APUSH: Era of Good Feelings to Gibbons v. Ogden
Democratic-Republican Party: "New School"
-most people adopted once Federalist ideals -maintaining a large army & navy -supported a national bank
Tariff of 1816: Opposition
-opposed by New England, which had little manufacturing -South & West thought it was needed for national prosperity
Panic of 1819: Effects
-many state banks closed -unemployment, bankruptcies, & imprisonment for debt increased sharply
Henry Clay
-from Kentucky -leader in House of Representatives -proposed a method for advancing the nation's economic growth
Marbury v. Madison
-1803 -established judicial review
Fletcher v. Peck
-1810 -law fraud in Georgia -Marshall said a state could not pass a legislation invalidating a contract -first time Supreme Court declared a state law unconstitutional & invalid
Martin v. Hunter's Lease
-1816 -Supreme Court established its jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights
McCulloch v. Maryland
-1819 -Maryland tried to tax the Second Bank of US -state could not tax a federal institution -"power to tax is the power to destroy"
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
-1819 -a New Hampshire law changed from a privately chartered college into a public institution -state law deemed unconstitutional -a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state
Gibbons v. Ogden
-1821 -NY wanted to grant monopoly to a steamboat company despite that conflicting with a charter by Congress -NY monopoly was unconstitutional -established federal government's broad control of interstate commerce
Cohens v. Virginia
-1821 -the Cohens illegally sold lottery tickets in Virginia -established that the Supreme Court could review a state court's decision involving any federal government powers
Virginia Dynasty
-4/5 first presidents from Virginia -John Adams from Massachusetts
Tariff of 1816: Purpose
-Congress raised tariffs to protect US manufacturers from competition -feared British goods would take away American business -first protective tariff in US history
John Marshall
-Federalist who continued to have influence -appointed as Chief Justice of Supreme Court in 1800 -favored central government & rights of property -his decisions defined the relationship between central government & the states
Cultural Examples of Nationalism
-Heroes of the Revolution were paintings by Gilbert Stuart, Charles Willson Peale, & John Trumbull -a widely read fictionalized biography on George Washington by Parson Mason Weems -Noah Webster's blue-backed speller promoted patriotism & was embraced by public schools
Democratic-Republican Party: "Old School"
-John Randolph -limited federal government -strict interpretation of Constitution
Government's Role in Internal Improvements
-Madison & Monroe said Constitution did not allow for spending federal money on roads & canals -Monroe vetoed acts of Congress providing funds to build roads & canals -individual states had to make internal improvements on their own
Election of 1816
-Monroe (DR) won -Federalist: Rufus King -183 to 34 electoral votes -in 1820, Monroe received every electoral vote but 1 -under Monroe, US gained Florida, agreed on Missouri Compromise, & adopted the Monroe Doctrine
Death of Federalist Part
-ceased to be a national party after crushing defeat in election of 1816 -did not nominate a presidential candidate in 1820
Panic of 1819 & the West
-depression most severe out West -many people in debt due to investing in land after the war -1819: Bank of US foreclosed large amounts of western farmland -economic crisis changed many voters' political outlooks -westerners called for land reform & expressed strong opposition to national bank & debtors' prisons
Era of Good Feelings
-describes Monroe's 2 terms -spirit of nationalism, optimism, & goodwill -DR: dominated politics -heated debates over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, & public land sales -tension over slavery -DR would soon split in 2 -actual good feelings only lasted from election of 1816 to Panic of 1819
Why did the Federalist Party decline?
-failure to adapt to the changing needs of a growing nation -opposed War of 1812 -led a secessionist convention in Hartford -out of step with the nationalist temper of the times
Panic of 1819: Causes
-first major financial panic since ratification of Constitution -fault of Second Bank of US, which tightened credit in a belated effort to control inflation
James Monroe
-fought in Revolutionary war -from Virginia -Jefferson's minister to Britain -Madison's secretary of state
Democratic-Republican Party: Why Split?
-political factions & sectional differences became more intense -election of 1824 split the party -4 candidates within the party ran
Benefits of American System
-protective tariffs would promote American manufacturing & raise revenue to build roads & canals -national bank would provide a national currency -tariffs benefit the East -internal improvements would promote growth in South & West -bank would aid economies of each section
Internal Improvements
-the building of roads & canals -a part of economic nationalism
Aspects of American System
1. protective tariffs 2. a national bank 3. internal improvements
American System: Implementation
1816: protective tariff & Second Bank of US were adopted by Congress
Nationalism
a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
What is an "implied power?"
even though no clause in the Constitution mentions a national bank, the federal government has the implied power to create one
