APUSH chapters 2-5 vocab
Jamestown
(1607) The first permanent English settlement in the Americas, upon arrival in Jamestown, Indians attacked the English colonists, living conditions were very bad- few survived and many starved.
Conquistador
(example) Spanish explorer, dominated Central America in the 17th century, exploited Indians for "God Gold Glory"
Mercantilism; Navigation Acts
1650 and 1651- colonial goods must be transported in English ships with fully English crews; reflected the English governments assumption of mercantilism. 1660- import tax of two pence on every pound of colonial tobacco brought into England, giving the king a large financial interest in the tobacco crop.
King Philip's War
1675, when warfare between Indians and colonists erupted in the Chesapeake and New England. Started when New Englanders steadily encroached on Indian lands, to which the Wampanoag's struck back with attacks on settlements in western Massachusetts. A deadly sequence of battles that killed over a thousand colonists and thousands more Indians. Colonists were victorious after burning the Indian's food supplies.
Roger Williams
A Puritan minister who immigrated to the Massachusetts from England in 1631. He strongly insisted that Indians' religion and culture should be respected and believed that God made all mankind and therefore nature knows no difference between Europeans and Americans. Williams disagreed with most New England Puritans about many things, including the idea that churches and governments should enforce both godly belief and behavior according to biblical rules and the requirement that everyone must attend church service. Due to the criticism he received in Massachusetts for his ideas, Williams founded the colony of Rhode Island, which served as a refuge for other dissenters like him.
Jonathan Edwards
A Puritan minister who reemphasized traditional Puritan doctrines of humanity's utter depravity and God's vengeful omnipotence.
Hernan Cortes
A Spaniard who became the richest and most famous conquistador after his march into the Mexican mainland and the kidnapping of Montezuma, the emperor of Tenochtitlán. He defeated the Mexica on August 13th,1521
Rhode Island
A colony founded by Roger Williams that enshrined "Liberty of Conscience" as a fundamental ideal and became a refuge for other dissenters.
Anne Hutchinson (antinomian)
A devout Puritan woman steeped in Scripture and absorbed by religious questions. A skilled midwife and dissenter who held popular weekly lectures which many attended. Believed that many of the colony's leaders affirmed the Arminian covenant of works. Had charges brought against her by John Winthrop in 1637 and was excommunicated by the Boston church in 1638.
Bacon's Rebellion
A dispute over Virginia's Indian policy, convulsed Chesapeake politics and society, caused hostility between the great planters and their poorer neighbors, started by Nathaniel Bacon on Berkeley and the other grandees when Berkeley pronounced Bacon a rebel. Was not successful.
Dominion of New England
A dominion created by the monarchy in 1686 that included Massachusetts and the other colonies north of Maryland. Was created after an agent of the king was sent to investigate whether New England was abiding by English laws and found that they were not. An attempt by the monarchy to govern New England more directly. The dominion was governed by Sir Edmund Andros, who was disliked by many because of his disregard of Puritan traditions. The Dominion of New England invalidated all land titles, causing many to lose their land.
Virginia Company
A joint stock company that received from King James a grant of over six million acres in North America.
Town meeting
A meeting composed of a town's inhabitants and freemen that chose the selectmen and other officials who administered local affairs. Almost every adult man could speak out and vote, however women were prohibited from voting.
William Bradford
A pilgrim who was elected governor of Plymouth, established good relationship with the Wampanoag Indians.
Mayflower Compact
A pledge made by the pilgrims upon arrival in Cape Cod when they realized that they had landed far north of the Virginia land they were granted and had no legal authority to settle in the area. This pledged to "covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation."
Iroquois
A powerful Indian tribe close to New England.
John Winthrop
A prosperous lawyer and landowner who was elected by the Massachusetts Bay Company to serve as governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Winthrop and his Puritans aspired to reform the corrupt Church of England by setting an example of godliness in the New World.
Stono Rebellion
A slave rebellion in Stono, South Carolina in 1739, which was not successful. A group of slaves plundered and burned more than a half dozen plantations and killed more than twenty white men, women and children. This rebellion illustrated that eighteenth-century slaves had no chance of overturning slavery.
Caravel
A small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th-17th centuries.
Columbian Exchange
A transatlantic exchange of goods, people, and ideas that has continued ever since Columbus's arrival in the Caribbean. This influenced both the European and Indian cultures severely because both became more knowledgeable about the other's ways.
Treaty of Tordesillas
A treaty between Spain and Portugal where Spain got land to the left of the line of Tordesillas, and Portugal got land to the right.
John Rolfe
An English colonist who married Pocahontas.
Captain John Smith
An English explorer who was captured by warriors of Powhatan six months after arriving at Jamestown with the first English colonists. He was saved by Pocahontas, Powhatan's daughter.
Wampanoag Indians
An Indian tribe who rescued the pilgrims at Plymouth by teaching them how to cultivate corn and harvest food. Celebrated with a feast of thanksgiving held by the pilgrims.
House of Burgesses
An assembly of representatives elected by the colony's inhabitants.
Jacques Cartier
French explorer sent to voyage in the St. Lawrence river; brought a group of sailors; attempt failed.
William Berkeley
Governor of Virginia who pronounced Nathaniel Bacon a rebel and who fought against Bacon's Rebellion until his victory.
Ben Franklin
Grew up in Boston; served as an apprentice to his brother James, a printer; read avidly; escaped his apprenticeship and ran away to New York, where he could not find a job and moved to Philadelphia; first president of the American Philosophical Society.
Scots-Irish
Immigrants who were from the north of Ireland, Scotland, and northern England. This group outnumbered German immigrants and were Protestants.
Massachusetts Bay Company
Joint-stock company chartered by Charles I in 1629; controlled by Non-Separatists who took the charter with them to New England and converted it into a written constitution for the colony.
Nathaniel Bacon
Leader of Bacon's Rebellion, Bacon listened to the grievances of the small planters and poor farmers, became a burgess and got the new legislature to pass "Bacon's Laws" which gave local settlers a voice, declared war against Berkeley and the other grandees.
Deism
Looking for God's plan in nature more than in the Bible; Deists shared the ideas of eighteenth-century European Enlightenment thinkers; science and reason can disclose God's laws in the natural order.
Pilgrims
One of the first Protestant groups to emigrate. Arrived in Cape Cod, Massachusetts at Plymouth in August 1620 on the Mayflower. Many died during the first winter, and the Wampanoag Indians later rescued the Plymouth settlement by teaching the pilgrims how to cultivate corn and harvest food. This relationship caused the pilgrims to live in peace with the Indians.
Pequot Indians, Metacomet
Pequot Indians- Hundreds were massacred by Massachusetts settlers in 1637 Metacomet- (colonists called him King Philip), Leader of the Wampanoags who initiated attacks on settlements in western Massachusetts during King Philip's war.
Indentured Servants
Poor immigrants who could not afford the trip to the New World so they traded their freedom and ability to work for a trip there. They were required to serve a period of servitude and were granted freedom once this period was over.
Powhatan, Pocahontas
Powhatan- the supreme chief of about 14,000 Algonquian people in present-day Virginia, captured John Smith. Pocahontas- Powhatan's daughter, rescued John Smith from being killed by her tribe. Was later captured by the English colonists, converted to Christianity, and married John Rolfe, an English colonist.
Quakers, William Penn
Quakers- "Members of the Society of Friends", Christians who arrived in Massachusetts in 1656. Many of their beliefs went against orthodox Puritanism, which caused many to be branded with an H. for heresie and some to be hung. Quakers believed that God spoke directly to each individual not through the Bible or preachers, but through an "inner light". They also believed that all human beings were equal in God's eyes, which caused them to respect the Indians and form good relationships with the local tribes. William Penn- Had a good relationship with Charles II, causing the king to make the proprietor of Pennsylvania, which Penn established into a genuinely Quaker colony. He was determined to live in peace with the Indians who inhabited Pennsylvania. Penn had extensive powers and had no hesitation when it came to using civil government to enforce religious morality.
Edmund Andros
Sent to Boston in 1686 to govern the Dominion of New England. Some New England merchants cooperated with Andros, but many disliked him because of his disregard of Puritan traditions. He was overthrown by Massachusetts colonists when William III came to power and the "Glorious Revolution" began. This revolution emboldened colonial uprisings against royal authority in Massachusetts, New York and Maryland.
Christopher Columbus
Spanish conquistador who commanded the three ships that discovered the Americas. His findings changed the history of the Native Americans, Europe, and of the whole world by creating trade and relationships between the people of the Old and New Worlds and inaugurated a geographical revolution in Europe.
Headright system
Started in Jamestown in 1930, an attempt to solve labor shortages due to the advent of the tobacco economy.
Lord Baltimore
The Catholic friend of King Charles I who was granted six and a half million acres and who intended to create a refuge for English Catholics on the land.
Halfway covenant
The compromise made by Massachusetts ministers in 1662 which allowed unconverted children of saints to become "halfway" church members; acted as a solution to the problem of declining church membership. These halfway members were allowed to baptize their infants, but were not allowed to participate in communion or to vote. This covenant created a controversy within Puritan churches.
Middle Passage
The crossing of the Atlantic (as a slave destined for auction) in the hold of a slave ship in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Conditions were unimaginably bad, and many slaves died during these voyages.
Predestination
The idea that all-powerful God, before the creation of the world, decided which few human souls would receive eternal life, and only God knows the identity of these fortunate, predestined individuals.
Puritanism
The ideas and religious principles held by dissenters from the Church of England, including the belief that the church needed to be purified by eliminating the elements of Catholicism from its practices.
Mestizos
The offspring of Spanish men and Indian women. Most were considered to be in the same social group as the Indians, which made up the bottom of the social pyramid. Many were born to unmarried parents.
Ecomienda
The system which empowered conquistadors to rule the Indians and the lands in and around their towns. This led to mistreatment of the Indians by the encomenderos and provided uncompensated Indian labor to the Spaniards.
Great Awakening
When many Christians became non-religious or deists, ministers set out to revive the piety of the faithful with a new style of preaching that appealed more to the heart than to the head.