APUSH Exam
13th Amendment
1865 amendment to the Constitution abolishing slavery.
Korematsu v. United States
1944 SCOTUS case permitting internment camps
G.I. Bill
1944 law that provided services and subsidies to veterans
Okinawa
1945 campaign on a Japanese island that resulted in a US victory and massive casualties
Yalta Conference
1945 meeting between FDR, Churchill, and Stalin that shaped the UN but gave no decision about Germany and Poland postwar
Potsdam Conference
1945 meeting between Truman, Churchill, and Stalin that decided how Germany would be partitioned and the new world order postwar
Taft-Hartley Act
1947 law that made closed shops illegal
Dr. Spock
1950s doctor who wrote a very popular book about how to raise children
Brown v. Board of Education
1954 SCOTUS decision that overturned "separate but equal" and provided federal support for the civil rights movement
The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit
1956 movie about a WWII veteran and his PTSD
The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan
1963 book describing the frustration of American women with discrimination and limitation
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
1963 civil rights rally in DC led by MLK
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
1964 congressional act based in questionable accounts of attacks on US ships that authorized LBJ to make any decisions concerning Vietnam
Democratic National Convention of 1968
1968 event in Chicago that sparked massive antiwar protests
Stonewall riot
1969 riot of LGBTQ people fighting back against police brutality
Roe v. Wade
1973 SCOTUS decision that protected abortion federally
OPEC Oil Embargo
1973 cut off of Middle Eastern/Russian supply of oil in protest of US support of Israel that resulted in a huge American oil shortage
Camp David Accords
1978 peace treaty for the Middle East, specifically between Egypt and Israel
Tiananmen Square
1989 protest in Beijing for more political openness that was violently crushed by Chinese military causing many deaths
Iraq War
2003-2011 conflict between Western countries and Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein to depose him and set up a more democratic government
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare")
2010 legislation to reduce the number of uninsured Americans and decrease health care costs
Iran hostage crisis
444 days in which American embassy workers were held captive by revolutionaries in retaliation against an oppressive, American-backed government
Homestead Strike
892 strike against Carnegie that lasted four months and resulted in little change following a long conflict between workers and hired strikebreakers.
Little Rock Nine
9 Black students were barred from entering a recently desegregated school by the state government, but federal troops were sent to protect them
Scottsboro Case
9 Black teenagers who were accused of raping 2 white women and were convicted in an unfair trial
Harpers Ferry raid
raid led by John Brown in 1859 on a federal arsenal in Virginia.
Cuban Missile Crisis
13 day standoff between the USSR and the US over Soviet nuclear weapons being tested in Cuba that put the entire US under threat of nuclear annihilation
Salem Witch Trials
1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in Massachusettes that resulted in the killing of many women without evidence
King Philip's War/Metacom's War
1675 series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wampanoags that resulted in a colonist victory
Great Awakening
1700s religious revival in the American colonies that established many new protestant sects
Sugar Act
1764 British act that tried to tighten control over American trade with French and Spanish colonies.
Stamp Act Congress
1765 group of delegates that petitioned the British government that only the colonies could tax themselves.
Boston Tea Party
1773 Sons of Liberty (led by Samuel Adams) dumped tea from the British East India Company into the Boston harbor.
Battle of Concord
1775 first major battle of the Revolutionary War in MA that resulted in a surprising American victory.
Common Sense by Thomas Paine
1776 pamphlet that encouraged a full break between Britain and the US that built support for independence.
Articles of Confederation
1777 document that gave states independence (a firm league of friendship).
Virginia Statute of Religious Liberty
1777 law that guaranteed freedom of religion in Virginia and disestablished the state's official church.
Battle of Saratoga
1777 upstate NY battle that was a huge American victory and led directly to the French-American alliance.
Battle of Yorktown
1781 last battle of the Revolutionary War that led to the Treaty of Paris.
Shays's Rebellion
1786-1787 unsuccessful revolt by farmers from Western Massachusetts over class discontent (high taxes).
Whiskey Rebellion
1794 Federalists taxed whiskey, causing rural farmers to rebel, which was quickly shut down by Washington and the federal militia.
Jay's Treaty
1795 treaty to slow military tensions between Britain and America, get the British out of the Northwest territory, and force Americans to pay their debts to Britain.
Pinckney's Treaty
1795 treaty with Spain for New Orleans (on the mouth of the Mississippi River) that allowed Americans to store goods and have ports there.
Quasi War
1797-1800 unofficial war (especially naval) between the US and France.
Alien and Sedition Acts
1798 unconstitutional act restricting free speech that prompted the question of who is supposed to decide when a law is unconstitutional.
Embargo Act
1807 American Act placing an embargo on any foreign trade in order to harm Britain and increase domestic trade.
The Chesapeake
1807 British fired on and almost sank the Chesapeake and captured American sailors, causing national outrage at impressment.
Hartford Convention
1814 convention in which the Federalists preached states' rights to nullify acts of Congress that made the Federalists look disloyal and traitorous.
Missouri Compromise
1820 agreement brokered by Henry Clay that set the border line for slavery at the 36th parallel, admitted Missouri as a slave state, and admitted Maine as a free state.
"Tariff of Abominations"
1828 federal tariff hated by Southerners whose name was coined by John Calhoun.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
1854 law that got rid of the Missouri Compromise line and admitted Kansas and Nebraska as states that got to exercise popular sovereignty.
Pacific Railway Act
1862 legislation that provided federal funds to build a transcontinental railroad.
Homestead Act
1862 legislation that sold 160 acres of land for a low price if they agreed to 'improve the land' and live on it for five years.
Emancipation Proclamation
1863 document that freed all enslaved people in the Confederacy, promised that the military would defend their freedom, insisted that there would be no revolt, and allowed Black Americans to join the military.
Sand Creek Massacre
1864 Colorado massacre of Arapho and Cheyenne innocents by drunk Americans.
14th Amendment
1868 amendment granting citizenship to Black Americans and granting equal protection under the law.
15th Amendment
1870 amendment protecting suffrage for all male citizens regardless of race.
Battle of Little Bighorn
1876 Lakota battle in which they surprised Custer, surrounded his regiment, and killed them.
Great Railroad Strike
1877 strike against the eastern railroads that resulted in the first major national labor conflict in the US.
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 act that banned Chinese immigration for 10 years and barred Chinese people in the US from becoming naturalized.
Pendleton Act
1883 federal legislation requiring federal bureaucrats to be chosen as a result of testing, and protecting them from political prejudice.
Desert Land Act
1887 act that allowed individuals to buy singificant land for cheap as long as they farmed on it.
Dawes Severalty Act
1887 act that gradually got rid of tribal ownership of land and forced indigenous people to abandon their collective societies and assimilate.
Interstate Commerce Act
1887 federal legislation to limit the power railroad monopolies had.
McKinley Tariff
1888 high protective tariff drafted by Republicans.
How the Other Half Lives (Jacob Riis)
1890 book about living in tenements.
Sherman Antitrust Act
1890 federal legislation to limit the power of corporations that was weakened over time.
Wounded Knee Massacre
1890 massacre of 300 Lakota people by white Americans
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 SCOTUS decision that ruled that separate facilities for Black Americans and white Americans were legal as long as they were equal.
Spanish-American War
1898 war that took place in Spanish colonies and resulted in the US getting those colonies.
Platt Amendment
1901 legislation taking political liberty from Cuba.
Hepburn Act
1906 legislation regulating railroad rates.
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
1914 legislation that proposed strong measures to break up trusts, but was weakened in Congress.
Espionage Act
1917 legislation that let the government prosecute more spying, sabotage, and obstruction of the war effort.
Sedition Act
1918 legislation that outlawed public opposition to the war.
Palmer Raids
1920 illegal police actions targeting radical centers.
The Great Gatsby
1925 novel about materialism.
Kellogg-Briand Plan
1928 agreement between the Allied powers to no longer go to war
Agricultural Adjustment Administration
1933 act that aimed to protect farmers from price drops but ultimately failed
Good Neighbor Policy
1933 foreign policy stating that the US would not intervene in domestic Latin American affairs
Midway
1942 US naval victory over Japan, sinking four Japanese aircraft carriers
D-Day
1944 Allied invasion on the beaches of Normandy that led to the liberation of France
George Washington
American general and president who was respected by all of America and set precedent for the executive branch.
Benedict Arnold
American general who committed treason and betrayed the Americans.
Nathanael Greene
American general who won the final battles of the revolution.
Manifest Destiny
American ideal of moving Westward and expanding the country.
Annexation of Puerto Rico (Foraker Act)
American military rule of Puerto Rico following the Spanish-American war ended, and Puerto Rico became a US territory.
Monroe Doctrine
American statement saying that the US would not intervene in European affairs as long as Europe did not interfere in the Americas.
Patriots
Americans who wanted independence.
War Hawks
Americans who were in strong support of a war against Britain.
Osama bin Laden
Arab terrorist who led Al Qaeda
Tenochitlan
Aztec capital city that is now the site of Mexico City
Albany Plan
Benjamin Franklin's rejected plan to create a unified government for the colonies.
A. Philip Randolph
Black civil rights and labor leader
Atlanta Compromise
Booker T. Washington's philosophy that Black Americans should not fight for political rights and instead focus on self-improvement and preparation for equality.
Navigation Acts
British act declaring that raw materials from their North American colonies have to be exported only to Britain.
Currency Act
British act that regulated paper money issued by the colonies that angered Americans.
Mutiny Act
British act that required colonists to he;p provision and maintain the army.
Atlantic Charter
British and American statement in 1941 that defined their vision for the postwar world
John Burgoyne
British general and politician who played a major role in the Revolutionary War.
Prohibitory Act
British legislation that created a blockade and served as a declaration of war.
Intolerable/Coercive Acts
British legislature passed on the colonies to limit their economic and political power.
Lusitania
British passenger ship sunk by Germany in 1915 with many US citizens on board.
Royal Proclamation of 1763
British proclamation forbidding colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Proposition 13
Californian "tax revolt" that capped the state's real estate tax, greatly decreasing funding for government services
Gospel of Wealth
Carnegie's book stating that the riich had a responsibility to use their money to advance social progress.
Father Charles Coughlin
Catholic priest who denounced the New Deal on his radio show
Mormons
Christian sect founded by Joseph Smith based in the return to tradition.
Copperheads
Democrats opposed to the Civil War.
Separatists
English Protestants who wanted to leave the Church of England
John Smith
English explorer who helped found and govern Jamestown, Virginia
Royal African Company
English joint-stock company that had a monopoly on the slave trade
George Whitefield
English oriest who started the Great Awakening and traveled the colonies giving sermons
Quakers
English pacifist dissenters who broke from the Church of England
Court Packing Plan
FDR's failed attempt to increase the # of SCOTUS judges so his New Deal programs wouldn't be overturned
"Fireside chats"
FDR's radio broadcasts informally explaining New Deal programs
Glasnost
Gorbachev's policy of a more open government and wider dissemination of information
Perestroika
Gorbachev's policy of freeing and reforming the Soviet economy
Maysville Road veto
Jackson vetoed the federal construction of a road entirely in Kentucky because it was not related to interstate commerce.
Trail of Tears / Indian Removal Act
Jacksonian forcing of indigenous people off of their land to new Western territories on foot that resulted in horrible casualties.
"common man"
Jacksonian/Jeffersonian ideal of what the average American is/should be.
John Rolfe
Jamestown colony leader who showed that tobacco could be grown successfully in Virginia
Kamikaze
Japanese suicide pilots
Johnson's impeachment
Johnson was impeached due to his refusal to follow the Tenure of Office Act and his being an obstacle to Reconstruction.
New York draft riots
July 1863 riot because of conscription and the ability to pay to get out of it in which Black workers were targeted.
Ten Percent Plan
Lincoln's mild and lenient plan to readmit seceeded states to the Union if 10% of voters in that state swore loyalty to the Union, voted to abolish slavery, and agreed to set up schools for newly freed Black Americans.
Commonwealth v. Hunt
MA court case that ruled that labor unions and strikes were legal.
Virginia Plan
Madiison's plan that called for two houses of legislature with bodies in proportion to their population.
Braceros
Mexican guest workers in the US during WWII
Vicksburg
Mississippi battle that resulted in a Union victory and total Northern control of the Mississippi.
Joseph and Mary Brant
Mohawk brother and sister who joined the British when the Iroquois Confederacy split.
Malcolm X
Muslim leader of the civil rights movement who promoted Black Power and was assassinated in 1965
William Tweed
NYC Tammany Hall political boss.
Coney Island
NYC amusment park.
Tammany Hall
NYC political machine.
Hudson River School
NYC romantic art institute.
Works Progress Administration
New Deal agency that provided jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings
Securities and Exchange Commission
New Deal agency that regulated financial markets and investment companies
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
New Deal government agency that provided insurance for customers their bank failed
Tennessee Valley Authority
New Deal program that built dams to control flooding and produce electricity for rural areas
Civilian Conservation Corps
New Deal program that hired unemployed young men to work on environmental/preservation projects
Social Security Act
New Deal program that provided retirement and unemployment insurance
National Recovery Administration
New Deal program that regulated production, prices, and wages
CREEP
Nixon's committee for re-election that raised funds unethically
"Silent Majority"
Nixon's term to describe conservative voters
Vietnamization
Nixon's way of describing transferring responsibility for the war to the South Vietnamese
Tet Offensive
North Vietnamese attack on US strongholds in Vietnam in 1968 that greatly decreased American support for the war
Thaddeus Stevens
Pennsylvania representative who was an abolitionist leader of the Radical Republicans.
Puritans
Protestant religious group who wanted to purify the church and fled to America
Popés Rebellion/Pueblo Revolt
Pueblo indigenous rebellion that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico
John Winthrop
Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony
Reagan Doctrine
Reagan administration's commitment to hurting the USSR by supporting militant anti-communist groups internationally
"Tear down this wall"
Reagan's challenge to Gorbachev to follow through with his liberalization reforms and end the division of Berlin
"Evil empire"
Reagan's description of the USSR during the beginning of his ending of détente
"Reganomics"
Regan's economic policies of deregulating business, reducing corporate tax rates, and lowering federal tax rates for higher level incomes
Wade-Davis Bill
Republican bill that proposed states readmission to the Union with 50% voting instead of 10% and that banned Confederate soldiers from voting.
Henry Cabot Lodge
Republican senator who opposed the Treaty of Versailles after WWI.
New Nationalism vs. New Freedom
Roosevelt's vs. Wilson's progressive approach; Roosevelt focused more on social reform, and Wilson focused on economic, free-market reform.
Compromise of 1877
Rutherford B. Hayes's promise to withdraw federal troops for the South and end Reconstruction in exchange for the support of the South in his 1876 presidential election.
Marbury v. Madison
SCOTUS case that established precedent for the power of the court to nullify an act of Congress.
Schenck v. United States
SCOTUS case that ruled that the First Amendment does not protect all speech.
Bush v. Gore
SCOTUS case that ruled the Florida recounts in the 2000 election unconstitutional, leading to Bush's victory
Schechter v. United States
SCOTUS case that struck down the National Recovery Act
Dred Scott v. Sandford
SCOTUS decision in which it was ruled that Black people in America were not citizens and that enslaved people were property and therefore ownership was protected by the Bill of Rights.
Olive Branch Petition
Second Continental Congress petition that was a final attempt to avoid war between Britain and the US.
Andrew Mellon
Secretary of the Treasury following WWI who greatly reduced taxes.
James Henry Hammond
South Carolina senator who defended and promoted slavery.
Cahokia
Southeast indigenous settlement and trading hub
Sun Belt
Southern and Southwestern states with warm climates and recent, rapid population growth
The Lost Cause
Southern idea that painted the Civil War as a lost cause and something to be dedicated and romanticized.
slave codes
Southern laws to control enslaved people.
Adams-Onís (Transcontinental) Treaty
Spain gave Florida to the US in exchange for Texas.
Catholic missions
Spanish Catholic settlements in the Americas that spread religion and forced conversion
Conquistadores
Spanish conquerors
Bartolome Las Casas
Spanish priest and missionary who begged for better treatment for indigenous Americans
Alger Hiss
State Department official accused of being a communist spy; charges were dropped but he was eventually convicted of perjury
Jean Jacque Rousseau
Swiss philosopher who influenced the Age of Enlightenment.
Headright System
The Virginia Company's system in which settlers each received 50 acres of land
Open Door Policy
US asked imperialist powers in China to allow them to do trade without interference and was denied.
Pearl Harbor
US base in Hawaii that was bombed by Japan in 1941, causing the US to enter the war
U.S.S. Maine
US battleship that exploded in Havana in 1898, starting the Spanish-American War.
My Lai
US massacre of hundreds of innocent Vietnamese villagers
War of 1812
US vs. Britain/indigenous that resulted in a mild American victory and much better British-American relations that started due to impressment, land goals, and tensions with indigenous North Americans.
American emigration to Mexican territory
US-Mexico trade strengthened and many Americans moved into Mexican territory to take the jobs of Mexican traders.
Sherman's March to the Sea
Union march all the way through Georgia to the coast where Union soldiers destroyed Southern resources and towns and liberated enslaved people.
Battle of Antietam
Union victory in Maryland that stopped Lee from invading the North and could have resulted in the North winning the entire war, but instead resulted in very high casualties.
Great White Fleet
WWI US navy.
Washington's Farewell Address
Washington's speech upon leaving the presidency that preached unity and smoke againsts party divisions.
Open-range ranching
Western ranching in which cattle roam freely regardless of property ownership.
Log Cabin Campaign (Election of 1840)
William Henry Harrison's presidential campaign as a simple man of the people.
Fourteen Points
Wilson's list of reasons the US should fight in WWI.
Joseph McCarthy
Wisconsin senator who led anti-communist witch hunts with no evidence
Battle of Tippecanoe
a horrific attack on indigenous people in Indiana by whitie colonizers.
"Era of Good Feelings"
a period mainly during Monroe's presidency in which there was no war, the US was expanding geographically and economically, nationalism was on the rise, and the Federalist party declined majorly.
Frederick Douglass
abolitionist who escaped from slavery and spoke on tours around the country.
John Brown
abolitionist who led the Harpers Ferry raid and died for his cause.
Specie Circular
act forcing people to pay for federal land in gold coins (species).
Tea Act
act of taxation to help the British East India Company that gave them a monopoly on the sale of tea in the colonies.
Steamboats
advancements in water transportation that allowed for faster and smaller transportation in canals.
NOW
advocacy organization for women's rights
Booker T. Washington
advocate for Black education.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
advocate for US militarized imperialism using the navy.
"Jingoes"
advocates against isolationism.
War Industries Board
agency created to coordinate purchases of war supplies.
Gentlemen's Agreement
agreement between Roosevelt and Japan in which Japanese immigration would be limited.
5-Power Pact
agreement between the US, France, Britain, Japan, and Italy limiting the size of their navies
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
agreement that created a free-trade area among the US, Canada, and Mexico
17th Amendment
amendment granting direct election of senators.
19th Amendment
amendment granting women's suffrage.
18th Amendment
amendment instituting prohibition.
16th Amendment
amendment legalizing a federal income tax.
Closed shop
an agreement in which a company agrees to hire only union members
"Right to Life"
anti-abortion movement
Temperance Movement
anti-alcohol movement to prevent poverty and drunkenness and protect women and children.
Nativism
anti-immigrant discrimination.
Harlem Renaissance
artistic movement of Black intellectuals in NYC.
Bacon's Rebellion
attack led by Nathaniel Bacon with farmers to attack indigenous people to gain more land
McCormick Reaper
automatic reaper that made grain harvesting significantly easier.
Escapism
avoiding harsh realities; done by the upper classes to ignore poverty
Prohibition
ban on the sale and manufacture of alcoholic beverages.
Bank of the United States
bank created by Hamilton in order to stimulate the American economy and protect the US.
Battle of New Orleans
battle in which the US very successfully defended New Orleans against the British that occurred after the peace treaty was signed.
Jack Kerouac
beat author of "On the Road"
salutary neglect
beneficial lack of enforcement of a law.
"City on a hill"
biblical ideal invoked by John Winthrop of a society governed by civil liberty that would be an example to the world
Election of 2008
blow-out election between Barack Obama and John McCain
Haymarket Square bombing
bombing at a strike against McCormick in Chicago that resulted in the downfall of the Knights of Labor.
Democracy in America (Tocqueville)
book about American democracy that became popular in Europe and exposed the strengths and weaknesses of the American government.
Edward R. Murrow
broadcaster whose work led to the censure of McCarthy
Gibbons v. Ogden
case concerning interstate commerce and monopolies in which it was ruled that the federal government, not the states, can regulate interstate commerce.
Scopes Trial
case over the debate whether to teach evolution or creationism in schools.
Worcester v. Georgia
case ruling that indigenous people are free from state authority but under control of the federal government.
Necessary evil vs. positive good
change in thinking/justification of proslavery people from the Jeffersonian to Jackson eras.
SNCC
civil right group that promoted non-violence and was ran by students
Rosa Parks
civil rights activist who was arrested for not giving her seat to a white man on a bus
Freedom rides
civil rights protests in which Black and white students traveled on interstate buses through segregated states
Elastic (or necessary and proper) clause
clause in the Constitution stating that the government has the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated powers in the Constitution.
Article X of the League of Nations
clause requiring the US to respect the territory of members of the League of Nations.
Election of 2000
close election between George W. Bush and Al Gore that came down to recounts in Florida
Zoot suit
clothes worn by Mexican-Americans during the 1940s
Popular Front
coalition of leftists that pushed for US involvement in Europe
Redeemers
coalition of middle/upper class white Southern that sought to redeem the South postwar by blocking Reconstruction, oppressing Black Americans, and limiting Republican influence.
Indentured servants
colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for 4-7 years
Rebel Without a Cause
coming-of-age movie starring James Dean that depicted differences between generations
Fair Employment Practices Commission
committee created by FDR to encourage Black Americans to enter the defense workforce and investigate racism in government jobs
Joint-stock company
company made of a group of shareholders who split the profits and costs
American Fur Company
company that rose to prominence during Western expansion by working/clashing with indigenous fur traders.
Office of War Mobilization
dederal agency formed to coordinate war production during WWII
Conformity
compliance with social norms
Great Compromise
compromise when forming the government over representation in congress.
Three-fifths Compromise
compromise when forming the government over whether enslaved people counted as people.
popular sovereignty
concept of letting the citizens in each state that joined the US choose whether to be a free or slave state.
Enforcement Acts
congressional acts prohibiting states from discriminating against voters on the basis of race and gave the federal government authority to prosecute crimes by individuals under federal law.
HUAC
congressional committee that held public investigations into communist subterfuge in the US government
Phyllis Schlafly
conservative political activist that denounced the women's rights movement
Tea Party
conservative political movement opposing government spending and taxes
"Survival of the fittest"
conservative social theory that wealthy capitalists deserved their success.
Annexation of Texas
controversial political decision to include Texas in the Union and risk war with Mexico.
Welfare capitalism
corporate strategy for decreasing labor unrest by improving conditions.
Long-staple/sea-island cotton
cotton that is easier to process but grows in very select places in North America.
Greenseed/upland/short-staple cotton
cotton that is harder to process without a cotton gin but grows everywhere in North America.
The Rosenbergs
couple convicted and executed for giving secret information about the atomic bomb to the USSR
judicial review
courts have the power to declare acts by Congress unconstitutional.
American System
creation of a national transportation system to connect the country and encourage nationalism.
Robert Fulton
creator of a steamboat that could carry passengers.
Samuel Slater
creator of the first textile factory in America in Rhode Island.
John Deere
creator of the steel plow.
Samuel Morse
creator of the telegraph.
crop-lien system
credit system used in the postwar South in which farmers promised a portion of their future crops in exchange for supplies from merchants.
"Black Tuesday"
crisis on October 29, 1929 when investors sold all their shares and the stock market crashed
Earth Day
holiday founded in 1970 to heighten awareness of environmental issues
First Continental Congress
delegates from almost all of the colonies met in the wake of the Intolerable Acts and decided to take much firmer action against Britain.
Second Continental Congress
delegates from almost every colony that agreed to support the Revolutionary War.
Stephen Douglas
democratic senator for Illinois who ran against Lincoln in the presidential election of 1860.
"Double-V" campaign
desire during WWII for military victory and civil rights victory
Internment camps
detention centers where hundreds of thousands of Japanese-Americans were wrongly imprisoned during WWII
Separation of Powers
different branches of the federal government have different powers to keep one branch from dominating.
"Moral diplomacy"
diplomatic support is only given to countries with similar beliefs to the US.
Venezuela border dispute
dispute between Venezuela and Great Britain in which the US intervened and used the Monroe Doctrine.
Roger Williams
dissenter who clashed was banished by the Massachusettes Puritans and founded Rhode Island
Declaration of Independence
document written by the Continental Congress that provided formal justifications for a full split from Britain.
mercantilism
economic belief that one nation could only grow rich at the expense of another, practiced by selling as much as possible to foreign lands and buying as little as possible from them.
Supply-side economics
economic belief that tax cuts can help an economy by raising supply
Mercantilism
economic system in which nations tried to gain huge amounts of gold and silver and export more than they imported
John Dewey
educator who preached flexible and democratic learning.
Social Gospel
effort to use Christianity for social reform.
House of Burgesses
elected assembly in colonial Virginia
Primary elections
elections that allow voters to pick the candidates.
Fictive kinship
enslaved people created their own families because they were taken away from theirs.
Red Scare
era of public fear and government repression of leftist radicalism immediately following WWI.
"Pro-Choice"
ethical/medical movement that gives people reproductive freedom and the right to choose
Creoles
ethnic groups created from mass displacement.
"American Plan"
euphemism for open shops and anti-union opinion.
Columbian Exchange
exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and Europe following the first voyages to the Americas
Wilmot Proviso
failed congressional plan to prohibit slavery in territory gained from Mexico.
Sharecropping
farming system in which landowners rented fields to farmers in exchange for a share of their production.
Confiscation Acts
federal laws passed during the Civil War designed to free enslaved people held by Confederates.
Teller Amendment
federal legislation stating that the US had no intentions to intervene in Cuba after the Spanish-American War.
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1964
federal legislation that allowed for increased immigration from most of the world and removed the preference for northern Europeans
Morrill Land Grant Act
federal legislation that allowed for the creation of public universities.
Clean Air Act
federal legislation that established regulations for air pollution in states and auto/industry emissions
Clean Water Act
federal legislation that governed water pollution
Civil Rights Act of 1964
federal legislation that outlawed discrimination and segregation of public accommodations and created a commission to enforce this
Voting Rights Act of 1965
federal legislation that provided protection to Black voters and outlawed discriminatory voting laws
"Range wars"
fights between cattlemen, ranchers, and farmers over land.
Baltimore & Ohio RR
first American railroads.
Jackie Robinson
first Black MLB player
Elizabeth Eckford
first Black student to enter Little Rock HS
Alexander Hamilton
first US Secretary of the Treasury that set up the American financial and economic system.
Mayflower Compact
first agreement for self-government in America that set up a government for the Plymouth Colony
Sputnik
first artificial satellite launched by the USSR in 1957
Model T
first car available for sale.
The Jazz Singer
first film with dialogue.
First Battle of Bull Run
first major battle of the Civil War fought in Northern Virginia in which the South won.
Jamestown
first permanent English settlement in North America
Perkins School
first school created specifically for blind Americans.
Sarah and Angelica Grimke
first wave feminists and abolitionists.
Encomienda
forced labor system in which Spanish colonizers were given land grants and were allowed to enslave any indigenous people on their land
Second middle passage
forced movement of enslaved people to the down South.
David Walker
fore-runner of abolition and anti-colonization.
Dollar Diplomacy
foreign policies used by Taft in South America that prioritized US economic interests.
Détente
foreign policy adopted by the Nixon administration to ease hostilities between countries during the Cold War
Nixon Doctrine
foreign policy plan to continue to support anticommunist military needs of allies while cutting back on sending US forces
Containment
foreign policy to prevent the spread of communism
Truman Doctrine, NSC-68
foreign policy to support groups fighting against communism across the world
Federalism
form of government in which power is shared between states and a federal government
Vaudeville
form of theater and urban entertainment.
Proclamation of Neutrality
formal announcement by Washington that declared the US neutral in the war between Britain and France.
Sojourner Truth
formerly enslaved woman who lectured for abolition, equality, and suffrage.
Fort Sumter
fort in South Carolina that was shelled by Confederates in 1861, igniting the Civil War.
Valley Forge
fort where Washington spent the winter of 1777.
Marcus Garvey
founder of the UNIA that rejected Black assimilation into white society.
James Madison
founding father who served as a Republican fourth president and had a pivotal role in drafting and promoting the Constitution.
John Adams
founding father who served as a moderate Federalist second president who generally garnered little respect.
Daughters of Liberty
general term for women who fought for liberty during the Revolution.
California Gold Rush
gold was found in the newly acquired territory of California and millions of people rushed to try to find it.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
government agency established by Hoover in 1932 to give economic assistance to businesses
EPA
government organization designed to regulate pollution, emissions, and all factors harming the environment
Freedmen's Bureau
government organization that helped freed enslaved people establish their free lives and set up schools and housing.
Committee on Public Information
government propaganda agency.
Internal Improvements
government-sponsored improvement/creation of transportation systems, canals, roads, etc.
Public land grants
grants given to private railroad companies by the US government, often taken from indigenous peoples.
SCLC
group founded by MLK to mobilize Black churches on behalf of the nonviolent civil rights movement
Bonus Army
group of WWI veterans who demanded pensions during the Great Depression
Iroquios
group of indigenous peoples in the woodlands of the Northeast
National Consumers League
group of women that tried to force retailers to improve wages and working conditions.
Beat Generation
group of writers and authors who criticized middle-class society and conformity
Iroquois Confederacy
grouping of indigenous nations in the Northeast.
Middle class (Gentility)
growing middle class that began due to the industrial revolution.
Vietcong
guerrilla communist soldiers in South Vietnam that fought in support of North Vietnam
Smallpox
highly contagious and deadly disease that killed millions of indigenous people in the Americas
Hessians
hired German soldiers that fought for the British in the Revolutionary War.
Tulsa massacre
horrific white supremacist massacre that killed hundreds of Black people.
Settlement House
housing established to help immigrants and adapt and force them to assimilate.
"Body counts"
how the US measured success in Vietnam by counting the number of Vietnamese killed
9/11
hugely destructive terrorist attacks in 2001 on the World Trade Center and Pentagon that led to the war on terrorism
Dorothea Lange
iconic photographer who photographed the Dust Bowl
William Lloyd Garrison
iconic radical abolitionist and editor of The Liberator.
Social Darwinism
idea of every man for himself; only the strong survive.
"We the People"
idea of social contract theory ingrained in the Constitution.
Positive Good
idea that slavery was a system beneficial to both the enslavers and the enslaved.
Jacksonian democracy
ideal of democracy for every white man.
The "southern lady"
ideal, romanticized version of rich white Southern women.
SDI ("Star Wars")
impractical and failed plan by Reagan to shoot down nuclear missiles with lasers in space; huge government funding was sank into it
Powhatan
indigenous chief and founder of the Powhatan Confederacy n eastern Virginia
Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa
indigenous leaders who fought with Britain in the Ohio River Valley.
Aztecs (Mexica)
indigenous population in modern day Mexico that was destroyed by Spanish colonizers
Pontiac's Rebellion
indigenous united rebellion against British rule in the Ohio Valley.
Tatanka Iyotanka (Sitting Bull)
indigneous leader in Montana.
Sioux
indingeous peoples in the Midwest and West plains.
Levittowns
inexpensive suburban developments of similar homes
Bill of Rights
initial amendments to the Constitution that laid out basic rights for Americans.
Annexation of the Philippines
instead of recognizing the Philippines' declaration of independence following the Spanish-American War, the US annexed the Philippines, resulting in war.
Romanticism
intellectual movement that formed as a reaction against the Enlightenment, based in emotionality, individuality, and intuition.
XYZ Affair
international incident between U.S. and French diplomats that sparked the quasi war between France and the United States
United Nations
international organization established postwar to prevent war and keep peace
strict vs. loose interpretation
interpreting the Constitution very literally and sticking to the enumerated powers vs. adapting the Constitution.
Cotton gin
invention by Eli Whitney that transformed cotton into a major cash crop and revived slavery.
Muckrakers
investigative journalists who exposed corruption and injustice.
Lowell (Waltham) System
labor recruitment system during early industrialization in which young white women from farms would go to work in textile mills
UFW
labor union of farm workers that used nonviolent protests and strikes
Middle grounds
lands where the Europeans and indigenous peoples both lived
Battle of Gettysburg
largest and deadliest battle of the Civil War fought in PA that resulted in a vastly important Union victory.
National Origins Act of 1924
law banning immigration from East Asia and restricting European immigration.
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
law enacted in the Compromise of 1850 that required any escaped enslaved person to be taken by federal officers to the plantation they escaped from.
Northwest Ordinance (1787)
law governing the western settlement that created a single territory of North Ohio.
Barbados slave trade
laws that inspired US slave laws of complete control and humans as property
Denmark Vesey
leader of a foiled slave revolt.
Gabriel Prosser
leader of a massive slave revolt that was caught before it began.
Nat Turner
leader of a semi-successful slave revolt.
Dorothea Dix
leader of mental hospital reform.
Cesar Chavez
leader of the (mostly Hispanic) farm workers movement in the Western US
Emilio Aguinaldo
leader of the Filipino government.
Ulysses Grant
leading Union general who gained command after a tumultuous start to Union military leadership and eventually became president.
Robert Lee
leading confederate general.
Langston Hughes
leading writer of the Harlem Renaissance
Home rule charter
legal concept implying that each level of government has a separate realm of authority.
Neutrality Act of 1939
legislation allowing the US to sell munitions to belligerent countries
Reconstruction Acts
legislation passed by the federal government to control former Confederate states and set conditions for their readmission to the Union.
Pure Food and Drug Act
legislation restricting the sale of dangerous medicine.
Neutrality Acts (of 1935 and 1937)
legislation stating that Americans could not travel nor sell arms to countries at war
Lend-Lease Act
legislation that allowed the US to give war materials to any nation as long as it would help defend the US
Letter from Birmingham Jail
letter written by MLK encouraging civil disobedience
Market Revolution
linking of northern industries with western and southern farms through advances in agriculture, industry, and transportation
Cotton kingdom
lower South in the Jacksonian era.
'Bleeding Kansas'
major contributing event to the Civil War in which people in Kansas physically fought and rioted over whether the territory would become a free or slave state.
American bison
major food and life source for indigenous plains peoples that were killed in mass numbers during westward expansion.
Federal Reserve Act
major reform of the banking system that gave the federal government more financial control.
Report on the Public Credit
major report on economic policy by Hamilton that recommends reorganizing national debt and establishing public credit.
Panama Canal
man made canal linking the Atlantic and the Pacific.
Federal Highway Act of 1956
massive 10-year federal project to set up interstate highways
Erie Canal
massive construction project that economically opened New York to the West.
Panic of 1837
massive economic crash due to Jackson's policies, speculation, and bank failure.
Louisiana Purchase
massive purchase of Louisiana by the US from France/Napoleon because France needed money and the US wanted access to ports.
'Duck and Cover'
method of personal protection against the effects of a nuclear explosion
'Massive retaliation'
military doctrine in which the US would respond with much greater force than they were attacked with to a (probably nuclear) attack
Martin Luther King Jr.
minister and leader of the civil rights movement until his assassination in 1968
John Rockefeller (Standard Oil)
monopolist who ran a corporate empire and created the first trust.
Andrew Carnegie (US Steel)
monopolist, richest man in the world, and philanthropist who made money through steel.
Hull House
most famous settlement house.
Moral Majority
movement during the 1980s in favor of religious conservatism and against social justice movements
Common School Movement
movement for equality in education that addressed class and political inequality and was spearheaded by Horace Mann.
Abolitionism
movement for the abolition of slavery.
Enlightenment
movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason and reevaluation of social norms
Great Migration
movement of Black Americans from the rural South to cities in the North.
Black Lives Matter
movement to protest police brutality against Black Americans
Kent State Massacre
murder of 4 college students by the National Guard in 1970 during an antiwar protest
Woodstock
music festival in upstate NY that became a symbol of counterculture
Peculiar institution
name for the American enslavement system representing how different it was from the rest of the world.
"King Mob"
name given to Jacksonian government by critics following Jackson's inaugural celebration.
"Axis of Evil"
name used by Bush to accuse Iraq, Iran, and North Korea of supporting terrorism and nuclear weapons
American Federation of Labor
national labor union open only to white male skilled workers that concentrated on bread and butter issues (wages and hours).
Knights of Labor
national labor union open to all workers concentrated on long-term reform of the economy.
Farmers' Alliances
national unions of farmers that formed cooperatives and marketing mechanisms.
Al Qaeda
network of Islamic terrorist organizations led by Osama bin Laden that carried out major terrorist attacks against the US
Trust
new legal entity created primarily by Rockefeller to allow corporations to do business and exploit across state lines.
Molly Pitcher
nickname for a woman who fought in the Revolutionary War.
Okies
nickname for farmers who migrated from the Dust Bowl to California
weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation
no national army, no national power of taxation, and no sole control over foreign affairs.
The Jungle by Upton Sinclair
novel describing conditions in the meatpacking industry.
The Grapes of Wrath
novel written by John Steinbeck about a family who migrated to California due to the dust bowl
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
nuclear attacks during World War II against Japan that killed hundreds of thousands
Vertical integration
one corporation controls all of the means to make their product in different industries.
Morning in America
one of Reagan's political TV commercials that was very effective
Berlin Blockade/Airlift
operation to combat the Soviet blockade of West Berlin by airlifting supplies in to Germans
Anti-Imperialist League
organization against imperialism and the annexation of the Philippines.
NAWSA
organization fighting for women's suffrage.
NAACP
organization for civil rights.
American Colonization Society
organization founded by Henry Clay to send Black Americans to Liberia.
American Indian Movement (AIM)
organization of indigenous activists founded in 1968 to promote native self-determination
W.E.B. DuBois
pan-Africanist civil rights activist.
Greenbacks
paper currency not backed by gold or silver.
Whig Party
party in the second party system that emerged as a different branch of the Democratic-Republicans.
(Democratic-)Republican Party
party that arose in opposition to the Federalists.
Anti-Federalists
people against a powerful centralized federal government.
Banking Crisis
people lost confidence in the banks and withdrew their money, causing banks to fail
Loyalists/Tories
people loyal to Britain
Mestizos
people of mixed indigenous and European descent
Baby Boom
period from 1946-1964 of increased birthrate
Stagflation
period of high unemployment and slow economic growth causing inflation
French Revolution
period of radical political and societal change in France that destroyed the monarchy and happened with Enlightenment principles.
Roosevelt Recession
period when FDR cut New Deal spending to balance the budget, causing another economic downturn
Mulatto
person of mixed African and European descent
Pragmatism
philosophy of only believing what is scientifically provable.
Black Power
philosophy of racial empowerment as opposed to assimilation into white culture
Chuck Berry
pioneer of rock and roll
Margaret Sanger
pioneer of the birth control movement.
New Jersey Plan
plan offered at the Constitutional Convention by William Paterson that would have a one-house legislature with equal representation for all states that had power to tax and regulate commerce.
Marshall Plan
plan postwar to reinvigorate Western European economies and form alliances by giving them huge amounts of money
Dawes Plan
plan to revive the German economy after WWI by loaning them money
Brinksmanship
policy of negotiating by pushing a situation to the edge of war
Bank War
political battle between proponents (Clay) and opponents (Jackson) of the rechartering of the Second Bank of the US.
Grand Army of the Republic
political group of Union veterans that lobbied for pensions.
committees of correspondence
political organizations that formed an intercolonial network created to publicize grievances against Britain.
Jeffersonian Democracy
political outlook in support of republicanism and virtue.
Know-Nothing Party
political party against immigration and any non-white, American born people.
Republican Party
political party formed by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Federalist Party
political party that wanted the US to be a nation-state with centralized authority and a complex commercial economy.
Republicanism
political theory of more individual and states rights and less federal power.
Huey Long
politican from Louisiana who criticized the New Deal
Turner Frontier Thesis
popularly accepted essay published by a historian claiming that Western expansion promoted individualism and democracy and defined American culture.
NATO
postwar alliance of the US and Western European powers, unified against Soviet invasion
Samuel Gompers
powerful leader of the AFL.
implied powers
powers that although not explicitly stated in the Constitution, are implied to be available based on other powers that are stated.
Impressment
practice of British commanders forcing colonists into the army.
Abu Ghraib
prison in Iraq where Americans abused and tortured prisoners
Community Action programs
programs created by LBJ that employed members of poor communities in the administration of local services
Equal Rights Amendment
proposed constitutional amendment that would ban discrimination based on gender
Montgomery Bus Boycott
protest to end segregation on public transportation
Sit-ins
protests by Black college students who sat at segregated restaurants and refused to leave until they were served
"Yellow peril"
racist and xenophobic fear of Southeast Asian immigrants.
Ku Klux Klan
racist secret society that used terrorism and violence.
The Liberator
radical abolitionist newspaper edited by William Lloyd Garrison.
Industrial Workers of the World
radical socialist labor union that included skilled and unskilled workers.
Transcontinental RR
railroad created by the 1862 Pacific Railway Act that connected the expanding West with the East.
City manager plan
reform in which elected officials hired an expert to take charge of the government and serve similarly to a mayor.
Referendum elections
reform in which state legislation had to be approved by voters.
Commission plan
reform in which the mayor and city council are replaced by an elected, nonpartisan commission.
Progressivism
reform movement that attempted to impose order on a society rapidly changing due to industrialization, immigration, and urbanization.
Protestant Reformation
reform movement within the Catholic Church that split the church and created many new Christian denominations
Second Great Awakening
religious revival movement that rejected established churches and predestination.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolves
resolves written by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts that argued that states had the right to nullify federal laws.
Haitian Revolution
revolt of enslaved people in Haiti in opposition to the French colonial regime there with the result of Haiti becoming an independent nation.
Sons of Liberty
revolutionary patriotic group led by Samuel Adams.
Elvis Presley
rock singer who became a cultural icon
Herman Melville
romantic author that wrote Moby Dick.
Edgar Allen Poe
romantic author that wrote The Raven.
Walt Whitman
romantic poet that wrote Leaves of Grass.
Watergate
scandal involving Nixon's campaigners spying on the other party and Nixon's coverup that resulted in his resignation
Boston Massacre
scuffle between Americans and British soldiers that resulted in five dead Americans and inaccurate media portrayal, causing rage across America.
Pentagon Papers
secret government documents that revealed that info about the Vietnam War had been kept from Congress and the public by Nixon and the executive branch
Gentility
seeking elegance and refinement through materialism.
Yellow journalism
sensationalist, false reporting to sell more newspapers.
Sovereignty
separation and the ability to make decisions apart from the centralized government.
Insular cases
series of SCOTUS cases from 1901 to 1922 that limited rights to citizens in US territories.
Circular Letter
statement by patriots in response to the Townshend Acts that was circulated widely.
Compromise of 1850
series of bills passed to diffusion tensions over slavery that admitted California as a free state, abolished slavery in Washington D.C., and established the Fugitive Slave Act.
Lincoln-Douglas debates
series of debates mainly over slavery that increased Lincoln's following.
Federalist Papers
series of essays by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison defending the Constitution to the public.
Ho Chi Minh Trail
series of jungle paths used by North Vietnamese soldiers to get supplies into South Vietnam
SALT (I)
series of negotiations about nuclear arms reduction between the US and the USSR
AIDS
serious immune disease transmitted through blood that killed tens of millions of people due to Reagan's homophobia and avoidance
Dust Bowl
severe drought in the Great Plains region that killed crops and people
Great Recession
severe economic downturn and housing market crisis from 2007-2009
Hoovervilles
shantytowns built by unemployed people during the Great Depression
Concentration policy
short-lived government policy that created designated reservations for indigenous tribes using fake treaties.
Comstock Lode
silver vein in Nevada.
Carpetbaggers
slang term used by white Southern Democrats for white men from the North who settled in the South postwar to make money and support Republican policies.
Tenement
slum housing in which many people were packed very closely together.
"City Beautiful" movement
social movement to make cities more pleasent to live in.
Medicare
social welfare program created by LBJ to provide healthcare to all people in need
Medicaid
social welfare program created by LBJ to provide healthcare to the elderly
Washingtonians
society of believers in the temperance movement.
"Crisis of confidence" speech
speech given by Jimmy Carter about problems the US was facing in which he admitted he had no solutions
Black Codes
state laws passed during and after Reconstruction in the South to oppress Black Americans.
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
statement that the US could intervene in domestic affairs in other countries in the Western hemisphere.
Gifford Pinchot vs. John Muir
struggle between environmentalists between conservation and preservation.
Transcendentalism
subset of romanticism that valued the mythic, nature, and individualism.
Charleston dance
swing dance popular in the 1920s.
Rosie the Riveter
symbol of American women who went to work in factories during WWII
Spoils system
system in which people who support someone's candidacy will be given an office once that person is elected.
checks and balances
system of mutual assessment and correction put in place to keep one of the three branches of government from ascending into tyranny.
Triangular trade
system of trade during 1600s-1800s in which Africa sent slaves to America, America sent raw materials to Europe, and Europe sent manufactured goods to Africa
Smoot-Hawley Tariff
tariff enacted in 1930 to stimulate domestic manufacturing that triggered retaliatory tariffs globally
Stamp Act
taxes levied by Britain on every printed document in the colonies that infuriated the Americans.
Townshend Duties
taxes on goods imported to the colonies from Britain.
Zimmerman Telegram
telegram intercepted by the US in which Germany asked Mexico to start a war with the US.
Army-McCarthy Hearings
televised congressional hearings in which McCarthy accused people of being communists that led to his official censure
"Dummy registrants"
term for how some wealthy people used a loophole in the land grant acts by having someone else sign up and then transfer it to them.
interchangeable parts
the ability to fix machines much more quickly that was key to the American industrial revolution.
Bank Holiday
the federal government closed all banks for 4 days to work on banking reform
Middle passage
the horrible journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies that killed hundreds of thousands of Africans
Virtual Representation
the idea that elected representatives represent the interests of the whole nation.
Liliuokalani
the last queen of Hawaii who tried to challenge US imperial control.
enumerated powers
the powers the government has are strictly limited.
Clinton impeachment
the president was impeached for perjury (lying about an affair with an aid)
Fur trade
the trading of goods for animal skins that was a prime reason for colonization of North America
Machine tools
tools used to make machinery parts.
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
tragedy in NYC that was influential in passing prominent labor laws.
Henry David Thoreau
transcendentalist author that wrote Walden Pond.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
treaty that ended the Mexican-American war and gave the US Texas, California, and all the states in between (basically the Southwest).
Treaty of Paris (1763)
treaty that ended the Seven Years' War signed between Britain, France, and Spain.
Treaty of Paris (1783)
treaty to end the Revolutionary War that was very favorable to the US.
Treaty of Ghent
treaty to end the War of 1812 that went back to status quo antebellum that was mildly favorable to the US.
"Corrupt Bargain"
what Jacksonians called the backroom dealings between Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams to get Adams elected over Jackson.
Sacco and Vanzetti
two anarchists accused of murder who were indicted because of widespread nativism.
The Grangers
union of farmers formed to protect farmers' interests against railroad monopolies; predecessor to farmers' alliances.
Wampanoags
union of tribes in southern New England against English colonizers
Realism
using art to draw attention to societal problems and not glorifying the country.
Persian Gulf War
very one-sided conflict between Iraq and Kuwait/US to remove Iraqi forces that invaded Kuwait for oil, resulting in an American victory
Oregon Trail
wagon route that linked the Missouri River to Oregon and was used as a main passageway for white western settlers in the mid 1800s.
Korean War
war between communist North Korea (backed by China) and anti-communist South Korea (backed by the US and the UN) that resulted in a stalemate
US-Afghanistan War
war led by Bush following 9/11 against Taliban/terrorist leaders in the Middle East
2nd Great Awakening
wave of Protestant revival in the early 1800s.
Planter class (paternalism)
wealthy Southern plantation owners.
Watts riot
week-long riots in LA against police brutality that led to many deaths
Revolution of 1800
what Jefferson called his election because he thought it would bring a dramatic change in national government; it did not.
Nullification Crisis
when the South Carolina state legislature voted to nullify a federal tariff, Jackson called it treason.
Memphis massacre of 1866
white Southerners attacked and massacred newly freed Black residents and soldiers.
Abigail Adams
wife of John Adams who fought for legal protections for women.
Radical Republicans
wing of the Republican Party that aggressively opposed slavery and fought to expand and protect civil rights postwar.
Deborah Sampson
woman who dressed as a man in order to fight in the Revolutionary War.
Separate spheres
women and men have different responsibilities in and out of the house.
Cult of True Womanhood / Cult of Domesticity
women being stuck in domestic life and not being involved with political/outside affairs.
"Seven Sisters"
women-only colleges created by the Ivy League as semi-partners for their male-only institutions.
Task labor
working on a specific task until it is accomplished.
Gang labor
working until a set time with no set work goal.
Flappers
young women in the 1920s who challenged traditional gender roles.