sioux War along with Sitting Bull.

William Henry Harrison

Military leader, 9th president, and the 1stPresident to die in office. Death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe. Slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"

Why did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation?

Military necessity

California

Mission frontier for Spanish, colonized in respose to fear of Russian Alaska.

Border Ruffians

Missourians who traveled to Kansas to influence the decision in the state to vote for slavery.

Immigration effects

More low wage workers, Know-Nothing Party formed against immigration

Impact of the Second New Deal on Women

More women in the federal government than ever before, but organized feminism and women visibility in national politics would disappear as a political force as widespread demands for women to give up jobs for men appeared throughout the nation. The Economy Act of 1932 prohibited both members of a married couple from holding federal jobs, meaning numerous female civil service employees with husbands working for the government would be dismissed. Although the CIO rallied women along with men, it still upheld the belief that women should be supported by men. Some federal jobs like the CCC excluded women or gave them lower wages. Most women, because paying taxes was required for the most generous Social Security programs, were excluded from the old age pensions and unemployment insurances provided. The ideal of the male-dominated household powerfully shaped social policy as a whole.

Change in women's roles after the Civil War

More work (farming/industry), nurses, organized sanitary fairs

State of Deseret

Mormon settlement that wasn't recognized by the government. Model of discipline & cooperation in contrast to the individualism/disorder characterized by many other communities.. Community driven social organization, central govt, & religious dedication to inhabitants. Brigham Young led Mormons to create State of Deseret.

Oregon Trail

Most famously used trail; went from Independence, Missouri all the way to the Pacific; huge numbers of Americans began moving to Oregon in 1830-1840s, surfacing tensions that were temporarily resolved through joint occupation of Oregon.

Isadora Duncan

Mother of modern dance, transformed dance from a series of steps to an emotional experience

Disenfranchisement 1890-1906

Move by southern states and Redeemers to undo much of the progress made during the Reconstruction era, specifically by restricting the black vote in m any ways that worked around the 15th amendment (literacy tests, poll taxes, Grandfather Clause). Led to the rise of southern "demagogues"

20th Amendment (1933)

Moved inauguration day from March 4th to January 20th in order to lessen the time between the prior president leaving and the new president taking office. Lessens downtime in the government which no president is available, meaning the government can't function properly.

Populist Movement

Movement of farmers in the late 1800s to become politically involved to protect their interest in America; movement wanted to expand the money supply and regulate Big Business.

Temperance Movement

Movement to reduce the use of alcohol in society. Drunkenness seen as threat to public morality, loss of self control, spawned crime, threatened the family. (male main ones targeted) Women main drivers of movement.

The Crisis (first issued 1910)

NAACP magazine; promoted an identity for African Americans, and spoke on injustice; not to be confused with The American Crisis by Thomas Paine, which promoted Revolution from Great Britain.

Reasons for slavery becoming an important political issue

NOT the morals or pushes for reformation. Rather, slavery became the leading issue because of the expansion West, and the power-grabbing that occurred between states who believed in and didn't believe in slavery.

Latin American Independence Context

Napoleon took over gave Latin American colonies autonomy. Monarchy took Spain back took away Constitution that gave colonies rights and colonies rebelled (very similar to US). Spain dissolved into many diff nations from conflict, which meant sense of nationalism was GONE. Printing press also banned by Spain, so colonies had hard time communicating. Latin America wanted to make single national people out of diverse populations, extended right to vote to Indians and free African Americans, abolishment of slavery occurred gradually. Many Civil Wars and destruction made it difficult to economically establish themselves like US did.

Continental System (Berlin and Milian Decree)

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy. Didn't recognize America's Proclamation of Neutrality

Development of the National Railway System

Nation's first BIG business. Govt facilitates w/ grants & loans to encourage expansion of RR esp to west. Standard width of railways adopted, allowed companies to travel on each other's tracks. RR Benefits: more direct routes, greater speed, greater safety, large volume traffic, dependable schedules, year round service reaching areas some transportation could not, encouraged economic specialization, linked economies of cities but also created cities, & spurred growth in other industries. First transcontinental RR built by Union & Central Pacific meeting at Promontory Point, Utah.

Railroads

Nation's first big industrial business. Impacted economy by providing much more effective/efficient/dependent/year-round/consistent trade system. Linked economies, created cities, spurred growth in other industries as a result of the large quantities of iron, steel, glass, and coal consumed by the industry.

Robert Morris

Nationalist, an American merchant and a signer to the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution. Played an important role in personally financing the American side in the Revolutionary War from 1781 to 1784. Came to be known as the 'Financier of the Revolution'.

Administration of John Quincy Adams*

Nationalistic policies frowned upon by many. Natl govt's activity with banks & tariffs partially blamed for the depression they were still recovering from. Mid-term election of 1826 gave Jackson forces control of Congress and were hostile to JQ Adams' policies.

Impost of 1781

Nationalists adamant of this act - proposed 5% tax on all imported goods sold to help pay off debt. 12/13 colonies agreed, but ultimately failed to pass because of Rhode Island controversy. *double check

Nez Perce 1877

Native American tribe led by Chief Joseph that refused to relocate, and fled capture from U.S. Troops. Almost made it to Canada, but ultimately surrendered and was relocated to Oklahoma.

Navajo Code Talkers

Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not decipher

Indian Policy 1815-1830

Natives have "right of occupancy", don't own the land

State Constitution Similarities

Natural Rights, written constitutions, less power to governors.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Navy officer, argued that overseas markets were essential for industrial surpluses, and needed a large merchant fleet and a strong enough navy to protect it. Convinced many Americans of the need for an expanded navy.

REMEMBER THIS

New York had more conflict than other colonies because of diverse populations and Leisler's Rebellion.

Market Revolution

New inventions and methods of production from the Industrial Revolution and American inventors transformed the US economy. Market Revolution actually showed very little change in the south; the majority of the land remained rural, and the economy largely served the plantation owners. In the north on the other hand, the market revolution and westward expansion transformed the region into an integrated economy of commercial farms and manufacturing cities. Encouraged the factory system.

Cotton Kingdom

Nickname given to the American South after Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin allowed it to produce massive amounts of cotton (and become wholly reliant on slave labor) After slave trade banned, south had to depend on internal slave trade from upper south which was gradually industrializing.

Election of 1824

No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."

Republican Platform in 1860

Non extension of slavery for free-soilers protective tariffs for north industrialist no abridgement of rights for immigrants against know nothings Gov aid for Pacific RR for the NW

Pullman Strike (1894)

Nonviolent strike at the Pullman Palace Car Co. over wages. Eugene Debs' American Railway Union boycotts the company, crippling the national rail service. Led to In re Debs.

The Barbary States Conflict

North African states of Tangier, Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis had control of trade in the Mediterranean and preyed on commercial ships. North African states (pirates) demanded tribute from ships (including European ships) sailing in Mediterranean, successfully blockaded by U.S. after War of 1812. 1st encounter with Islamic world.

Women's Roles during the Civil War

North: Participated as fund-raisers, army nurses, and members of Sanitary Commission. South: Took care of plantations/farms/slaves. After war helped returning soldiers, worked as educators, established reform organizations but generally conservative about "proper place"

California

Northern province of Mexico, non-Indian missionaries, soldiers, and settlers vastly outnumbered by Indians. Hoping to reduce power of Catholic Church and attract more settlers, Mexico freed Indians and dissolved mission landholdings. Most land went to Californios.***

New Mexico

Northern province of Mexico, opening of Santa Fe Trail made them trade more with the US than with Mexico.

Northern vs. Southern Resources

Northern resources: higher pop; more industry; more RR; greater food production; more weapons; more textiles; iron. Southern resources: first rate generals; highly motivated soldiers protecting their land; hoped that S cotton would bring help from European dependents

Sinclair Lewis

Novelist who satirized middle-class America in his novel Main Street, criticized the materialism of the 1920s.

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross

Custer's Last Stand 1876

Occurred during Sioux Wars. Americans often called the Battle of Little Bighorn "Custer's Last Stand" as propaganda against Natives. General George A Custer and troops completely perished against 2500 Sioux warriors led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.

FDR and the Banking Crisis

Occurred during the First New Deal. As bank funds that were invested in the stock market lost their value and panicked depositors withdrew their savings, banks began closing their doors, meaning that people were unable to gain access to the money in their bank accounts. In response, FDR first closed all the nation's banks in a so-called "bank holiday." Congress then quickly passed the Emergency Banking Act, which provided support for troubled banks and allowed financially sound banks to reopen. The Glass-Steagall Act was also passed, which helped to prevent future stock market crashes and established the FDIC. Roosevelt also took the country off the gold standard, which put more money in circulation. After two weeks, the banking crisis had passed.

Lucretia Mott

One of organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention. Barred from the World Anti-slavery Convention in London because of her sex. Declaration of Sentiments. Rejected cult of domesticity customs

Elbridge Gerry

One of the U.S. ambassadors during the XYZ affair

John Trenchard

One of the authors of Cato's Letters, Commonwealthman

Thomas Gordon

One of the authors of Cato's Letters, Commonwealthman

Foreign Miners Tax

One of the first acts of California state legislature, which imposed a $20 a month tax on foreign miners. Example of discrimination towards immigrants

Battle of San Juan Hill

One of the most important battles of the Spanish-American War. Roosevelt and Rough Riders defeated Spain. Placed America at an advantage

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

One of the organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention. Barred from the World Anti-slavery Convention in London because of her sex. Declaration of Sentiments. Rejected cult of domesticity customs

Next! Political cartoon

One with the octopus depicted as the Standard Oil Company with tentacles rapped around copper, steel, and shipping industries. One tentacle reaches for the White House. Criticizes monopolies for undermining liberty.

Marshall Field

Opened 1st American department store Marshall Field's in Chicago.

Santa Fe Trail *Combine with other santa fe term

Opened by Mexico to facilitate trade with the US, but stopped after Texas Revolution due to growing tensions

Stono Rebellion

Opportunity created by War of Jenkin's Ear. Large scale slave revolt in South Carolina. Led to tightening of slave codes

W.E.B. Du Bois

Opposed Booker T. Washington. Urged African Americans to fight for immediate change. Wanted the "top 10%" of blacks ("talented tenth") to help lead the fight for reform. Wrote magazine series The Crisis, which published cruel discrimination and the achievements of blacks.

Anti-Imperialists

Opposed to US Imperialism: 1). Morality-believed that taking over Filipino's would violate American principle "the right of all people to independence and self-government" 2). Economics-feared competition from Filipino producers 3). Legality and Race-feared contaminating effects of contact with "inferior" Asian races.

American Civil Liberties Union

Organization founded during World War I to protest the suppression of freedom of expression in wartime; played a major role in court cases that achieved judicial recognition of Americans' civil liberties.

Anti-Saloon League

Organization founded in 1893 that increased public awareness of the social effects of alcohol on society. Later merged with the Women's Christian Temperance Movement

Seneca Falls Convention

Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. First national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Abolitionist Movement

Outgrowth of 2nd Great Awakening beginning mostly around 1830's, Movement to eliminate slavery. difficult to maintain united front... militant language but rejected violence....formation of Anti Slavery Society. Contradicted equality statement in Declaration of Independence/moral issue as well.

Captains of Industry

Owners and managers of large industrial enterprises who wielded extraordinary political and economic power. Called "captains of industry" by admirers, called "robber barons" by criticizers.

Robber Barons

Owners and managers of large industrial enterprises who wielded extraordinary political and economic power. Called "captains of industry" by admirers, called "robber barons" by criticizers. Employees paid extremely low wages, owned monopolies so businesses could fix prices.

continentals

Paper bills issued by the Continental Congress to finance the revolution; supposed to be exchanged for silver but the overprinting of bills made them basically worthless.

Glass-Steagall Act

Part of FDR's plan to get out of the Banking Crisis during the Great Depression. Also known as the Banking Act of 1933. Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) which insured deposits, and barred banks from becoming involved with buying/selling stocks.

Banking Act of 1933

Part of FDR's plan to get out of the Banking Crisis during the Great Depression. Also known as the Glass-Steagall Act. Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and barred banks from becoming involved with buying/selling stocks.

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

Part of First New Deal, 1943. Aimed to increase homeownership by providing an insurance program to protect the lender against the risk of nonpayment. When a bank or private individual lends you a loan, there's always the chance that you're unable to pay it back, thus the loaner ends up losing money. As a result, banks go through extensive background checks to make sure that you'll be able to pay your loan back at some point. Because of this, banks during this time period were very hesitant to give out mortgages and loans, but the FHA provided insurance to those banks, making banks more likely to give out loans to individuals.

African Americans in WWII

Part of the "Great Migration" in which African Americans moved to the industrial north to fill jobs. Served in the military, usually noncombat, in segregated units.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) (1933)

Part of the 100 Days/First New Deal. Addressed the economic downfall of farmers. Authorized the fed. gov. to pay farmers to limit the number of crops/products. Attempted to raise farm prices. Led to many crops that were already in fields to be destroyed. Helped to significantly raise farm prices and incomes, but only benefitted farmers who owned land. Bc the AAA paid landowning farmers not to grow crops, many poor tenants and sharecroppers (who worked on land owned by others) were evicted. Would eventually be found unconstitutional by a Republican-dominated Supreme Court.

National Recovery Administration (NRA) (1933)

Part of the 100 Days/First New Deal. Established by the National Industrial Recovery Act. Worked with businesses to set standards, eliminated cutthroat competition, recognized workers' right to organize unions (unlike "open shop" policies of 1920). However, large companies used the NRA to write codes that drove up prices, limited production, laid off workers, and divided markets amongst themselves at the expense of smaller competitors. Government also lacked manpower to enforce union rights. As a result, the NRA produced neither economic recovery nor peace between employers and workers. Would eventually be found unconstitutional by a Republican-dominated Supreme Court.

National Industrial Recovery Act (1933)

Part of the 100 Days/First New Deal. Established the National Recovery Administration (NRA) and the Public Works Administration (PWA), which built public facilities around the nation. The NRA worked with businesses to set standards, eliminated cutthroat competition, recognized workers' right to organize unions (unlike "open shop" policies of 1920). However, large companies used the NRA to write codes that drove up prices, limited production, laid off workers, and divided markets amongst themselves at the expense of smaller competitors. Government also lacked manpower to enforce union rights. As a result, the NRA produced neither economic recovery nor peace between employers and workers. Would eventually be found unconstitutional by a Republican-dominated Supreme Court.

Fugitive Slave Law

Part of the Compromise of 1850, anyone thought to be a runaway slave was to be captured and returned to the South. Caused a lot of friction between north and south.

3/5ths Compromise

Part of the Connecticut plan to reach a compromise with slave states to count slaves as 3/5ths of population. By counting slaves as partial population, the number of representatives for the south in the lower house would increase, giving the south more power.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (1933)

Part of the First New Deal. Built a series of dams along the Tennessee River to prevent floods and deforestation, and provided cheap electric power for homes and factories. For the first time ever, the federal government was competing against private companies to sell electricity. Served as a preview of the program of regional planning which would eventually spur the economic development of the West.

Home Owners Loan Corporation

Part of the First New Deal/1933; loaned money at low interest to homeowners who could not meet mortgage payments

Palmer Raids

Part of the Red Scare, these were raids to hunt out political radicals and immigrants who were potential threats to American security; led to the arrest of nearly 5,500 people and the deportation of nearly 400.

Rural Electrification Agency (REA) (1935)

Part of the Second New Deal. Brought electric power to rural areas/farms to enable more Americans to purchase household appliances. Proved to be one of the most successful programs of the 2nd New Deal, providing 90% of farms with electricity (almost all of them now having appliances).

Social Security Act

Part of the Second New Deal. Franklin D Roosevelt, 1935. Offered aid (insurance and care) to the unemployed, aged, and dependent mothers and children. Administration of eligibility standards remained at the local/state levels, and domestic and agricultural workers were not covered by unemployment and old-age benefits. This meant that Social Security at first excluded a large number of Americans, especially unmarried women, and non-whites. Nonetheless, Social Security, and the New Deals as a whole, gave the federal government the responsibility of protecting citizens against economic and personal misfortune, very different from the laissez-faire practiced a few decades earlier.

Federal Farm Loan Act

Passed by president Wilson in 1916. Originally a reform wanted by the Populist party. Gave farmers the chance to get credit at low rates of interest.

White Pines Act

Passed in 1711, 1722, and 1729. It forbade Americans from cutting white pine trees without a license. Its purpose was to reserve the best trees for the use of the Royal Navy.

Pendleton Civil Service Act

Passed in 1883, an Act that created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage. Worked to remove office positions from political machines. Ultimately ineffective - funds raised from political appointees helped to fund political parties, so by removing these funds politicians became more dependent on donations by businesses. Marked the first step towards establishing a professional Civil Service.

Mann-Elkins Act

Passed in 1910, pushed by William Taft, it empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) for the first time to initiate rate changes, extend regulation to telephone and telegraph companies and set up a Commerce Court to speed up appeals from the ICC rulings

Election of 1988

Peiod 9, George Bush (winner) vs. Michael Dukakis. Bush was elected on the strength of his association with Regan, seeming poised to confirm the ascendancy of his predecessor's conservative values.

Brutus

Pen name of an Antifederalist in a series of essays designed to encourage New Yorkers to reject the proposed Constitution.

Thaddeus Stevens

Pennsylvania delegate who refused to sign document limiting suffrage to whites during the increasing belief in Jacksonian Democracy, and increasing prejudice against those not included. Leader for equal African American rights during Civil War.

Stock Market Investment 1929

People bought stock while the market was surging, but didn't pay any attention to the actual risks of the investment. People bought on margin, meaning they only payed a small amount of the price and borrowed the rest.

Barbadians

People from Barbados, settled Carolinas

"Southern demagogue"

People in the South during disenfranchisement during the Gilded Age who earned white votes by appealing to racism (very vicious racism).

Nationalists

People who advocated for a stronger national government before the Constitution. Shay's Rebellion strengthened their cause.

Goldbugs

People who believe that the American currency should be based only on gold

Sooners 1889

People who illegally claimed land during the Oklahoma land rush by taking the land SOONER than the government was able to make land available. Oklahoma was giving away land it gained through the Homestead Acts.

Hamilton's Economic Plan (3 Parts)

Period 2, George Washington - Included the Report on the Public Credit (assuming state debts), National Bank, and the Report on Manufacturers (tariffs on imported goods).

Individualism

Period 3, Second Great Awakening, Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Important enlightenment ideals

Period 3, Social Contract, Natural Rights, Separation of Powers

Battle of Antietam

Period 5, Aka Battle of Sharpsburg, draw, bloodiest battle, 1 day long, Civil War

Nativists

Period 5, Americans who feared that immigrants would take jobs and impose their Roman Catholic beliefs on society. Blamed them for crime, corruption, and alcoholics.

"waving the bloody shirt"

Period 5, An expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats.

Safety Valve Theory

Period 5, As the population of US begins to increase there has always been a way to release population. West has always acted as a safety valve; by 1890 valve was gone... no more frontier

Uncle Toms Cabin

Period 5, Heightened abolitionist cause, southerners claimed it was false and banned, about a slave who suffers at the hands of his master.

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

Period 6, Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate (although very few). Suspended Chinese immigration for ten years. Example of discrimination towards immigrants

Barbed wire 1873

Period 6, Invention by Joseph Glidden. Used to fence in land on the Great Plains, eventually leading to the end of the open frontier and cowboys and the beginning of ranches and fenced in farms.

Fixed Prices

Period 6, Technique used by monopolies. Once a business controlled an entire industry, the business could fix prices and sell things for a higher cost.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Period 7 (WWII) 8 (President), leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2, leader of troops in Africa and commander in D-Day invasion, elected president, president during integration of Little Rock Central High School and Cold War

Equal Rights Amendment

Period 7 and 8, A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures due to the mobilization of conservative women.

Niagara Movement

Period 7, (1905) Part of Progressive movment, W.E.B. Du Bois and other young activists, who did not believe in accommodation, came together at Niagara Falls in 1905 to demand full black equality. Demanded that African Americans get right to vote in states where it had been taken away, segregation be abolished, and many discriminatory barriers be removed. Declared commitment for freedom of speech, brotherhood of all peoples, and respect for workingman

New Freedom (Progressivism)

Period 7, Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Eleanor Roosevelt

Period 7, FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Advised FDR on domestic issues, worked to enlarge the scope of the New Deal in areas of civil rights, labor legislation, work relief, etc

Executive Order 9066

Period 7, FDR, 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion

USS Maine

Period 7, Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

House Un-American Activities Committee

Period 7-8, (HUAC) committee formed in the House of Representatives in the 1930s to investigate radical groups in the United States; it later came to focus on the threat of communism in the United States during World War II and the Cold War

80th Congress

Period 8, "Do Nothing Congress"- Truman. Elected in 1946 voted both houses Republican. Called Do Nothing because they always vetoed any programs that spent money.

Loyalty Review Board

Period 8, (1947) federal board set up by President Truman that checked up on government workers, and dismissed those found to be communist.

Roe v. Wade

Period 8, (1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Automobile

Period 8, 1950s, Planned Obsolescence used to encourage buying newer models. Would be a factor for the suburban flight.

Television

Period 8, 1950s, Replaced newspapers as the most common source of information. Advertising used to increase consumerism. Often projected an image of stereotypical white and middle-class people.

Joseph McCarthy

Period 8, 1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential. McCarthyism coined because of him.

Brown v. Board of Education

Period 8, 1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated. Marked the start of the Warren Court.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Period 8, 1955, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus. Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal after 11 months.

Little Rock Nine

Period 8, 1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Period 8, 1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam, "any necessary measures"

Baby Boom

Period 8, A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

Selma to Birmingham Marches

Period 8, A march that was attempted three times to protest voting rights, with many peaceful demonstrators injured and killed. Led by MLK. Resulted in Voting Rights Act.

Berlin Wall

Period 8, A wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.

Watt Riots

Period 8, A white officer beat a black motorist in LA, which caused six days of violence before the national guard interfered.

Arab Oil Boycott

Period 8, After the U.S. backed Israel in its war against Syria and Egypt, which had been trying to regain territory lost in the Six-Day War, the Arab nations imposed an oil embargo, which strictly limited oil in the U.S. and caused a crisis

Credibility Gap

Period 8, American public's growing distrust of statements made by the government during the Vietnam War

Warsaw Pact

Period 8, An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO, basically its communist counterpart.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Period 8, An organization founded by MLK Jr., to direct the crusade against segregation. Its weapon was passive resistance that stressed nonviolence and love, and its tactic direct: peaceful confrontation.

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education

Period 8, Approved busing and redrawing district lines as ways to integrate schools. Busing becomes tool judges use to achieve integration. Busing becomes a central grievance of those against integration.

Malcolm X

Period 8, At first urged Blacks to seize their freedom by any means necessary including violence, but later changed position and advocated racial harmony.

sunbelt

Period 8, Becomes center of electronics, aircraft, and naval industries after Cold War government contracts

Watergate

Period 8, Break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment. Leads to further investigations into wrongdoings of the US government as a whole in the past, particularly the CIA's secret operations to overthrow governments. Heavily reduced trust in the government, which led to the growing national trend towards conservatism (since liberalism relies on faith in the government's ability to make change)

Carter's response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Period 8, Carter Doctrine announced, US would protect its interests in the Persian Gulf. Would lead the US to revert to the Cold War principal where an enemy of the Soviet Union deserved support. Taliban would rise in Afghanistan, and were hostile to the US. Breakdown of Detente

tight money policy

Period 8, Carter policy, monetary policy that makes credit expensive and in short supply in an effort to slow the economy. Make stagflation worse.

New Left

Period 8, Coalition of younger members of the Democratic party and radical student groups. Believed in participatory democracy, free speech, civil rights and racial brotherhood, and opposed the war in Vietnam.

Ways people avoided the Vietnam draft

Period 8, College, Peace Corps, medical, joining National/Coast guard.

Satellite Nations

Period 8, Communist nations in Eastern Europe on friendly terms with the USSR and thought of as under the USSR's control

Truman's foreign policy

Period 8, Containment- The U.S foreign policy that sought to prevent communism from spreading. Helped other nations with military or economy to avoid communist influence.

Robert Kennedy

Period 8, Democrat who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. Assassinated in 1968, leaving Nixon to take the presidency but instilling hope in many Americans.

Lyndon B. Johnson

Period 8, Democratic president, war on poverty, signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act, great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families. Created a department of housing and urban development. Medicare and Medicaid.

Southern Manifesto

Period 8, Document signed by over 100 members of Congress complaining of "abuse of judicial power". Was part of the massive resistance against desegregation. Countered the Brown v. Board of Education decision.

New Affluence

Period 8, During the 50's and 60's there was an economic boom and the middle class nearly doubled. Everyone had two cars and most had a television as well. Also, women went away from their roles as housewives. New technology and electricity were helping improve efficiency and life as a whole. New technology in the farming area lead to less farmers and more production.

Open Sky Policy

Period 8, Eisenhower, Proposal where the US and the Soviets would be able to fly planes over each other to build more trust. Soviets did not agree, led to U-2 Spy Plane Incident.

Brinksmanship

Period 8, Eisenhower, the principle of not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the country to the brink of war. Policy of both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.

Paris Peace Accords

Period 8, Ended Vietnam War on unfavorable terms, but at this point US just wanted out of the war. Eventually cease fire collapses and North Vietnam takes over easily, but US refuses to come back to help South.

Nixon Administration and environmentalism

Period 8, Environmental Protection Agency, Endangered Species Act, Clean Air Act

Nixon's Domestic Policy

Period 8, Expanded Johnson's Great Society (fight against poverty) w/ EPA, OSHA, Natl. Trans. Safety Board, Food Stamp expansion, & Auto SS Increase to match the cost of living.

Truman's Fair Deal

Period 8, Expansion of the New Deal. Involved increasing minimum wage, national medical insurance, federal aid to education, expansion of public housing, laws against lynching and poll taxes, prevention of economic discrimination against blacks, and an improved farm subsidy program. Most failed to pass congress.

Spy Trials

Period 8, Fear of communism reflected with the Alger Hiss case and the Rosenberg trial. Hiss served prison term and the Rosenbergs were executed for selling atomic secrets to the USSR

Sputnik

Period 8, First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Kennedy's Foreign Policy

Period 8, Flexible response, do whatever it takes to preserve liberty. Allow for both conventional and nuclear response. Containment. Alliance for Progress

States' Rights Democratic Party

Period 8, Formed by the Dixiecrats. Opposed desegregation.

Students for a Democratic Society

Period 8, Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led campus protests and teach ins before it split apart at the end of the 1960s.

Hollywood Ten

Period 8, Group of people in the film industry who were jailed for refusing to answer congressional questions regarding Communist influence in Hollywood

Freedom Summer

Period 8, In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote in Mississippi.

Iranian Hostage Crisis

Period 8, In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year because Carter took in the overthrown Shah. Weakened the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on the day Ronald Reagan became president.

March on Washington DC

Period 8, In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial.

Malaise Speech

Period 8, Jimmy Carter blames the public for the failure of the economy and administration. "crisis in confidence"

Bay of Pigs Invasion

Period 8, Kennedy, failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs.

Medicaid

Period 8, LBJ, A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them.

Medicare

Period 8, LBJ, A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

Richard Nixon

Period 8, Lacked popular mandate. Champion of "silent majority." Supported by Conservatives, but expanded on LBJ's Great Society. Used Vietnamization for Vietnam War. "Southern strategy" of appealing to conservatives/middle class white/winning southern vote.

Suburban Flight

Period 8, Large shift in population concentration from urban areas to suburban areas after WWII.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Period 8, Leader of the Montgomery bus boycott and the civil rights movement. Used nonviolent protests, formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

Libertarians vs Conservatives 1950s.

Period 8, Libertarians advocated freedom, conservatives advocated moral virtue.

War on Poverty

Period 8, Lyndon Johnson declared war on poverty in his 1964 State of the Union address. A new Office of Economic Opportunity oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including the Job Corps and Project Head Start. Did not consider the most direct ways to combat poverty such as a guaranteed annual income and creating jobs.

Women in 40's and 50's

Period 8, Most women lose industrial jobs gained in WWII. Women still seen as domestic, jobs only for fulfilling middle-class lifestyle, not for personal fulfillment or career.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Period 8, Mutual defense alliance formed in 1949 among most of the nations of Western Europe and North America in an effort to contain communism

Kennedy's Domestic Policy

Period 8, New Frontier - gave money to education, healthcare programs, civil rights, etc. Created Peace Corps to send Americans to underdeveloped nations

Enemies List

Period 8, Nixon becomes paranoid, viewed every one of his critics as a threat to national security and puts them on this list.

Silent Majority

Period 8, Nixon speech to raise support for Vietnam War policies and himself. Called out group of quiet honest hard-working middle class Americans who do their job, respect their country and support gov, but stay quiet/don't protest loudly

Revenue Sharing

Period 8, Nixon's plan to distribute a portion of federal power back to state and local government. Gave money to states for them to spend as they saw fit (block grants). AKA New Federalism

New Federalism

Period 8, Nixon's plan to distribute a portion of federal power back to state and local government. Gave money to states for them to spend as they saw fit (block grants). AKA Revenue Sharing

Family Assistance Plan

Period 8, Nixon's welfare reform proposal to guarantee a minimum income to poor families

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Period 8, Nixon, 1978 state university couldn't admit less qualified individuals solely based on race; no quotas

Endangered Species Act

Period 8, Nixon, Can't use federal funds for something that might make a species extinct.

Pentagon Papers

Period 8, Nixon, Government documents that showed the public had been lied to about the status of the war in Vietnam - traced American involvement in Vietnam all the way back to WWII, and how LBJ actually planned on getting in the war the entire time. Increased credibility gap, lessened support for war. Heavily reduced trust in the government, which led to the growing national trend towards conservatism (since liberalism relies on faith in the government's ability to make change)

Clean Air Act

Period 8, Nixon, Passed by environmental Protection Agency, shift from coal to clean-burning oil and natural gas

Environmental Protection Agency

Period 8, Nixon, Passed the Clean Air Act, shift from coal to clean-burning oil and natural gas

U.S. - North Vietnam agreement at the end of the war.

Period 8, Nixon, Release of all American prisoners of war, US agrees to remove troops from S Vietnam within 60 days. S Vietnam Government remains for a bit then falls to the North after final offensive

SALT Treaties

Period 8, Nixon, strategic arms limitation treaties between the US and Soviets, suspended the building of nuclear weapons and put all sorts of limits on nuclear warfare, but both nations had a ridiculous amount of weapons

Vietnam War Draft

Period 8, One of the ways to avoid being drafted into the Vietnam War was by being a college student. As a result, many of the white middle/upper class men who would've otherwise gone to war decided to go to college, and the war was mostly fought by lower class citizens. And because the majority of lower class citizens were made up by African Americans, African Americans, saw a disproportionately high number of enlistments and casualties during the war.

National Security Act

Period 8, Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

National Defense Education Act

Period 8, Passed in response to Sputnik; provided an opportunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. Allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

Detente

Period 8, Policy of reducing Cold War tensions through willingness to negotiate with Communists that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Period 8, Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country due to Suez Crisis.

Realpolitik

Period 8, Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals. Adopted by Nixon, allowed space for the practice of Detente and negotiation with the Soviet Union.

Consumerism in the 1950s

Period 8, Post World War II-when buying restrictions were lifted and America faced a new prosperity, buying surged. The automobile, television, suburban shopping, and fast food markets all took off during this time period.

Second Red Scare

Period 8, Post-World War II Red Scare focused on the fear of Communists in U.S. government positions; peaked during the Korean War and declined soon thereafter, when the U.S. Senate censured Joseph McCarthy, who had been a major instigator of the hysteria. Prevented a large number of civil rights reforms.

Sexual Revolution of the 1970s

Period 8, Premarital sex & divorce more accepted, birth control and abortion cause declining birthrate (poor still have high rates). Title IX bans discrimination in higher education, women increase in workforce, gay movement calls for end to discrimination

Modern Republicanism

Period 8, President Eisenhower's views. Claiming he was liberal toward people but conservative about spending money, he helped balance the federal budget and lower taxes without destroying existing social programs.

Great Society

Period 8, President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Vietnamization

Period 8, President Richard Nixon's strategy for ending U.S involvement in the Vietnam war; gradually withdrew US troops and replaced with South Vietnamese ones. Failed to end the war or the antiwar movement.

Truman Doctrine

Period 8, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology. Excuse of "freedom" often used by America for their own political desires, even when it had no real attachment to freedom itself. Gave aid to Greece and Turkey.

Nixon and the Supreme Court

Period 8, Replaced Earl Warren (head of Warren Court) with conservative Warren Burger. Burger initially surprisingly progressive, such as decision in San Antonio Independent School District v Rodriguez, but later became more conservative as expected.

War Powers Act 1973

Period 8, Required presidents to obtain approval from Congress for any long-term commitment of troops. Lowered presidential ability over war, somewhat overrode blank check from Gulf Tonkin resolution. Product of how badly Vietnam War went.

Causes of the New Affluence

Period 8, Savings, pent up buying, Cold War tension defense spending, Korean War, Marshall Plan raised exports

Dixiecrats

Period 8, Southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. Caused a split in the Democratic party and formed the State's Rights Democratic Party. Segregationist.

1970s economy

Period 8, Stagflation occurred where there was serious inflation and a stagnant economy, unemployment was very high, and they faced severe oil prices due to the oil embargo. Nixon takes the dollar off the gold standard and froze wages/prices for 90 days.

US v. Nixon

Period 8, Supreme Court intervenes in battle between President Nixon and Congress (impeachment process). President cannot use executive privilege as an excuse to withhold evidence. Leads to Nixon's resignation.

Bloody Sunday

Period 8, The Selma marchers were brutally attacked by state troopers and deputized citizens as they attempted to cross a bridge leaving Selma. Televised, shocked citizens

Cuban Missile Crisis

Period 8, The Soviet Union was building nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba, which could have been used for a sneak-attack on the U.S. The U.S. blockaded Cuba until the U.S.S.R. agreed to dismantle the missile silos.

Berlin Blockade

Period 8, The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. Berlin Airlift used to send supplies into the blockaded areas.

New Frontier

Period 8, The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

U-2 Incident

Period 8, The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. US forced to admit they were spying when the Soviets produced the captured pilot. Worsened relations during the Cold War.

Suburbia

Period 8, The residential districts or suburbs outside the boundaries of a city or town. Dramatically increased in size after WW2.

Winning Hearts and Minds

Period 8, This is a PR phrase used by the US military to describe a campaign to win over the popular support of the Vietnamese people. It failed due to things like search & destroy missions, agent orange, napalm, and war of attrition

NSC-68

Period 8, Truman, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability, called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment

USS Maddox

Period 8, US battleship that was allegedly fired upon by the North Vietnamese in the Gulf of Tonkin. Led to Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

U.S./Soviet Roles Post WWII

Period 8, US emerges as the world's greatest power: most power full army/navy, half the world's manufacturing, the atomic bomb. Soviets dominate eastern Europe as a result of territorial possession from WWII

Vietnam War

Period 8, US enters under presidency of LBJ (who originally promised they would keep US out of war). Followed policy of containment. US supports Democratic South Vietnam against communist North Vietnam. Because US was on offensive in unfamiliar terrain, and Viet Cong practiced guerilla tactics (hiding in trees and among civilians), the war proved traumatizing and stressful for US troops. Credibility gap gradually increases, as citizens and senators question the true purpose of the war and observe contradictions between what the government tells them and what's actually happening in the war according to TVs. In the end, the war proves an economic disaster, and even costs the US its confidence in its values and institutions.

Marshall Plan

Period 8, United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952). Focused efforts on rebuilding Europe rather than a battle between Soviet Union and US. Offered positive vision to go against the idea that capitalism was in decline. Soviet Union ultimately refuses to participate, further solidifying division.

Eisenhower Administration

Period 8, Was unwilling to dismantle New Deal programs, instead expanded them. Goal to keep government spending in check.

Youth International Party

Period 8, Yippies, radically youth-oriented and countercultural revolutionary offshoot of the free speech and anti-war movements of the 1960s.

Stokely Carmichael

Period 8, a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr. but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. Popularized the saying "black power"

Burger Court

Period 8, a conservative jurist appointed by Nixon that nonetheless continued the judicial activism of the Warren Court as seen by Roe v. Wade; this was due to the other members of the court rather than his own liberal beliefs

Alger Hiss Case

Period 8, a court case involving Alger Hiss, a U.S. State Department official accused of passing secrets to the Soviet Union, that contributed to a growing fear of subversion during the early Cold War; in 1950 a federal grand jury convicted Hiss of perjury, but his guilt in regard to espionage was not proven

Black Panthers

Period 8, a militant African-American political organization formed in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to fight police brutality through self-defense and to provide services in the ghetto

Stagflation

Period 8, a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation). Started with LBJ's deficit spending

Beat Movement

Period 8, a social and artistic movement of the 1950's stressing unrestrained literary self expression and nonconformity with the mainstream culture. Rejection and rebellion against consumerist/conformist middle class culture.

Berlin Airlift

Period 8, airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

Period 8, aka Hart-Celler Act, Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere

Brown II

Period 8, another case issued by the Supreme Court, implementing the order from 1954, ruling that communities must work to desegregate their schools with all deliberate speed, but set no timetable and left specific decisions up to lower courts.

Kerner Commission

Period 8, created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the race riots in the United States. The report it released blamed the violence on "segregation and poverty".

causes of stagflation

Period 8, inflation from Johnson's deficit spending and war, increased competition in international trade, too many new workers(baby boomers), OPEC oil embargo, lasts until Reaganomics

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Period 8, invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the right vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks

Geneva Summit

Period 8, meeting between President Eisenhower, the Prime Ministers of Britain and France, and the Soviets; led to a slightly more agreeable atmosphere between nations. Discussion of issues like disarmament, unification of Germany, and increased economic ties.

New Frontier Legislation

Period 8, met opposition in Congress b/c S Democrats often sided w/ Republicans Some successes (like New/ Fair Deal) -Area Redevelopment Act--assist disadvantaged communities -Housing Act--subsidized housing -Trade Expansion Act--lowered tariffs to stimulate foreign trade -medical education Act--loans -Clean Air Act--Silent Spring

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Period 8, outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, LBJ

Sit ins

Period 8, protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.

Eisenhower's Farewell Address

Period 8, spoke of the military-industrial complex, which tied military activity to industrial production tightly; feared that it would become a problem for a democracy because it was too close to becoming dictatorial

Warren Court

Period 8, the Supreme Court during the period when Earl Warren was chief justice, noted for its activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech. Started with the Brown v. Board of Education case.

McCarthyism

Period 8, unfairly or dishonestly accusing people of disloyalty (by saying they were Communists)

White Flight

Period 8, working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs

Reagan vs. Carter issues

Period 8-9 transition, "Traditional values" like prayer in school and abortions, Iran Hostage Crisis, erosion of detente, Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, failing economy

Warren Burger

Period 8-9, Appointed by Richard Nixon. Burger Court replaced Earl Warren (Warren Court). Appointed by Nixon to move Supreme Court towards Conservative. Did not overturn many of Warren Court rulings, and initially surprisingly made progressive rulings.

Immigration Patterns 1965-2000

Period 8-9, LBJ's Immigration Act eliminates racially biased quotas, immigrant numbers sharply increase, primarily from Latin America and Asia.

Soviet Union breakup

Period 9, 1991 final collapse, many republics declared independence; the Soviet government was clearly powerless to stop the fragmentation. The Communist Party and Soviet government became powerless and ceased to exist. Showed end of Civil War along with fall of Berlin Wall.

Militia Movement

Period 9, A conservative political movement of paramilitary groups in the U.S. that view the federal government as a threat to their freedom.

Moral Majority

Period 9, A movement begun in the early 1980's among religious conservatives that supported primarily conservative Republicans opposed to abortion, communism and liberalism.

Clinton's Domestic Policy

Period 9, Appointed blacks & women to cabinet; named two supporters of abortion to Supreme Court; instituted "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy for gays in military; raised taxes on wealthy; tried to pass universal health care w/ Hillary Clinton leading

START Treaties

Period 9, Arms-control treaty signed by Bush and Gorbachev, first genuine reduction of the nuclear warheads of the Cold War

Election of 1992

Period 9, Bill Clinton won over George H.W. Bush because of the economy's problems (its the economy stupid) and the solving of foreign policy problems, Bush's greatest strength.

"It's the economy, stupid"

Period 9, Bill Clinton, focused on the economic downturn under Bush and won the election.

Axis of Evil Speech

Period 9, Bush accuses Iran, Iraq, North Korea of sponsoring terrorism and threatening to develop weapons of mass destruction.

2008 Bailouts

Period 9, Bush admin, Congress signed $700 Billion dollars in appropriations for companies that were "too big to fail"

2001 Recession (dotcom bubble)

Period 9, Bush, Computer industry slashes more than 40% of jobs, and media, advertising, and telecommunications employment fell. Led to large tax cut for the wealthy in accordance to supply-side economics. Economy recovers slowly, wealth gap increases.

Operation Iraqi Freedom (Iraq War)

Period 9, Bush, One of the nations belonging to the "axis of evil.", an invasion led by the United States in 2003 to stop the development of nuclear weapons' by Iraq. Led to huge amounts of conflict between Sunni minority and Shiite majority

War on Terrorism

Period 9, Bush, Response to 9/11, US would actively fight terrorism throughout the world

USA Patriot Act

Period 9, Bush, law passed due to 9/11 attacks; sought to prevent further terrorist attacks by allowing greater government access to electronic communications and other information; Allowed wire tapping, spying on citizens, opening letters, emails, and obtaining records from 3rd parties: universities, libraries etc. criticized by some as violating civil liberties

Clinton and healthcare

Period 9, Clinton pledged to create a plan to guarantee affordable health care for all Americans- he appointed his wife, Hillary, to head the team for the plan- it got little support from Congress or the public and went nowhere

Contract with America

Period 9, Led by Newt Gingrich, republican controlled congress, included conservative goals such as balanced budget amendment to the Constitution, term limits for members of Congress, a line-item veto for the president, middle-class tax cut, & end affirmative action

Whitewater Scandal

Period 9, One of the many scandals surrounding Clinton's presidency, this involved a real estate company with questionable practices.

Peace Through Strength

Period 9, President Ronald Reagan's policy of building a strong peacetime military. The Soviet's attempt to keep up with the U.S. pushed their economy to the brink.

Savings and Loan Crisis

Period 9, Reagan administration had helped the savings and loan industry deregulate in the early 1980's. By the end of the decade the industry was in chaos, and the government was forced to step in to prevent a complete collapse. The cost of the debacle to the public eventually ran to more than half a trillion dollars.

Reaganomics

Period 9, Ronald Reagan's economic program; founded on the belief that a capitalist system free from taxation and government involvement would be most productive, and that the prosperity of a rich upper class would "trickle down" to the poor. Supply-side economics. Leads to massive wealth gap.

Ralph Nader

Period 9, Run on Green Party ticket, blamed for Gore's loss in 2000 election due to winning some votes in Florida

George W Bush domestic policy

Period 9, Supply side economics from Reagan, tax cuts for the wealthy.

Planned Parenthood v. Casey

Period 9, The Court overturns the Roe v Wade trimester framework in favor of a viability analysis, thereby allowing states to implement abortion restrictions that apply during the first trimester of pregnancy. Reaffirms a women's right to an abortion.

2000 Election

Period 9, This election came down to the state of Florida, between George W. Bush and Al Gore. George Bush won the Presidency by a Supreme Court vote. Bush has electoral vote, but Gore has popular.

Iran-Contra Affair

Period 9, This involved high officials in the Reagan administration secretly selling arms to Iran (in return for the release of Western hostages in the Middle East) and illegally using the proceeds to finance the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

Bush v. Gore

Period 9, Use of 14th Amendment's equal protection clause to stop the Florida recount in the election of 2000. Bush wins the election

Reagan's Foreign Policy

Period 9, Vigorously denounces the Soviets, expansions of nuclear arsenal to rival them, overthrow of the Cuban-backed regime on Caribbean island of Grenada, intervention when Israel invades Lebanon to destroy Palestine Liberation Organization units, subsequently, the Lebanon government dissolves. Support "authoritarian" non-communists but not "totalitarian" communists

Government Shutdown

Period 9, When the president and Congress cannot agree on a budget funding is cut off and many programs that are considered nonessential are shut down. Happened when Clinton disagreed with the Contract with America.

Housing Bubble

Period 9, a rapid increase in the value of houses followed by a sharp decline in their value. Led to Great Recession of 2008

Reagan's Conservative Agenda

Period 9, deregulation; supply-side economics; increase defense spending; anti abortion; anti-ERA, restrict affirmative action; prayer allowed in school; cuts in entitlement programs & social spending

Great Recession of 2008

Period 9, dramatic loss of jobs that began with the bursting of the U.S. housing bubble in late 2007

9/11 Attacks

Period 9, the U.S. was attacked by Al Qaeda which resulted in the War on Terrorism ,USA Patriot Acts, and Department of Homeland Security

American Romantic Movement

Period flourishing distinctively American literature before the Civil War.

Age of Jackson

Period marked by the belief that ordinary people should vote in elections, hold office, and do anything they had the ability to do

Liberty Pole

Pine mast erected as anti-stamp act meeting place in NY

Western Cattle Industry

Plains area ideal for cattle grazing 'cause of thick prairie grasses; open range; Techniques (such as branding, roundups, and roping) came from Mexican cowboys (vaqueros). Texas longhorns also came from Mexico

Socialist Party

Political Party in the United States which supports socialism - working people own and control the means of production and distribution through democracy- controlled public agencies, cooperatives, or other collective groups. Called for reforms such as free college education, improved labor conditions, public ownership of RR & factories.

Socialist Party

Political Party which supports socialism - working people own and control the means of production and distribution through democratically- controlled public agencies, cooperatives, or other collective groups.

Tenements

Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived. Dumbbell design

Jacob Coxey

Populist who led Coxey's Army in a march on Washington DC in 1894 to seek government jobs for the unemployed during the Panic of 1893.

George O'Keeffe

Postimpressionists, used bold colors and abstract patterns

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution. Absolute monopoly

Pan-Indian Identity

Preached by Neolin, all natives are a single people, only through cooperation could they regain their lost independence.

Ulysses S. Grant presidency and scandals

Pres election 1868...Admin marked by scandal, Panic of 1873, continued Reconstruction efforts, & the rise of the KKK Scandals: "Whiskey Ring" 1875 public learned that federal revenue officials had conspired w/ distillers to defraud the govt of millions of $ in liquor taxes. Grant's private Secretary Orville E. Babcock involved & was saved from conviction by the pres. The NEXT YR.... Grant's Sec of War, William E. Belknap was impeached by the House after revealing he had taken bribes for the sale of Indian trading posts. He resigned before his trial. It is said that Grant in helping to protect helped in cover-up. Credit Mobilier Scandal- construction co. used to siphon profits... officials bribed that connected w/ Grant admin

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Carrie Chapman Catt

President of the National Women's Suffrage Association

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.

Woodrow Wilson

President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations. Pledged to topple the "triple wall of privilege": banks, trusts, and tariffs.

John Bell

Presidential candidate of the Constitutional Union Party. He drew votes away from the Democrats, helping Lincoln win.

Bleeding Sumner

Preston Brooks, a representative from SC, got into an argument with Charles Sumner, a MA senator, over slavery; Brooks beat Sumner with his cane. Republican party gained support, caused by Kansas-Nebraska Act

1st Bank of the US

Privately owned, funded in part by the federal govt. This bank would own these millions of dollars of new U.S. bonds being issued. Main depository of the U.S. govt, issued currency that is acceptable in payment of federal taxes.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

the use of submarines to sink without warning any ship (including neutral ships and unarmed passenger liners) found in an enemy's waters. Brought the US closer to war, especially the sinking of the Lusitania.

William F "Buffalo O Bill" Cody 1880s

Professional buffalo hunter, hosted Wild West shows. Marked the beginning of the end of Native American way of life. Natives became nothing more than history and entertainment.

Panic of 1893

Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Investors sold stock to purchase gold depleting the gold reserve of the U.S. Treasury, Led to the Pullman strike.

Espionage Act

Prohibited spying/ interfering w/ draft, or false statements that might impede military success

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

18th Amendment (1919)

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages (Temperance)

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages.

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act

Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children, Backed by Woodrow Wilson, overturned by Hammer v Dagenhart

Clement Vallandigham

Prominent Copperhead who was an ex-congressman from Ohio, demanded an end to the war, and was banished to the Confederacy

Ida Tarbell (1857-1944)

Prominent Muckraker of Progressive Era. Wrote History of the Standard Oil Company, hired by McClure's Magazine (Lincoln Steffens). Exposed the arrogance and economic machinations of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company.

Horace Mann

Prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.

Amelia Bloomer

Promoted a change in dress standards for women. Promoted semi- masculine, short skirts with Trousers for more physical freedom; an attire known as "bloomers."

Sufferage Requirements

Property owning, more people had land in new world, so more people in new world could vote than in old world

Wilmot Proviso

Proposal made during Mexican War in Congress to prohibit slavery in any territory that might be acquired from Mexico. Also prohibited free blacks from living there as well. Led to the Free Soil Party

Edmund Randolph

Proposed Virginia Plan

Virginia Plan

Proposed by Edmund Randolph, Favored the large states, a bicameral legislature (lower house elected by the people/upper house chosen by lower) both houses based on population, executive elected by Congress

Compromise of 1850

Proposed by Henry Clay to solve question of slavery in Mex Cession: 1)California admitted2)Slave trade prohibited in District of Columbia as a free state 3)Strong fugitive slave law (most conflict) 4) New Mexico/Utah territory to be admitted on basis of popular sovereignty (people decide)

The American System

Proposed by Henry Clay, Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included the 2nd national bank, tariff of 1816, and internal improvements at federal expense; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. Internal improvements program was discontinued (Madison argued it was that the power was not listed in the constitution), south supported the tariffs because they believed it would help them grow.

New Jersey Plan

Proposed by William Paterson, favored small states, called for a unicameral legislature w/ each state having one vote (equal reps), gave Congress the ability to tax/ regulate trade

Patman Bill

Proposed by Wright Patman to pay bonuses to WWI vets. Denied by congress, causing the bonus army march in the capital.

Henry Clay

Proposed the American System. Corrupt Bargain

James Tallmadge

Proposed the Tallmadge amendments, which were in favor of the northern belief against slavery.

Dr. Francis Townsend (1867-1960)

Proposed the Townsend Plan, by which the government would make a monthly payment of $200 to older Americans, requiring that they spend it immediately. Gained millions of supports. Was part of the sign of popular discontent that eventually sparked the Second New Deal. Promoted the idea that the Depression was caused by the lack of consumer demand, and that the government should redistribute national income to sustain purchasing power.

Lecompton Controversy

Proslavery forces in Kansas tried to use electoral fraud (gerrymandering) to draft a state constitution, but rejected by the House then the population. Aggravated the growing sectional divide, implicating Buchanan in the slave-power conspiracy and dividing the Democrats along regional lines based on the slavery issue. Further divides Democrats, Stephan Douglas looses south support. Reasoning for Whig party split? Check***

Tariff of 1828

Protective tariff on imports that benefited the industrial North while forcing Southerners to pay higher prices on manufactured goods; called the "Tariff of Abominations" by Southerners, scheme to gain more Jackson support, wasn't expected to pass

National Youth Administration

Provided college students with part time jobs during the Great Depression

Sheppard-Towner Act 1921

Provided federal funding for maternity and child care, a response to the lack of adequate medical care for women and children.

Sheppard-Towner Act (1921)

Provided federal funds to establish parental and child health care programs, was advocated by Hull House run by Jane Addams.

John R Commons (1862-1945)

Published study "The History of Labor in the US" on labor conditions. Student of Richard Ely.

Speculators

Purchased land at low prices to make a profit by selling them to common farmers.

Irish Potato Famine

Push factor for many Irish to immigrate into America - surge of immigration led to supply for demand in labor created by Market Revolution. Led to creation of nativists who believed native Americans were superior, and immigrants should lose rights.

John Woolman

Quaker leader that reminded of the evils of slavery... in a speech he declared that "men having power too often misapplied it; that though we made slaves of the negroes, and the Turks made slaves of the Christians, I believed that liberty was the natural Right of all Men equally".

Charles Sumner

Radical Republican against the slave power who gets caned by Preston Brooks during his speech the Crime against Kansas

New Forms of Music

Ragtime, Jazz, Blues

Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922 and 1930)

Raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods; benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade. Passed due to fear of a flood of European goods after WWI

William Crawford

Ran in the 1824 election representing the south. Forced to drop out of the race due to a stroke.

New York Riot

Reaction to the Union military draft; anti-black Irish Americans burnt down buildings and killed blacks; feared for their jobs; opposition of draft by immigrants & laborers

Joseph G McCoy

Realized railroads could send meat to populated eastern cities by transporting longhorns and other bovines north through the railroad. Utilized the Chisholm Trail to connect cattle lands to the railroad line so that meat could be transported.

Arminianism

Reason alone was capable of establishing the essentials of religion

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families. 60 people died, fear in south of rebellions. Led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives, also led to the Slave Codes

Ku Klux Klan (KKK 1920s)

Reconstruction-era organization that was revived in 1915 and rose to political power in the mid-1920s when membership reached 4 to 5 million; opposed to blacks, Catholics, Jews, and immigrants, its membership was rural, white, native-born, and Protestant. Declined due to its leader being convicted for raping and murdering a young woman, showing that the organization wasn't as morally just as it claimed to be.

Economy Act of 1933

Reduced federal spending; cut the salaries of federal workers and reduced benefit payments to veterans. Was intended to remove the federal deficit and win the confidence of the business community.

Benjamin Franklin

Regarded as one of the best known colonial Enlightenment thinkers. Started as printer, then satirist in Boston. He encouraged the spread of reason.

Eastern Front

Region along German-Russian border where much fighting took place

Sunbelt

Region in the south and west where the government invested billions in creating a military industrial complex during WWII

Poetry of the Progressive Era

Rejected traditional rhythm and rhyme. Focused more on capturing images (such as Sandburg's "Chicago")

Lochner vs New York (1905)

Repealed a New York law that limited the working hours of bakers to 10 per day and 60 per week because the work wasn't considered dangerous. Example of the court siding with employers, and the belief in Laissez Faire/Social Darwinism.

Robert Lancing

Replaced William Jennings Bryan as Wilson's secretary of state after he resigns when the US joined WWI

election of 1876

Republican Rutherford B Hayes vs Democrat Samuel J Tilden. Compromise of 1877

Election of 1896

Republican William McKinley defeated Democratic-Populist "Popocrat" William Jennings Bryan. 1st election in 24 years than Republicans won a majority of the popular vote. McKinley won promoting the gold standard, pluralism, and industrial growth. First modern presidential campaign, Republicans spend lots of money and have efficient national organization.

Herbert Hoover

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community. Believed relief should come from charities and not government, and that individuals could succeed economically so long as they were given the space and freedom to (laissez faire). Ultimately didn't help the Depression, people mad, lost reelection.

"Billion Dollar Congress"

Republican congress of 1890. passed record # of significant laws that helped shape later policies and asserted authority of federal govt., increased government silver purchases, and passed McKinley Tariff Act of 1890. First to pass a billion dollar budget

Progressives

Republican party faction of the 1890s to the 1910s, split due to controversy over William Taft presidency, composed of reformers who opposed patronage

Warren G. Harding

Republican president who called for a return to normalcy following WWI. Advocated pro-business policies like lowering tax on income and business sales, maintaining high tariffs, and supporting employers against unions. Harding himself had little regard for either governmental issues or the dignity of the presidency and surrounded himself with cronies who used their offices for private gain. BAD PRESIDENT. Ohio Gang, Teapot Dome Scandal.

Charles E. Hughes

Republican running in the election of 1916 (justice on court at the time), criticizes Wilson for his preparedness of WWI, narrowly loses the election

Election of 1928

Republican: Herbert Hoover and Democrat: Al Smith. Smith first Catholic candidate, represented immigrants and other minority groups. Hoover promised to get rid of poverty, stood for efficiency and individualism.

Conservatives

Republicans party faction of the 1890s to the 1910s, split due to controversy over William Taft presidency

Wade-Davis Bill

Required a majority (50%) of white male southerners to pledge loyalty to the Union before Reconstruction could begin, guaranteed blacks equality under the law (not right to vote??????????????????????). Lincoln refused to sign.

Stamp Act 1765

Required that colonists purchase stamps to validate documents- on deeds, marriage license, playing cards etc. Revenue from tax was to support the British soldiers protecting colonies. Taxed ALL people DIRECTLY.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Required the government to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion each month for use as currency. Did not satisfy silver supporters

Tenure of Office Act

Required the president to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees. Lowered presidential power (bc everyone hated Johnson). In retaliation, Johnson tries to remove Sec of War Edwin Stanton, but this leads to impeachment case

Stamp Act Congress

Response to the Stamp Acts in the colonies - delegates of colonies met to petition for a repeal the Sugar and Stamp Acts. First effort by colonists to resist Parliament.

Jay's Treaty of 1794

Result of British preventing US trade neutrality with the French, US sent Chief Justice John Jay to negotiate list of grievances. Main objectives: removal of British forts, payment for ships taken in West Indies, improved commercial relations, and acceptance of neutrality. Only agreed to abandon forts, led to formation of political parties due to controversy.

National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Result of the merging of the National Women's Suffrage Association with the American Women's Suffrage Association led by Susan B Anthony. Carrie Chapman Catt first president of NAWSA.

Dawes Severalty Act 1887

Resulted from shift in Native policy to attempt to assimilate them. Gave all Native American males land to farm in and set up schools to make Native American children more like other Americans. Sold the rest of the land to whites. Promised citizenship. NO MORE RESERVATIONS - Natives forced to farm

Embargo Act of 1807

Resulted from the Chesapeake Leopard Affair where British fired on American ships. Congress passed act prohibited ALL U.S exports to any country hoping to hurt the French and the British economically as well as protect American ships at sea being attacked. Purpose: to win English, French respect for American rights. Backfired

In re Debs (1895)

Resulted from the Pullman Strike. Supreme Court approved the use of court injunctions by employers against strikes which gave employers a very powerful weapon to break unions. Example of the court siding with employers.

Dorr War

Rhode Island was the only state the had not gotten rid of property requirements to vote; Thomas Dorr elected as RI governor led to him being imprisoned for treason; war demonstrated passions aroused by the continuing exclusion of any group of white men from voting.

First Turnpike

Roads paid w/ tolls; privately financed by Lancaster Turnpike

Steamboat

Robert Fulton, A boat that moves by the power of a steam engine, made it easier and quicker to travel goods. Most dramatically increased the speed and lowered the expense of commerce (compared to other inventions such as the toll roads)

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Destroyers for Bases Deal

Roosevelt's compromise for helping Britain as he could not sell Britain US destroyers without defying the Neutrality Act; Britain received 50 old but still serviceable US destroyers in exchange for giving the US the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean.

Northern Securities Case

Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" using the Sherman Antitrust Act and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.

Second New Deal Impacts on Farmers

Rural Electrification Agency (REA) made electricity much more accessible for farmers. Federal gov. tried to promote soil conservation and family farming with the belief that the country would never prosper if the farmers were lagging behind in living standard. Federal gov. made active effort to reduce soil loss, and purchased eroded land to convert them from farms into national grasslands/parks. Encouraged more environmental agricultural techniques. Like the AAA though, these measures benefited landowners (not sharecroppers, tenants, or migrant workers), and the Second New Deal failed to address the trend of larger farms and fewer farmers.

Alaska

Russian fur traders, alarmed Spanish, saw as a danger to their American empire.

Regulator Movement

S Carolina protested for lack of judicial system to regulate/suppress outlaws. N Carolina Regulators fought against the government having too much power. Shows lack of unity between colonies and classes, conflict within the colonies made higher classes more reluctant to protest British so as to avoid conflict within the colonies.

Fort Sumter

S Carolina seceded from the Union & demanded that all federal property in the state be surrendered to state authorities. Major Robert Anderson concentrated his units at Fort Sumter & when Lincoln took office Sumter was one of only two forts in the South still under Union control. Learning that Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort, Confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, which was refused leading to the firing upon Sumter by Confederate forces.

Telegraph

Samuel F.B. Morse, A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s. Telegraphs helped speed the flow of information, and brought uniformity to prices throughout the country.

Andrew Carnegie

Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist, originally an American immigrant. Founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. Dominated the American steel industry by 1901. Supported Social Darwinism, but also philanthropy. Involved in the Homestead Strike 1892.

United States Housing Act (1937)

Second New Deal - initiated the first major national effort to build homes for poor Americans.

Established rules of the Constitutional Convention

Secrecy and only needing a majority not a unanimous vote to approve a proposal.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Secretary of Interior Albert Fall took $400,000 in bribes to lease government oil reserves. Tainted Warren G Harding's presidency even further.

Alaska Purchase

Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska to try and sandwich Canada while also establishing coaling stations.

Roger B. Taney

Secretary of State for Jackson, carried out order to remove federal funds from the national bank, was appointed Chief Justice after John Marshall

Frank B. Kellogg

Secretary of State under Coolidge, signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact and won the Nobel Peace Prize.

John Hay

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State under Monroe. 6th president. Drew up the Adams Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia.

William H. Seward

Secretary of State, purchased Alaska, people called it "Seward's Folly"

Andrew Mellon

Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, who instituted a Republican policy of reduced government spending, lower taxes to the wealthy and higher tariffs

Belknap Scandal

Secretary of War impeached because he accepted bribes for the sale of trading posts in Indian Territory.

Union Cause

to restore the union; keep it together. Eventually as the war went on, people believed more and more in abolition.

Zachary Taylor

Sent to disputed territory in Texas by Polk, and when Mexico expectedly opens fire, Mexican-American War officially declared. 11th president: denied everything Henry Clay tried to do. Died of unknown causes, vice president Millard Fillmore passed 1850 Compromise.

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I.

Bleeding Kansas

Series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved there to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would a slave state or a free state.

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, led to Pullman Strike

McKinley Tariff

Shepherded through Congress by President William McKinley in 1890, this tariff raised duties on Hawaiian sugar and set off renewed efforts to secure the annexation of Hawaii to the United States.

"Forty acres and a mule"

Sherman's Special Field Order 15; slogan promising blacks (freedman) forty acres of land & a mule to plow with, failed reconstruction attempt

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915. Another proposed possibility was through Nicaragua

Neutrality Acts 1935-7

Short-sighted acts passed to prevent American participation in a European War. Stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect. No American could legally sail on a belligerent (engaged in war) ship, sell or transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent.

Leisure Time

Shorter work days = more free time, popular pastimes include baseball, movies, vaudevilles, and others

Venezuelan Boundary Dispute

Showed America becoming the dominant influence in Latin America rather than Britain. America tries to use the Monroe Doctrine to enforce the boundary dispute

Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm

Showed growing popularity of rural themes. Written by Douglas Wiggin

Emancipation Proclamation

Signed Jan. 1st 1863. Freed all slaves in areas not firmly under Union control; slaves in southern states that have seceded were considered free, while loyal slave states such as Virginia were allowed to continue practicing slavery. Officially tied Union goals with abolition. Changed Lincoln's thinking - believed himself to be the Great Emancipator, refused any compensation for slave owners, IMMEDIATE (not gradual) effect.

Macon's Bill #2

Signed by Madison when embargo not working. Allowed trade to resume but if France or Britain stopped infringement of neutral rights would reimpose embargo on other

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. Split the Republican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

General George A Custer

Sioux War General leading American troops at Battle of Little Bighorn, often called "Custer's Last Stand" by Americans (propaganda). Custer and troops completely perished against 2500 Sioux warriors led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.

The Ghost Dance 1890s

Sioux suffering from poverty and disease turned to prophet, who told Sioux to do Ghost Dance ritual. Religious revitalization campaign reminiscent of the pan-Indian movements led by earlier prophets. Led to Battle of Wounded Knee

Angelina and Sarah Grimke

Sisters. Came from a South Carolina aristocratic family with a father who owned slaves. After converting to the Quaker faith, joined Society of Friends, became abolitionist/suffragettes. In 1835, Angela wrote an anti-slavery letter to Abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison, who published it in The Liberator. They spoke at abolitionist meetings. Ridiculed for speaking as women.

Phillis Wheatley

Slave girl who became a poet - proved blacks were just as intellectually capable.

Early Southern Slave Culture

Slavery would unite many different cultures, creating one community of African-Americans

Creole Ship Incident

Slaves seize the ship Creole and set sail to Nassau in the British Bahamas. The British, rather than returning them, allow them to take refuge and obtain their freedom. 128 total slaves obtained freedom, enraging the south, and the event will influence a decision on extradition later made in the Webstur-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 following the Aroostook War.

Passive resistance

Slaves would break tools, slow down their work, and escaping through the Underground Railroad, instead of rebelling because rebellions tended to be suppressed very quickly.

Memorial Day massacre of 1937

Smaller steel companies resister the decision of giant US Steel to recognize workers; during a demonstration by union picketers at Republic Steel in Chicago, police killed 10 people

National Grange

Social and educational organization founded in 1867 to gain more political representation for farmers and to improve their living standards.

Foreign Policy during Gilded Age

Sought to avoid entanglements in Europe while expanding trade, and perhaps territory, in Latin America and Asia. Monroe Doctrine reasserted, Pan-American interests promoted

Ordinance of Nullification

South Carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void, forbade the collection of those duties. In February, 1833, they threatened secession if federal bureaucrats tried to collect them.

"King Cotton" Diplomacy

South's political strategy during the Civil War; it depended upon British and French dependency on southern cotton to the extent that those two countries would help the South break the union blockade to get cotton through foreign intervention. Didn't work because of previous surplus and Europeans switching to other sources for cotton.

De Lome Letter

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.

Diaz, Madero, Huerto, Carranza

Spanish leaders, Diaz overthrown by Madero, Madero overthrown by Huerto, Huerto not recognized by US government, Huerto overthrown by Carranza, Carranza recognized by US government.

Spanish vs English colony populations

Spanish population stagnated, English grew at natural rate.

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

Sparked WWI

Mary Elizabeth Lease

Speaker for the Populist party and the Farmer's Alliance. One of the founders of the national Populist party. Believed that big business had made the people of America into "wage slaves," and challenged her fellow farmers to "raise less corn and more hell."

James G. Blaine

Speaker of the House and leader of the Half-Breeds. Dominant Republican leader of the post Civil War period, obtaining the 1884 Republican nomination, but lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland

The Significance of the Frontier in American History

Speech by Frederick J. Turner arguing that the distinctive qualities of American culture were forged on the western frontier: individual freedom, political democracy, & economic mobility. Called the West a "safety valve" that serves as economic promise for the discontent.

Great Awakening

Spontaneous, evangelical Protestant revivals, Movement occurred among many denominations in different places at different times. Was a reaction to the Enlightenment occurring in Europe.

Social Critics of the 1950's

the critics of the 1950's focused more on social and cultural issues than economic. Criticized things like mass conformity, corporate culture, and the difference between private wealth and public neglect/ lack of infrastructure.

American Philosophical Society

Started as Junto club, founded by Benjamin Franklin, literary, philosophical, scientific, and political issues were debated

Gag rule

Strict rule passed by pro-southern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives to combat abolitionist legislation.

"Scabs" (Gilded Age)

Strikebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike. Technique used by employers to work against Unions.

Labor Unions in the 1920's

Striking workers labelled as radicals. Yellow dog contracts in use again

Brigham Young

Successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith; responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Salt Lake City, Utah

Dred Scott v. Stanford

Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. Nullified the Missouri Compromise. Also declared that slaves, as property, were not citizens of the United States, and were not able to sue. Supported Republican claim that slavery supporters dominated the federal government.

Ex Parte Milligan

Supreme Court ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region is under marshall law.

U.S. v. American Tobacco Company

Supreme Court ruling breaking up cigarette trust

Crop Lien System

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.

Federalism

System where states & the federal government have their own powers but also share powers

Election of 1912

Taft leans more toward the conservatives in his party & angers the progressive side of his party w/ acts such as compromising on the Payne-Aldrich Tariff & the Ballinger Pinchot Affair. Election of 1912: Taft wins the Republican candidacy but T. Roosevelt forms own independent party... Bull Moose Party... splitting the Republican party w/ progressives following Teddy. Other candidates Woodrow Wilson (Dem) & Eugene V. Debs (Socialist). Election provided a forum for the concern of social/economic effects of urban/industrialization growth

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff of 1828, Protective tariff on imports that benefited the industrial North while forcing Southerners to pay higher prices on manufactured goods

American economy 1920's

Technological progress, mass production, factories, U.S. high on success from victory in WWI, major world economic power, Leads to economic boom, Low unemployment, rise of the automobile

Great Coal Strike of 1902

Teddy Roosevelt encouraged end of strike by becoming a neutral arbitrator and set up a fact finding commission

Lyman Beecher

Temperance movement leader and a leader of the Second Great Awakening of the United States. Believed in absolute abstinence of alcohol, successfully lowered alcohol consumption.

Old Northwest

Territories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and south of the Great Lakes. The well-organized management and sale of the land in the territories under the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a precedent for handling future land acquisitions.

Intelligence Quota

Test given to soldiers to measure intelligence. Used to determine placement in the military

Texas Revolution

Texans declare independence from Mexico seeking more self government; important battles Alamo, Goliad, San Jacinto etc. April, 1836: Santa Anna defeated at San Jacinto by Sam Houston and forced to sign treaty of Velasco giving Tx independence w/ Sam Houston becoming president of the now Republic. Requested annexation, but declined by Jackson and Buren due to fear of political discourse occurring as a result of the imbalance of slave/nonslave states.

Republic of Texas

Texas Revolution began at Gonzales, and after a few consecutive wins Texas declared itself the Republic of Texas, with Sam Houston made as president.

Lowell Mills

Textile mill located in a factory town in Massachusetts that employed farm girls who lived in company-owned boardinghouses

James Buchanan

The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.

The American System vs the American system of manufactures

The American System was a plan conceived by James Madison and the term coined by Henry Clay to promote economic development. The American system of manufactures refers to interchangeable parts developed during the Market Revolution.

Continental Army

The American army during the American Revolution lead by George Washington

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

The Cherokees argued that they were a separate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status". Also said they lacked the standing as citizens to needed for the Supreme Court to enforce their rights.

Bull Moose Party

The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.

Sons of Liberty

The Sons led by Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. Extremist group who tarred and feathered taxers, encouraged riots, Boston Tea Party.

Italian Campaign

The allied campaign to take Italy.

Gavrilo Princip

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand

Triple wall of privilege

The banks, trusts, and tariffs that Wilson pledged to topple were collectively known as this

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdam, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

Battle of Lexington

The first military engagement of the Revolutionary War. It occurred on April 19, 1775, when British soldiers fired into a much smaller body of minutemen on Lexington green. British were on the way to see if weapons were being stored in Concord, but clashed with colonists.

Committee of Detail

The five-member committee of the Constitutional Convention that met in late July and early August 1787 to fashion the resolutions passed by the Convention to that point into a draft constitution.

Big Four

The four most important leaders at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy.

Natural rights

The idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

mergers

The joining together of two or more companies or organizations to form one larger one.

Ocala Demands (1890)

The leaders of what would later become the Populist/People's Party held a national convention in Ocala, Florida and adopted a platform advocating reforms to help farmers. Called for "subtreasury system" (farmers store crops in gov warehouses and gov pays 80% of market value), free coinage of silver, end to protective tariffs & national banks, direct election of senators by people, and tighter regulation of railroads.

Trail Drive

The movement of cattle from ranches to the rails led by trail bosses. Idea first started by Joseph McCoy. By connecting cattle ranches to railroads through trails, meat could be transported to cities easily where demand for meat was high. Examples include the Chisholm Trail and the Goodnight-Loving Trail.

Roosevelt Recession

The period when FDR cut government spending to balance budget; led to a sharp downturn of the economy

Preemptive Rights

The right of a shareholder in a corporation to have the first opportunity to purchase a new issue of that corporation's stock in proportion to the amount of stock already owned by the shareholder.

Who benefitted least from the American System?

The south

Liberty Hall

The space beneath the liberty tree in Boston.

Free Coinage of Silver

The unrestricted minting of silvery money called for by William Jennings Bryan. The Populists wanted to do this in addition to backing money with gold in order to cause inflation which would help the farmers pay off their debts.

public sphere

The world of political organization and debate independent of the government

Roosevelt and the Japanese Russian War

Theodore Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace for negotiating peace between Japan and Russia which resulted in three decades of peace in the region

New Nationalism (Progressivism)

Theodore Roosevelt's program calling for federal regulation in industry, heavy taxes on people and corporations, government and societal efficiency, protection of children, women, and workers, accepting "good" trusts, promoted the experts and the executive, and encouraged large concentrations of capital and labor.

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt, involved conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection.

Keynesian economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms, even at the cost of a budget deficit. Today, the budget deficit is now a common practice by the US government. This, combined with the sudden economic downturn when Roosevelt attempted to reduce federal funding for farming subsidies and WPA work relief, marked a fundamental shift in economic philosophy. Rather than economic planning (1933-1934) or economic redistribution (1935-1936), the government now focused on public spending as the major tool for combating unemployment and stimulating economic growth.

Stephen Kearney

This U.S. general led a small army of less than 1,500 that succeeded in taking Santa Fe, the New Mexico territory, and southern California during the Mexican War.

Foraker Act

This act established Puerto Rico as an insular U.S. territory. Puerto Ricans were not given U.S. citizenship, but the U.S. president appointed the island's governor and governing council.

The War Industries Board

This government agency oversaw the production of all American factories. It determined priorities, allocated raw materials, fixed prices; it told manufacturers what they could and could not produce. Standardized nearly everything. Reflects Progressive belief that war overseas could be used as inspiration to create changes locally, which leads to a short increase in government presence in American lives (similar to post Civil War). Eventually, FDR will take much inspiration from this agency in creating the National Industrial Recovery Act

Daughters of Liberty

This organization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent.

Share the Wealth Program

This was the program proposed by Senator Huey P. Long from Louisiana, one of the demagogues that appeared during the winter of 1933-1934. The program promised to make "Every Man a King." Every family was to receive $5,000, supposedly at the expense of the prosperous.

War with Tripoli

Thomas Jefferson - Pirates from the North African states of Tangier, Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis attacked American commercial ships in the Mediterranean and demanded money. When they increased their demands, war was fought, and they backed down once they were successfully blockaded. Jefferson seen as hero, Republican support increased.

Aaron Burr duel with Hamilton

Thomas Jefferson - small group of High Federalists formed the Essex Junto, threatened NE /NY to secede (Western expansion was a threat to their position in the Union). Tensions with Hamilton's journalistic defamation of Burr's character during the 1804 New York gubernatorial race in which Burr was a candidate led to duel. Hamilton died. Burr's sentence was dismissed, but his political career was over

NOTE

Thomas Jefferson aimed to minimize the power of the Federal Government and its oversight on the economy. Also aimed to slash the size of the military/navy (keep in mind Jefferson is Democratic-Republican, so this follows his political ideals quite well).

Democratic-Republicans

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, strict construction, more faith in democratic self-government (stronger state government weaker federal), support from wealthy southern planters and ordinary farmers (believed agrarian was backbone of nation), sided with French. "Jefferson and Liberty."

American Crisis

Thomas Paine essay read by George Washington to his men to inspire them to victory at Princeton and Trenton in response to the reduction to 3,000 men

3 distinct slave systems

Tobacco-based:Chesapeake rice-based:south carolina and georgia nonplantation:New England and Middle colonies

Speculators

Took advantage of the Homestead Act

Why were the 1920's somewhat of a false prosperity?

Traditional industries like railroads, coal, and cotton were replaced with the trucking, petroleum/natural gas, and synthetic fiber industries. Agriculture industry hit hardest due to fall in demand after WWI. Technology moves workers to lower-paying jobs. Unions weakened by employers labeling strikers as communists and radicals. Led to Great Depression.

Bill Sunday (1862-1935)

Traditionists vs Modernists post WWI Red Scare - fundamentalist/revivalist famous baseball player. Spread his message through radio

Frank Norris (1870-1902)

Traditionists vs Modernists post WWI Red Scare - fundamentalist/revivalist. Built the 6000 seat church for First Baptist Church TX Fort Worth. Large churches for big speeches

Aimee Semple McPherson (1890-1944)

Traditionists vs Modernists post WWI Red Scare - fundamentalist/revivalist. Built the Angelus Temple seating over 5000 with her church Four-Square Los Angeles. Large churches for big speeches

Bozeman Trail

Trail that ran through the Sioux hunting grounds to the Bighorn Mountains (Black Hills) that gold-greedy miners used (Black Hills Gold Rush 1875). Began the Sioux Wars

Brook Farm

Transcendentalist community, 19th century experiment in communal living. Dream of Boston transcendentalist, George Ripley. established in1841 as an experimental community in West Roxbury, Massachusetts. Modeled on Charles Fourier's blueprint for Phalanxes (French social reformer) who envisioned communal living/working but retaining private property

Red River War 1874-1875

Treaties stated US would supply Natives with food rations, but US didn't -> Resulted in Comanche and Kiowa refusal to remain in territories -> Military campaign to remove the NA tribes from Southern Plains and relocate them to reservations. Involved "buffalo soldiers."

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WWI. It blamed Germany for WWI and handed down harsh punishment. Also established the League of Nations

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, resolved border at Rio Grande, gave America New Mexico and California in exchange for $15 million, negotiated by Nicholas Trist

John Slidell

Trent Affair, Confederate emissary to France

Scopes Trial (1925)

Trial that pitted traditionalists vs modernists. John Scopes accused of teaching the theory of evolution to his students. William Jennings Bryan prosecutor and Clarence Darrow defense. Jury found Scopes guilty, but later overturned on a technicality. Fundamentalists retreat for many years, avoiding battles over public education while building private schools and colleges.

General Braddock

Tried and failed to attack Fort Duquesne.

Pancho Villa

Tried to goad the US into action that would help him seize power by raiding border towns and killing Americans

Nicholas Trist

U.S. diplomat who negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Taft-Katsura Agreement

U.S. recognizes Japan's sphere of influence in Korea, and Japan recognizes the United State's sphere of influence in the Philippines.

Comstock Law

US federal law - prohibited sending any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail, including contraceptive devices and information

Ulysses S. Grant

Union general famous for victory at Vicksburg, would eventually lead the Union to victory of the war.

Enrollment Act of 1863

Union's draft law that provided for conscription of white males but permitted men of wealth to hire substitutes or pay a fee to avoid military service

Munn v. Illinois (1877)

United States Supreme Court Case that ended up allowing states to regulate business within their borders, including railroads. This decision would later on be weakened by Wabash v Illinois.

Denmark Vesey

United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves by arming them and was hanged

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver. Democrat/Populist candidate in 1896 election, "Cross of Gold" speech.

Henry Ford

United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947).

Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation

Unless South surrendered by the end of Sept 1862, slavery would be abolished. Large amounts of northern opposition, Republicans suffered sharp reverses, losing control of many legislatures.

wildcat banks

Unstable banking institutions that issued paper money called wildcat currency to lend to speculators. They didn't require collateral for loans so farmers took out loans, bought land, lost money on the land, defaulted on their loans, and then the banks started to fail. Led to Panic of 1819

16th Amendment

Used by the government to raise money for the war. Income tax

US Indian Policy

Used to treat them as separate nations. 1850s shift in policy to force Natives into reservations. Treaties the US made with Natives often broken, even when Natives subdued. 1870s-80s policy changed from attempting to push Natives off their land to assimilation, leading to Native schools and the Dawes Act.

Panic of 1837

Van Buren, Caused by overprinting paper money, the Specie Circular, dampened demand for cotton, and unrestrained loans. Economic depression.

Millard Fillmore

Vice president of Zachary Taylor, because president after he died, helped pass the Compromise of 1850

Battle of Saratoga

Victory for the Continental army. Turning point in the American Revolution. Convinced the French to join the war with the colonies. General John Burgoyne went north to meet with Howe with the intent to split the colonies along the Hudson River and end the Revolution, but Howe went north to Canada. Was surrounded and defeated in Saratoga.

Guinn v. United States

Victory for the NAACP, overturned the grandfather clause

British Blockade

Violated American neutral rights.

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War, gained fame after winning the battle of San Juan Hill

Liberty in Wartime (WWI, Notes)

WWI raised questions which were reflected on during the Civil War; what's the balance between security and freedom? Does the constitution protect citizens during wartime? Should dissent = no patriotism? Despite the administration's idealistic lang. of democracy and freedom, the war inaugurated some of the most intense repression of civil liberties ever. MASSIVE suppression of dissent occurred.

Battle of the Bulge

WWII battle in which German forces launched a final counterattack in the west

Texas complaint that led to revolution

Wanted autonomy

Radical Republicans

Wanted harsher conditions for readmission of southern states, upset with Lincoln's lenient policy.

American world view at the beginning of World War I

Wanted to remain in isolation. Remained out of European entanglements though not Latin Am entanglements. Believed should be able to trade freely w/ all nations as a neutral nation. Sinking of the Lusitania would change public opinion on neutrality, however, and would lead to a push for war.

Sioux Wars 1876-1877

War between the Sioux Indians and white men, spurred by miners rushing into Sioux land looking for gold (Bozeman Trail, Black Hills Gold Rush 1875). Natives led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. Battle of Bighorn/Custer's Last Stand, Fetterman Massacre. Many Natives attempted to flee into Canada, but had to surrender due to shortage of supplies.

Calvin Coolridge 1919

Warren G. Harding VP, became president after Harding died of a heart attack. "The business of America is Business... The man who builds a factory builds a temple; the man who works there worships there." Laissez faire, pro business, broke up the Massachusetts Boston Police Strike.

Wilson-Gorman Tariff

Was a reduction of the McKinley Tariff, created a graduated income tax, which was ruled unconstitutional. Was a disappointment for the Cleveland administration because it was only a small tariff reduction.

Jay-Gardoqui Treaty

Was not ratified. Agreement to not explore the Mississippi river for 25 years in exchange for opening up trade with Spain. Led to outrage in the south as they believed it benefited the north more. Showed weakness of the Articles, unable to compete with bigger powers.

Union and Central Pacific Railroads

the first transcontinental railroad sponsored by federal land grants

*Battle of Trenton

Washington captures the Hessian German mercenary soldiers hired by British during Revolution and catches them by surprise

Daniel Webster

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Daniel Webster*

Webster-Hayne Debate

Robert Y. Hayne*

Webster-Hayne Debate

Dr. Alice Hamilton

the first woman appointed to the faculty of Harvard University

Adams Onis Treaty

West Florida had already been taken by the U.S. but not East Florida. A. Jackson invaded Florida causing an international crisis, Spain realized could not defend Florida, U.S. got all Florida; U.S.-Spanish boundary line to Pacific established; U.S. assumed $5 million debt Spanish government owed to American merchants

Great American Desert

What mapmakers referred to the vast arid territory that included the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Western Plateau. Deemed uninhabitable by many (such as Lewis & Clark) due to few rivers, low rainfall, etc.. Already inhabited by Natives.

Millennial Church

What the Shakers were officially recognized by US as

11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month

When Germany surrendered in 1918 (Armistice Day or Veterans Day)

Homestead Strike (1892)

When wages were cut at Carnegie's Homestead Steel factory in Pennsylvania, strike resulted. Carnegie's partner, Henry Clay Frick, locks the strikers out, hires scabs to replace them, and hires Pinkerton detectives to protect the plant. Violence eventually erupts, with even an assassination attempt occurring on Henry Clay Frick. The public held sympathy for the laborers, but Carnegie's business continued. Shows that the rich could kind of do whatever they want, despite going against powerful labor Unions and public opinion.

Appomattox Court House

Where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant, ending the Civil War

Types of people to support Whig vs Democrat party:

Whig: Industrialists, merchants, Protestants, and planters. Democrat: small farmers/laborers, immigrants, or Catholic.

Effects of the market revolution on African Americans

While many Americans discouraged slavery, and many African Americans in the north had craft skills (used to be slaves of artisans), they were largely excluded from the benefits of the market revolution, seen as nothing more than competition for white Americans. African Americans were barred from many public facilities, so free African American societies created their own institutional lives (centered around mutual aid and education) and independent churches. Many employers refused to hire free African Americans in anything but menial positions, and white customers did not wish to be served by them.

William Lloyd Garrison

White Radical abolitionist who demanded immediate emancipation of slaves without compensation to slaveowners. 1831: Garrison founded The Liberator: antislavery newspaper. 1833: American Anti-Slavery Society founded by Garrison. Also believed in gender equity - allowed for women to speak up in American Anti=Slavery conventions.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams, closely tied to politics. Wrote "Remember the ladies" to John Adam when he was writing the new government (they forgot).

Frontier

Wilderness at the edge of a country - refers to undeveloped/uninhabited land of the US (well, uninhabited by white citizens. There were plenty of Natives that got pushed out)

Pragmatism

William James, believed truth is not found though abstract means but through action

Marbury v Madison

William Marbury was part of John Adam's midnight appointments, claimed the administration and Secretary of state James Madison was withholding his commission for the office of justice of the peace in DC. Judiciary Act declared unconstitutional. Court had no power to order Madison to deliver the commission, but the power of the court to declare things as unconstitutional was established (Judiciary Review).

The "New Woman" (Gilded Age)

Women more independent and less domestic. Many saw as corruption of the ideal pure and helpless woman.

Women and the War Effort (WWII)

Women played a major role during WWII by entering jobs in the defense industry. Many jobs previously limited to men made available to them, but most were fired after the war.

Tallmadge Amendment

Would have prohibited bringing more slaves into Missouri if it became a state. Declared that those born as slaves would be set free after 25 yrs. Passed by House of Rep but rejected by Senate, caused a lot of controversy between the north and south.

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

Wounded by his own side, died of pneumonia. Robert E Lee's right hand man, death meant lost of great general and demoralized soldiers.

Writs of Assistance

Writs of assistance were court orders that authorized customs officers to conduct general (non-specific) searches of premises for contraband. The exact nature of the materials being sought did not have to be detailed, nor did their locations. Declared an abuse of power by James Otis.

Looking Backwards (1888)

Written by Edward Bellamy, about a Bostonian who wakes up in the year 2000 in a socialist utopia. Advocated socialism during the Gilded Age

Uncle Toms Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Novel modeled on the fugitive slave Josiah Henson, image of a brutal slaveholder Simon Legree that sells Uncle Tom from his family portraying slavery as a threat to the family & the cult of domesticity.

On Civil Disobedience

Written by Henry David Thoreau, prioritize conscience over laws, criticizes American social institutions and policies, especially slavery and the Mexican-American War.

Progress and Poverty

Written by Henry George, exposed the wealth gap in American society, proposed a "single tax" on land replacing all other taxes in order to equalize wealth and raise revenue for the poor (single tax ultimately wasn't supported much)

Sink or Swim

Written by Horatio Alger, said that anyone could be wealthy with hard work.

History of the Standard Oil Company (1904)

Written by Ida Tarbell. Exposed the arrogance and economic machinations of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Written by Jefferson & Madison, challenged the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts declaring them unconstitutional. Jefferson suggested nullification

Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer

Written by John Dickinson to protest the Townshend Acts

The Shame of the Cities (1901-1902)

Written by Lincoln Steffens, exposed how party bosses and business leaders profited off of political corruption

Freeport Doctrine

Written by Stephan A. Douglas. Argued that territorial legislatures couldn't exclude slavery by not passing laws to protect it. Douglas loses south support over this.

*The Crisis

Written by Thomas Paine - "These are the times that try men's souls, the summer soldier & the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country, but he that stands it now deserves... love and thanks....". Gives thanks to those who are staying and fighting. Trying to boost morale, read by Washington during Valley Forge.

Common Sense

Written by Thomas Paine, called for colonists to see the abuses of the king and practical reasons for severing ties with England. -- Involving in British conflicts, hurting trade, could trade with anyone without them, governed by an island, long communication

Helen Hunt Jackson

Wrote "A Century of Dishonor" published 1882, which depicted the broken promises of US treaties.

Edward Bellamy (1850-1898)

Wrote "Looking Backward" - book that advocated socialism during Gilded Age

Theodore Dreiser

Wrote "Sister Carrie", portraying difficult factory conditions.

John Greenleaf Whittier

Wrote "Snowbound"

Lincoln Steffens (1866-1936)

Wrote "The Shame of Minneapolis," "Tweed Days in St Louis," and "The Shame of the Cities" both printed in McClure's Magazine. Prominent Muckraker in the Progressive Era

Thomas Paine

Wrote Common Sense, called for colonists to see the abuses of the king and practical reasons for severing ties with England.

Framers

Wrote Constitution - Founding Fathers

Walt Whitman

Wrote Leaves of Grass

Matthew Smith 1810-1879

Wrote Sunshine and Shadow 1869, which contrasted the living conditions of rich and poor in New York. Helped gain sympathy for labor force

Hinton R. Helper

Wrote The Impending Crisis, a book about slavery. He said the non-slave holding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. He was captured and killed by Southerners

J. Reuben Clark

Wrote the Clark Memorandum, repudiating the Roosevelt Corollary to some degree.

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence, Deist, "the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God," not the British constitution or the heritage of the freeborn Englishman, justified independence, against King George III

Southern Yeomen vs Planters

Yeomen (or small) farmers worked their own farms; may have had 1 or 2 slaves but possibly none; made up majority of population; often could not produce much of surplus so mostly subsistence farmers; often resided in backcountry.... Planter class- small % of population; large # slaves on large plantations; w/ wealth had best land. Yeoman farmers resented wealthy planters, but also aspired to own their own slaves/ wealth as well.

Flappers

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion. Went against societal standards for women.

Zoning (Progressivism)

Zoning districts sectioned off areas of the city. Through zoning, rather than letting private markets decide what, where, and how to build something, that process could now go through a more democratic process (elected officials developed and approved a zoning plan)

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal. Legitimized the Jim Crow Laws

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply. First efficient banking system since 2nd bank of the US.

pueblo

a communal village built by Indians in the southwestern United States

Court Injunctions

a court order that prevents a party from performing a specific act and may be temporary or permanent (often used against striking labor unions)

Federal Trade Commission

a federal agency established in 1914 to investigate and stop unfair business practices

National American Woman Suffrage Association

a group formed by leading suffragist in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony

4 minute men

a group of volunteers authorized by United States President Woodrow Wilson, to give four-minute speeches on topics given to them by The Committee on Public Information in support of the war.

Scientific Management

a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it. First conceptualized by Frederick Winslow Taylor

Second New Deal

a new set of programs in the spring of 1935, also known as the Second Hundred Days. Through Huey Long, Francis Townsend, and the CIO, the idea that a lack of consumer demand was what caused the Depression was popularized. While the first deal focused on economic recovery the second focused on economic security, and restoring the consumer demand. Roosevelt saw the Second New Deal as a way expanding the meaning of freedom to a broader group of Americans. However, the reality was that inherited ideas of gender and black disenfranchisement powerfully affected the drafting of legislation, leading to different groups being impacted in radically different ways.

Recession

a period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced, generally identified by a fall in GDP in two successive quarters. Recessions include Great Depression (Period 7), 1960 recession (ended with Kennedy's stimulus spending) (Period 8), 1970s stagflation caused by Oil Embargo with Nixon freezing prices and taking the US off the gold standard (Period 8), The dotcom bubble in 2001 (Period 9), and the housing bubble in 2008 (Period 9)

Whiskey Ring

a scandal, exposed in 1875, involving diversion of tax revenues in a conspiracy among government agents, politicians, whiskey distillers, and distributors.

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

aka 10 Percent Plan, full pardon to all southerners who swear allegiance to the Union and acknowledge emancipation. Once 10% or more of voting population in a state has taken the oath, authorized to set up a loyal government.

Intolerable Acts

aka Coercive Acts, punishment for the Boston Tea Party. 1) Port of Boston closed until tea paid for, 2) Massachusetts government re-structured, Upper house made appointive (was elective) body, Town meetings permitted only once a year, 3) Accused officials to be tried in England, not America. In England more likely to get acquitted., 4) Quartering of troops, Army authorized to quarter troops wherever needed (Quartering Act)

Gallipoli Plan

aka Convoy Plan, developed by Admiral William S. Sims to use Allied destroyers to escort merchant ships.

Operation Overlord

aka D-Day, The codename of the Allies Invasion of Normandy, France. Largest sea-land operation in history.

Convoy Plan

aka Gallipoli Plan, developed by Admiral William S. Sims to use Allied destroyers to escort merchant ships.

Olaudah Equiano

aka Gustavus Vassa. Slave that published "The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano", was the most widely read account of a slave's experiences.

Coercive Acts

aka Intolerable Acts, punishment for the Boston Tea Party 1) Port of Boston closed until tea paid for 2)Massachusetts government re-structured, Upper house made appointive (was elective) body, Town meetings permitted only once a year 3) Accused officials to be tried in England, not America. In England more likely to get acquitted. 4) Quartering of troops, Army authorized to quarter troops wherever needed (Quartering Act)

Queen Anne's War

aka King William's war, The War of Spanish Succession, cost the British a lot of money.

Moral Diplomacy

aka Missionary Diplomacy, Woodrow Wilson idea that the United States should refuse to recognize hostile governments in Latin America to democracy or American interests. Tested when Mexico gov was overthrown by Victoriano Huerta, whose

Missionary Diplomacy

aka Moral Diplomacy, Woodrow Wilson idea that the United States should refuse to recognize hostile governments in Latin America to democracy or American interests. Tested when Mexico gov was overthrown by Victoriano Huerta, whose government was not recognized

Volstead Act

aka National Prohibition Act, Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.

Newlands Act 1902

aka National Reclamation Act, used the revenue from land sales in 16 western states to pay for irrigation projects in the arid states. Attempt by US to develop the West and counteract the dryness

National Reclamation Act 1902

aka Newlands Act, used the revenue from land sales in 16 western states to pay for irrigation projects in the arid states. Attempt by US to develop the West and counteract the dryness

Gustavus Vassa

aka Olaudah Equiano, Slave that published "The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano", was the most widely read account of a slave's experiences.

The Grange 1867

aka Patrons of Husbandry, association formed by farmers in the late 1800s for farmers to share information about crops, prices, and supplies. Shared complaints led to Farmer's Alliances, eventually leading to the Populist Movement.

10 Percent Plan

aka Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, full pardon to all southerners who swear allegiance to the Union and acknowledge emancipation. Once 10% or more of voting population in a state has taken the oath, authorized to set up a loyal government.

The War of Spanish Succession

aka Queen Anne's War, King William's War, cost the British a lot of money.

*King William's War

aka Queen Anne's war, War of Spanish Succession, cost the British a lot of money.

Reconstruction Act

aka Radical Reconstruction, 1)1867: South under military rule (reorganized under 5 military districts) 2) allowed for quick readmission if black suffrage fully secured, Congress seeks (more radical) slower reconstruction, demanding protection/basic rights of citizenship for freedmen & that "loyal" men would replace the Confed elite in positions of power

Radical Reconstruction

aka Reconstruction Act, 1)1867: South under military rule (reorganized under 5 military districts) 2) allowed for quick readmission if black suffrage fully secured, Congress seeks (more radical) slower reconstruction, demanding protection/basic rights of citizenship for freedmen & that "loyal" men would replace the Confed elite in positions of power

National Prohibition Act

aka Volstead Act, Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.

Patrons of Husbandry 1867

aka the Grange, association formed by farmers in the late 1800s for farmers to share information about crops, prices, and supplies. Shared complaints led to Farmer's Alliances, eventually leading to the Populist Movement.

Lend-Lease Policy

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S, even if they did not have the funds to afford them. Loosened Neutrality Acts.

Bland-Allison Silver Purchase Act

an 1878 law passed over the veto of President Rutherford B. Hayes requiring the U.S. treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. The goal was to subsidize the silver industry in the Mountain states and inflate prices.

Pink Star

an American Merchant ship that was sunk off Greenland.

Quartering Act

an act passed by the British that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists. One of the Intolerable Acts.

Sand Creek

an attack on a village of sleeping Cheyenne Indians by a regiment of Colorado militiamen on 29 November 1864 that resulted in the death of more than 200 tribal members

Frederick W Taylor

an engineer, an inventor. Famous for scientific-management especially time-management studies. Emphasized enforcement of work standardization and cooperation. Wrote "The Principles of Scientific Management"

National Urban League

an interracial organization formed in 1910 to help solve social problems facing African Americans who lived in the cities

North Star

antislavery newspaper published by Fredrick Douglass

Charles J. Guiteau

assassinated President James A. Garfield to make civil service reform a reality. Shot Garfield because he believed that the Republican Party had not fulfilled its promise to give him a government job

H. L. Mencken

attacked patriotism, prohibition, and other timely topics in his monthly magazine "The American Mercury"

Josiah Strong

author of Our Country, on Anglo-Saxon superiority; popular American minister who linked Anglo-Saxonism to Christian missionary ideas, argued for expanding trade and dominion, believed Anglo-Saxons were members of a God-favored race destined to lead the world.

4 stipulations demanded by Mexican government to settle Texas

become Mexican citizens, adopt Catholicism, only own indentured servants(slavery abolished), pay US import tax

American Exceptionalism

belief that the US has a special mission to serve as a refuge from tyranny, a symbol of freedom, and a model for the rest of the world

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

bill that provided that territory from land ordinance would be divided into 5 separate territories that when reaching 60,000 population could apply for statehood (provided a system for future states), on of the few successes of the Articles of Confederation

Looking Backward

book written by Edward Bellamy; described experience of a young Bostonian who slept in 1887 and woke up in 2000 to find the social order changed, large trusts that had grown grew and combined to create one big one that would distribute the wealth among everyone and eliminate class divisions-called it nationalism

Smoked Yankees

buffalo soldier. Nickname given to members of African American cavalry regiments of the U.S. Army who served in the western U.S

How the Other Half Lives (1890)

by Jacob Riis, exposed to the public the living conditions of the poor including photographs.

Comstock Law

censored "immoral" material from the public, essentially birth control and sex education.

John O' Sullivan

coined the term "manifest destiny"

Cash and Carry Policy

countries such as Britain and France would have to pay for American goods in cash and provide transportation for them. This would keep US ships out of the war zone and eliminate the need for war loans. Loosened Neutrality Acts.

trickle down theory

decreased income taxes for the wealthy would promote business and therefore the whole economy

Why did cotton dominate?

demand for textiles, available good soil, existence of cheap labor, natural transpiration systems in south, cotton gin.

The Panic of 1819

depression caused by over-speculation in western lands, poor state banking practices - 'wildcat' banks, overextension of credit, borrowers can't repay debts

Great Arsenal of Democracy

describes the idea that the US must become the producer/supplier of war materials for the allies

Galveston Hurricane

devastating hurricane that killed more than 8,000 people in 1900. helped spur demands that local and state governments be more responsive to people's needs. Led to the city adopted commissions of appointed experts instead of elected officials.

Nickelodeons

early movie theaters that showed short movies at a cheap price

Victorian Code

emphasis on morals, manners, and good behavior served to heighten the sense of class differences of post-civil war generation

Jingoism

extreme patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy

Daniel Boone

famous early pioneer who cleared Wilderness Road, a new route to the west. Wilderness Road became the main route used to cross the Appalachian Mountains

Tuskegee Airmen

famous segregated unit of African-American pilots

Merrimac vs. Monitor

first battle of ironclad warships, met on a river and the fought for two days, result was indecisive. Shows superiority of ironclads over wooden ships.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

fought for African American equality in cases such as Guinn v. United States and Buchanan v. Warley. Founded as a part of the Niagara Movement