APUSH P1-P5
The goals and interests of European leaders and colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic. Colonists, especially in British North America, expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defense, self-rule, and trade.
Glorious Revolution -deposed James II in 1688 Leisler's Revolution -John Leisler led a group to rally against rules and taxes levied under James II, overthrowing the royal authorities appointed to run New York
Legislation and judicial systems supported the development of roads, canals, and railroads, which extended and enlarged markets and helped foster regional independence. Transportation networks linked the North and Midwest more closely than either was to the South.
-1811 the first steamboat traveled from the Ohio River to New Orleans on the Mississippi River -helped South and West but hurt trade on overland routes, Northeast seaports to the Ohio River Valley -construction of Cumberland Road in 1811, linking Maryland and Ohio
Enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures, and they joined political efforts aimed at changing their status.
-African Americans used traditional African names -West African and Caribbean language, agricultural tech, medical practices, dress, folktales, songs, music, and dances kept their culture alive -Africans from Muslim communities continued to pray to Allah or changed church services to serve their beliefs
The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco - a labor-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans.
-Chesapeake enticed European immigrants over with promises of opportunity -exploited the immigrants by promising land if they work on the tobacco fields for a certain amount of time-indentured servitude
British conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as Metacom's War (King Philip's War) in New England.
-Anglo-Powhatan wars in 1620s Virginia -Pequot War with New England in 1630s -Metacom's War with the Wampanoag Indians
The Articles of Confederation unified the newly independent states, creating a central government with limited power. After the Revolution, difficulties over international trade, finances, interstate commerce, foreign relations, and internal unrest led to calls for a stronger central government.
-Articles of Confederation unified rebellious states by allowing Western expansion -however, conflicts with British, Spanish, allied Indians, and militial mutiny, due to lack of pay, persisted
Extended contact with Native Americans and Africans fostered a debate among European religious and political leaders about how non-Europeans should be treated, as well as evolving religious, cultural, and racial subjugation of Africans and Native Americans.
-Bartolome Las Casas reasoned that killing Native Americans would only make their souls lost to God and the survivors to loath Christianity -Juan Gines de Sepulveda said that the Spanish were obligated to conquer the barbaric natives
Political leaders in the 1790s took a variety of positions on issues such as the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, foreign policy,and the balance between liberty and order. This led to the formation of political parties — most significantly the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
-DRP was supported by small farmers, so rebellion broke out because of Hamilton's whiskey tax -DRP was angry that Washington used Federal Army to take them down -DRP was against Hamilton's economic policies that benefitted elites
The Second Party System ended when the issues of slavery and anti-immigrant nativism weakened loyalties to the two major parties and fostered the emergence of sectional parties, most notably the Republican Party in the North.
-Democrats lost badly in North because of slavery -Whigs were weak because they failed to stop slave power -in 1854, the Republican party was founded, led by anti-slavery Whigs and free-soilers
Interactions between European rivals and American Indian populations fostered both accommodation and conflict. French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies allied with and armed American Indian groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other Indian groups.
-English allied with Iroquois tribes and attacked Wampanoag villages -allied with them again in the Covenant Chain to re-establish fur trade
Liberal social ideas from abroad and Romantic beliefs in human perfect ability influenced literature, art, philosophy, and architecture.
-English poet William Wordsworth, German philosopher Immanuel Kent, and French painter Eugene Delacroix challenged Enlightenment ideas of rationality by instilling importance of passion, nature, and virtue -Washington Irving wrote folktales that drew on Dutch culture and pointed fun at American history
The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which were later enhanced by the First Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas.
-Enlightenment thinkers questioned the Christian rituals and claims of ministers that God directly engages with people -New Light clergy sough to lament the state of faith by encouraging people to follow their hearts -in the Great Awakening, George Whitefield used the networks of communication to promote Christianity in North American starting in 1738
Mutual misunderstandings between Europeans and Native Americans often defined the early years of interaction and trade as each group sought to make sense of the other. Over time, Europeans and Native Americans adopted some useful aspects of each other's culture.
-Europeans practicing Catholicism v.s Native spiritual rituals -female natives work on fields v.s European view of women in the home
In the early 1800s, national political parties continued to debate issues such as the tariff, powers of the federal government, and relations with European powers.
-Federalists thought Jefferson's Louisiana Purchase only support an agrarian government -Adam's passed the Judiciary Act in 1801 to give more power to the Judiciary branch, which Jefferson thought would destroy Republicanism
War between France and Britain resulting from the French Revolution presented challenges to the United States over issues of free trade and foreign policy and fostered political disagreement.
-French Revolution caused more demand for U.S wheat -U.S declared neutrality when French declared war as to not affect trade -French tried to enlist Americans to the war and Britain supplied Native Americans with guns to fight U.S
Frontier settlers tended to champion expansion efforts, while American Indian resistance led to a sequence of wars and federal efforts to control and relocate American Indian populations.
-Jackson forced American Indians to accept homelands West of Mississippi river -in 1831 Cherokee Nation v.s George denied Cherokee claim of a sovereign nation -Worcester v.s Georgia in 1832 declared that Georgia could not impose state laws on Cherokee
Efforts by radical and moderate Republicans to change the balance of power between Congress and the presidency and to reorder race relations in the defeated South yielded some short-term successes. Reconstruction opened up political opportunities and other leadership roles to former slaves, but it ultimately failed, due both to determined Southern resistance and the North's waning resolve.
-Johnson in 1866, rejected to extend the life of the Freedman's Bureau and the Civil Rights Act -the 14th amendment gave states the option of excluding black people from voting -in 1872, congress removed penalties on former confederates and permitted all rebel leaders the right to vote and hold office -the Panic of 1873 then collapsed the black civil rights movement
The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, while the 14th and 15th amendments granted African Americans citizenship, equal protection under the laws, and voting rights.
-Johnson ratified the 13th amendment -congress repassed the Freedman's Bureau extension and Civil Rights Act, as well as passed the 14th amendment -the 14th amendment defined citizenship to include A.A and extended equal protection to all people
Reconstruction altered relationships between the states and the federal government and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.
-Johnson was unconcerned with the fate of African Americans after the war -he rescinded the wartime order to distribute confiscated land to African Americans -Moderate Republicans generally agreed that African Americans should have basic civil rights -Radical Republicans wanted voting rights for African Americans -Southern states passed black codes to reduce African American rights
Lincoln and most Union supporters began the Civil War to preserve the Union, but Lincoln's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation reframed the purpose of the war and helped prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers. Many African Americans fled southern plantations and enlisted in the Union Army, helping to undermine the Confederacy
-Lincoln and his government realized that embracing slavery as the war aim would prevent the British from recognizing Southern independence -after the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation which freed all enslaved people in rebel states
Abraham Lincoln's victory on the Republicans' free-soil platform in the presidential election of 1860 was accomplished without any Southern electoral votes. After a series of contested debates about secession, most slave states voted to secede from the Union, precipitating the Civil War.
-Lincoln condemned John Brown, accepted slavery where it existed, and promoted the need for tariffs -they focused on winning in the Northeast and Midwest -after Lincolns election in 1860, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas seceded from the Union
In the encomienda system, Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantation based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources.
-Malintzin, a native who formerly lived as a noble was taken by Mexican merchants to work on cotton fields/households of slave owners
Congressional attempts at political compromise, such as the Missouri Compromise, only stemmed growing tensions between opponents and defenders of slavery.
-Missouri Compromise admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state, maintaining balance of North and South in the Senate -also agreed the Southern border of Missouri was the boundary between slave and free states in the Louisiana Territory
The Mexican Cession led to heated controversies over whether to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories.
-Northern abolitionists protested the war, but most Northern and Southern Americans considered westward expansion a boon -when deciding how much territory they should claim in the Mexico Cession, Northern Democrats and Whigs denounced the war as a Southern conspiracy to spread slavery
European traders partnered with some West African groups who practiced slavery to forcibly extract slave labor for the Americas. The Spanish imported enslaved Africans to labor in plantation agriculture and mining.
-Northwest Africa practiced slavery in which poor Africans would work for the rich -Europeans would come to communities raided by powerful groups to collect prisoners of war -in return the Africans received guns and power
The nation's transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties.
-Panic of 1819 stimulated working men to demand right to vote -Martin Van Buren led charge at Constitutional Convention of 1821 -by 1825 most states eliminated property qualifications for white men -Jackson and his supporters were considered Democrats -he supported lowering the 1828 tariff rates -Adam and his supporters were National Republicans -favored internal improvements and tariffs
Many new state constitutions placed power in the hands of the legislative branch and maintained property qualifications for voting and citizenship.
-Pennsylvania replaced governor with an executive council -New Jersey Constitution of 1776 gave free people with property requirements right to vote -limited to men in 1807
U.S. interest in expanding trade led to economic, diplomatic, and cultural initiatives to create more ties with Asia.
-Pierce wanted to expand trade in Asia since trade with Asia had declined in the 1840s -the U.S began commercial negotiations with Japan in 1846, which came into fruition in 1854, when Perry threatened a formal trade agreement with Japan
Although the Confederacy showed military initiative and daring early in the war, the Union ultimately succeeded due to improvements in leadership and strategy, key victories, greater resources, and the wartime destruction of the South's infrastructure.
-Sherman's March to the Sea in 1864 rendered the route from the Atlantic coast North through the Carolinas barren -think they torched fields, barns, homes, as well as destroyed bushels of grain along with supplies and livestock
Plans to further unify the U.S. economy, such as the American System, generated debates over whether such policies would benefit agriculture or industry, potentially favoring different sections of the country.
-South approved Tariff of 1816 because it stemmed British efforts to undermine U.S economy -acquisition of Florida ensured expansion of cotton cultivation and slavery -in Panic of 1819, Northern manufacturers called for even higher tariffs while Southern planters argued that it raised the price of manufactured products
Defenders of slavery based their arguments on racial doctrines, the view that slavery was a positive social good, and the belief that slavery and states' rights were protected by the Constitution.
-Southern slaveholders argued that they provided care for their slavers for their entire slaves -they said that slaves were too child-like to fend for themselves, so it is the job of the slaveholders to do that
The Spanish, supported by the bonded labor of the local American Indians, expanded their mission settlements into California; these provided opportunities for social mobility among soldiers and led to new cultural blending.
-Spanish authorities negotiated with Creeks and Cherokees, encouraging and arming their attacks on U.S settlements on the Southern frontier -Jay treaty recognized the 31st parallel between U.S and Spanish territory
The women's rights movement was both emboldened and divided over the 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution.
-Stanton and Anthony objected to the 14th amendment because it inserted the word "male" -they feared that these postwar policies would further limit the rights of women -they established the Nation Woman Suffrage Association to oppose the ratification of the 15th
The colonists' belief in the superiority of republican forms of government based on the natural rights of the people found expression in Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence. The ideas in these documents resonated throughout American history, shaping Americans' understanding of the ideals on which the nation was based.
-Thomas Paine's Common Sense bolstered the idea that independence was necessary -he provides rationale for created a new democratic republic that would ensure freedom
The U.S government sought influence and control over the Western Hemisphere through a variety of means, including military actions, American Indian removal, and diplomatic efforts such as the Monroe Doctrine.
-U.S recognized independence from countries who declared independence from Spain and established diplomatic relations -Monroe declared the Western hemisphere as part of U.S sphere of influence
Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade.
-U.S traded along trail in Missouri to Santa Fe for commerce between U.S and Mexico -Andrew Jackson forced seminoles into Florida in order to limit Spanish power and prevent seminoles from claiming land -in 1819 Spanish ceded lands East of Mississippi to U.S
During and after the American Revolution, an increased awareness of inequalities in society motivated some individuals and groups to call for the abolition of slavery and greater political democracy in the new state and national governments.
-Vermont abolished slavery in 1777 -Pennsylvania passed a gradual abolition law in 1780 -African American born enslaved could claim freedom at 28
During the presidential administrations of George Washington and John Adams, political leaders created institutions and precedents that put the principles of the Constitution into practice.
-Washington established departments of State, War, Treasury, and Justice -Judiciary Act of 1789 established Supreme Court -1791 Bill of Rights were created
George Washington's Farewell Address encouraged national unity, as he cautioned against political factions and warned about the danger of permanent foreign alliances.
-Washington warned against "spirit of party" as "it agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms"
Ideas about national identity increasingly found expression in works of art, literature, and architecture.
-a free African American, Benjamin Bannela, was an assistant in plotting the site in which the capital was to be built -Irish born James Hoban designed the Executive mansion -Pierre Charles L'Enfant developed a plan for the city's streets
In response to women's participation in the American Revolution, Enlightenment ideas, and women's appeals for expanded roles, an idea of "republican motherhood" gained popularity within the family and granted women a new importance in American political culture.
-a push for women's education increased after the Revolution, developing a notion for republican motherhood -the mother would teacher her son about the principles of liberty and government
Various American Indian groups repeatedly evaluated and adjusted their alliances with Europeans, other tribes, and the U.S., seeking to limit migration of white settlers and maintain control of tribal lands and natural resources. British alliances with American Indians contributed to tensions between the U.S. and Britain.
-after the Neutrality Proclamation, British supplied American Indians in Ohio River Valley with guns to raid U.S settlements
The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Compromise of 1850.
-after the secession of many Southern states, John Crittenden proposed a constitutional amendment to protect slavery in any state it already existed and the Critten Plan which extended the Missouri Compromise to California -Republicans rejected it
Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts.
-allowed for Mercantilism-the maintenance of a favorable balance of trade -English created Navigation Acts in which they could further tax goods -Consumer Revolution in North America-people more focused on profit than family -social divisions because of merchant profit
The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market Revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants that influenced moral and social reforms and inspired utopian and other religious movements.
-amid scientific discoveries religious leaders sought to renew American spirituality -the Methodist and Baptists appealed to the working class through the idea that everyone can gain salvation -organized camp meetings were held that attracted thousands of people, spreading Evangelical Protestantism
The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism.
-brought high yield crops such as maize and potatoes -the Incan and Aztec empires provided gold and silver to Spain, ensuring their dominance over Europe -the discovery of sugar and tobacco and the Africans immunity to disease led Europe to seek enslaved labor
The imperial struggles of the mid-18th century, as well as new British efforts to collect taxes without direct colonial representation or consent and to assert imperial authority in the colonies, began to unite the colonists against perceived and real constraints on their economic activities and political rights.
-colonial leaders protested Sugar Act -Massachusetts established a committee of correspondence to circulate concerns to leaders, they used techniques from Great Awakening for mass communication and New Light sermons for mass gatherings
Colonial leaders based their calls for resistance to Britain on arguments about the rights of British subjects, the rights of the individual, local traditions of self-rule, and the ideas of the Enlightenment.
-colonists viewed Stamp Act as an attempt to control the internal affairs of the colonies as well as taxation without representation
Entrepreneurs helped to create a market revolution in production and commerce, in which market relationships between producers and consumers came to prevail as the manufacture of goods became more organized.
-commercial and industrial development, immigration, and migration to cities allowed for the rapid growth of cities -furthered expansion of roads and canals, linking Northern industries to the Western and Southern farms and plantations -manufacturing became more organized and industrial innovations occurred
An ambiguous relationship between the federal government and American Indian tribes contributed to problems regarding treaties and American Indian legal claims relating to the seizure of their lands.
-congress passed the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act in 1790 but people ignored it -Little Turtle and other tribes defeated a large U.S force in the Ohio River Valley -they lost in the Battle of Fallen Timbers and signed Treaty of Greenville
Increasing numbers of Americans, especially women and men working in factories, no longer relied on semisubsistence agriculture; instead they supported themselves producing goods for distant markets.
-development of Erie Canal allowed settlers to establish farms in New York, shipping grain, cattle, and hogs to Eastern markets
Enlightenment ideas and philosophy inspired many American political thinkers to emphasize individual talent over hereditary privilege, while religion strengthened Americans' views on themselves as a people blessed with liberty.
-during 1760s, Baptists preachers rejected class and racial distinctions and invited poor whites and black to their services -radicals drew on anti-authoritarian values developed during the English Civil War
Large numbers of international migrants moved to industrializing northern cities, while many Americans moved west of the Appalachians, developing thriving new communities along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.
-during 1820, 150,000 Europeans immigrated -1840s, more than 1,700,00 -they were fleeing religious prosecution, failed revolutions, and famine -people immigrated to Ohio and Michigan because the Erie Canal offered them connection to Northern commerce
Following the Louisiana Purchase, the United States government sought influence and control over North America and the Western Hemisphere through a variety of means, including exploration, military actions, American Indian removal, and diplomatic efforts such as the Monroe Doctrine.
-garnered control through removal of Native Americans, ending European influence, and expanding trade networks -Jefferson requested the Corps of Discovery where he sent Lewis and Clark to explore the Louisiana Territory
Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, the telegraph, and agricultural inventions increased the efficiency of production methods
-improvements in printing and the telegraph allowed news to travel more quickly -power looms, steam boilers, and steam press transformed industrial occupations and led employers to invest in machines
As chattel slavery became the dominant labor system in many southern colonies, new laws created a strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity.
-in 1672 King Charles II chartered the Royal African Company to carry enslaved Africans -in 1660s Virginia legislators legalized human bondage -granted slaveowners right to kill slaves who defied authority
Despite considerable loyalist opposition, as well as Great Britain's apparently overwhelming military and financial advantages, the Patriot cause succeeded because of the actions of colonial militias and the Continental Army, George Washington's military leadership, the colonists' ideological commitment and resilience, and assistance sent by European allies.
-in 1778 Benjamin Franklin secured an alliance with France -it approved trading rights between them, relinquish French territory in U.S, and sent troops to reinforce the army
New forms of national culture developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations.
-in 1786, the Virginia assembly supported religious freedom
An increasing number of migrants from North America and other parts of the world continued to move westward frontier cultures that had emerged in the colonial period continued to grow, fueling social, political, and ethnic tensions.
-in 1790, Little Turtle, a war chief of the Miami Nation, gathered Shawnee, Delaware, Ottawa, Chippewa, Sank, Fox, and others against the U.S settlers
Anti-slavery movements increased in the North
-in 1829 David Walker wrote a militant antislavery statement -William Lloyd Garrison published an antislavery newspaper called the Liberator -in 1833 he also organized the American Anti-Slavery Society -also the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society was established
African American and white abolitionists, although a minority in the North, mounted a highly visible campaign against slavery, presenting moral arguments against the institution, assisting slaves' escapes, and sometimes expressing a willingness to use violence to achieve their goals.
-in 1856, John Brown, his sons, and friends went to Kansas and kidnapped 5 proslavery advocates in Pottawatomie Creek and killed them -Angry Bostonians protested in 1854 over the Anthony Burns case
Westward migration was boosted during and after the Civil War by the passage of new legislation promoting western transportation and economic development.
-in 1862 the Republican congress appointed land for railroad companies to lay tracks -the Central Pacific Company built West to East -the Union Pacific Company in Iowa, meeting the CPS in Utah -the Transcontinental railroad allowed people and goods to travel faster
Lincoln sought to reunify the country and used speeches such as the Gettysburg Address to portray the struggle against slavery as the fulfillment of America's founding democratic ideals.
-in 1865, Lincoln spoke in his Gettysburg Address that the war was against slavery and for the fulfillment of the nations founding ideals
A women's rights movement sought to create greater equality and opportunities for women, expressing its ideals at the Seneca Falls Convention.
-in July 1848 Mott and Stanton organized the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls -100 people signed the Declaration of Sentiments which called for women's equality
Both the Union and the Confederacy mobilized their economies and societies to wage the war even while facing considerable home front opposition.
-in the North, women helped establish the U.S Sanitary Commission -they also volunteered funds, sewing and knitting circles, and helped in Northern hospital field camps -the South finally industrialized, created clothing, store and iron work factories
As overcultivation depleted arable land in the Southeast, slaveholders began relocating their plantations to more fertile lands west of the Appalachians, where the institution of slavery continued to grow
-instead of finding new tech to be more efficient, slaveholders expanded into Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, and Missouri -this split slave families up
An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor.
-labor in Americas gave steady supplies of sugar, rice, and indigo for the world market -Chinese manufactured porcelain teapots and bowls specifically for the English market -African slave trade was consider a crucial item in its own right
Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region's land even after Reconstruction. Former slaves sought land ownership but generally fell short of self-sufficiency, as an exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system limited blacks' and poor whites' access to land in the South.
-lacking capital, many African Americans entered into share-cropping arrangements in which they received supplies from landowners in exchange for part of their harvest -they were commonly charged high interest and falling agricultural crop prices ensured they could not get out of debt
Delegates from the states participated in a Constitutional Convention and through negotiation, collaboration, and compromise proposed a constitution.
-on September 17, 1787, the Constitution was approved and sent to the states for ratification
The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in order to pursue mercantilist economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies.
-mercantilism and Navigation acts was England's way of taking control of the colonies' commerce -acts were enacted in 1651 but England did not send parliament to enforced till 1673
The effort for American independence was energized by colonial leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, as well as by popular movements that included the political activism of laborers, artisans, and women.
-merchants, traders, and artisans formed groups such as the Sons of Liberty, Daughters of Liberty, and Va Pupils, dedicated to repealing the Stamp Act -women would make their own household goods to boycott the British
Gender and family roles changed in response to the market revolution, particularly with the growth of definitions of domestic ideals that emphasized the separation of public and private spheres.
-middle class inspired publication of magazines that promoted child rearing and homemaking to women's identities -women helped cement social and economic bonds -new martial ideas of affection made public and domestic life more fluid
The growth of manufacturing drove a significant increase in prosperity and standards of living for some; this led to the emergence of a larger middle class and a small but wealthy business elite but also to a large and growing population of laboring poor.
-middle class= businessman, shopkeepers, doctors, lawyers, etc. -education, religious affiliation, and sobriety were characteristics of the middle class -large factory/laboring class complained about working conditions, wages, and hours
As European encroachments on Native Americans' lands and demands on their labor increased, native peoples sought to defend and maintain their political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs, and concepts of gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance.
-natives practiced spiritual rituals in secret after converting to Catholicism -after Dutch colonists in New Amsterdam demanded tributes, the Algonquians resisted by raiding farmers and killing colonists
Colonial rivalry intensified between Britain and France in the mid-18thcentury, as the growing population of the British colonies expanded into the interior of North America, threatening French-Indian trade networks and American Indian autonomy.
-negotiation of the Albany Plan of Union in 1755 with Iroquois excluded American Indian participation -with Prussian support, the English recaptured the fort as well as Louisburg, Fort Baguesne, Fort Frontenac, Quebec and Canada-leaving French Indian networks conquered
In the face of economic shortages and the British military occupation of some regions, men and women mobilized in large number to provide financial and material support to the Patriot movement.
-patriot leaders formed committees of safety (armed groups of colonists who gathered supplies and prevented British encroachment)
Antislavery efforts increased in the North, while in the South, although the majority of Southerners owned no slaves, most leaders argued that slavery was part of the Southern way of life.
-planters could not stop small forms of rebellion as well as running away -in 1831 Nat Turner organized a slave revolt and killed/liberated many people -however, the rebels, including Turner, were caught and killed in the end
The United States added large territories in the West through victory in the Mexican- American War and diplomatic negotiations, raising questions about the status of slavery, American Indians, and Mexicans in the newly acquired lands.
-planters imagined slavery spreading into Mexican territory -North wanted land to be center of commerce -Whigs denounced slavery-the Wilmot Proviso outlawed slavery in all Mexican land, but was not passed -the Compromise of 1850 admitted California as a free state and New Mexico/Utah popular sovereignty
Southern business leaders continued to rely on the production and export of traditional agricultural staples, contributing to the growth of a distinctive Southern regional identity.
-planters were nobility in the South -supremacy of slaveholding led to the lack of development in tech, industry, and urban institutions -attracted free black people for cheap domestic labor -lack of development in transportation also
A new national culture emerged that combined American elements, European influences, and regional cultural sensibilities.
-public schools trained American children in Republican values -printed works-Webster's dictionary and spelling book -Second Great Awakening reclaimed a sense of the nation's godly mission
Abolitionist and antislavery movements gradually achieved emancipation in the North, contributing to the growth of the free African American population, even as many state governments restricted African Americans' rights. Antislavery efforts in the South were largely limited to unsuccessful slave rebellions.
-rebellion on Spanish slave ship Amistad in 1839 caused U.S navy to imprison the rebels -abolitionists won the case and freed the rebels in 1841 because of the outlawed transatlantic slave trade -because of this, Southerners put on more stringent codes on slaves like making marriage and literacy illegal
Britain achieved a major expansion of its territorial holdings by defeating the French, but at tremendous expense, setting the stage for imperial efforts to raise revenue and consolidate control over the colonies.
-royal navy forced young men to military service via impressment -they faced low wages, bad food, punishment, and high mortality -communities staged impressment riots against such harsh treatment
Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion.
-slaves broke tools, burned down buildings, stole livestock and food, faked illness, and even poisoned slaveowners
The desire for access to natural and mineral resources and the hope of many settlers for economic opportunities or religious refuge led to an increased migration to and settlement in the West.
-the panic of 1837 prompted families to head west -they sought better economic prospects in Oregon, the Rocky Mountain region, and Eastern plains -Mormons continued to settle in Salt Lake City
Segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions, and local political tactics progressively stripped away African American rights, but the 14th and 15th amendments eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights in the 20th century.
-the 1837 Slaughterhouse cases narrowed the 14th amendment as extending protection to corporations in conducting business -in U.S v.s Cruikshank (1876), court narrowed 14th to only protected African Americans from abuses by state officials and agencies
A strongly anti-Catholic nativist movement arose that was aimed at limiting new immigrants' political power and cultural influence.
-the American Party (the Know-Nothing Party) was established in the early 1850s and attracted native-born women and Protestant farmers who were drawn to its anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic message
Americans formed new voluntary organizations that aimed to change individual behaviors and improve society through temperance and other reform efforts.
-the American Temperance society was organized in 1826 -an all male organization of clergy and businessman focused on alcohol abuse among the working class -moved their goal to total alcohol abstinence and welcomed women's support -temperance aloud groups to gain dignity
By the 1820s and 1830s, new political parties arose - the Democrats, led, by Andrew Jackson, and the Whigs, led by Henry Clay - that disagreed about the role and powers of the federal government and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements
-the Democrats were against the Ordinance of Nullification-that duties on imports could not be decided by the states -were against the re-charter of a Federal Bank -wanted to reduce tariffs
Substantial numbers of international migrants continued to arrive in the United States from Europe and Asia, mainly from Ireland and Germany, often settling in ethnic communities where they could preserve elements of their languages and customs.
-the Enrollment Act of 1863 instilled a draft system in which you could pay 300 to get out of service -Irish and German immigrants, affected by inflation, lynched and attacked draft officials and free blacks until they were put down
In the debate over ratifying the Constitution, Anti-Federalists opposing ratification battled with Federalists, whose principles were articulated in the Federalist Papers (primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison). Federalists ensured the ratification of the Constitution by promising the addition of a Bill of Rights that enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal government.
-the Federalists viewed a stronger national government as essential to the economic and political stability of a nation -New York and Virginia finally agreed to the ratification after the addition of the Bill of Rights
The American Revolution and the ideals set froth in the Declaration of Independence reverberated in France, Haiti, and Latin America, inspiring future independence movements.
-the French Revolution was inspired by the ideals of the freedom of speech, assembly, and religion declared in the American Declaration of Independence -also the opposing idea of a monarchial government
French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquire furs and other products for export to Europe.
-the French had greater interest in trade -established stations around New-Foundland for drying codfish -established relations with local W.A to trade for beaver skins -allied with Huron tribe to raid the Iroquois
The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.
-the New England colonies were populated by Puritans who wanted to escape religious prosecution from the Church of England -they had a more diverse economy agriculturally and also participated in the fur trade
As settlers moved westward during the 1780s, Congress enacted the Northwest Ordinance for admitting new states; the ordinance promoted public education, the protection of private property, and a ban on slavery in the Northwest Territory.
-the Northwest Ordinance appointed territorial officials and governors that had the power to veto legislation -after territories population reached 5,000, they can have an assembly -60,000, they can apply to be a state
Improvements in maritime technology and more organized methods for conducting such international trade, such as joint-stock companies, helped drive changes to the economies in Europe and the Americas
-the Portuguese developed caravels, maritime charts, astrolabes, and the triangle lateen sail
The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with great social and geographical mobility, contributed to moral and social reforms and inspired utopian and other religious movements.
-the Society of Friends refused fellowship to slaveholders and testified against alcohol, war, and slavery -unitarians believed in a unified higher spirit and relied on a rational approach to understanding the divine -Mormons, led by Joseph Smith led a theocracy in Illinois that was antislavery
Advocates of annexing western lands argued that Manifest Destiny and the superiority of American institutions compelled the United States to expand its borders westward to the Pacific Ocean.
-the South pushed to expand the plantation economy and North demanded U.S to reject British claims to the Oregon territory -the election of Polk in 1845 allowed Manifest Destiny to become the forefront of American politicies and congress to annex Texas
The Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire.
-the Spanish crown demanded a tribute from the lower class based on their race, wealth, and education -higher class=less taxes and labor 1. born in Spain (peninsulares) 2. Spanish, born in N.A (criollos) 3.Spanish/Indian (mestizos) 4.Spanish/African (mulatos) 5. African 6. Native (indios)
Spanish efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into the Spanish colonial society
-the Spanish developing the mission system, led by Franciscan priests to extend its control into "Nuevo Mexico", provoked Pueblo resistance
Spanish exploration and conquest of the Americas were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by the introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas.
-the Spanish victory against the Aztecs was partly due tot the fact that when smallpox swept through Tenochtitlan, it left thousands dead and the Aztec army weakened
U.S. government interaction and conflict with Mexican Americans and American Indians increased in regions newly taken from American Indians and Mexico, altering these groups' economic self-sufficiency and cultures.
-the U.S's disease, theft, sexual assault, and forced labor devastated Native peoples -when the Cherokee were removed from Indian territory they confronted the Osage with conflict -the flood of U.S migrants also caused the Comache to forge alliances with former foes such as the Wichita and the Osage
The North's expanding manufacturing economy relied on free labor in contrast to the Southern economy's dependence on slave labor. Some Northerners did not object to slavery on principle but claimed that slavery would undermine the free labor market. As a result, a free-soil movement arose that portrayed the expansion of slavery as incompatible with free labor.
-the Wilmot Proviso gave voice to "free-soilers" who were concerned with the effect slavery to the west would have on small farmers and urban laborers -they were farmers and workers who were not exactly empathetic to the abolishment cause
The expansion of slavery in the deep South and adjacent western lands and rising antislavery sentiment began to create distinctive regional attitudes toward slavery.
-the confederation congress outlawed slavery in the Northwest territory -Georgia and South Carolina were adamant about protecting the slave trade
The Constitutional Convention compromised over the representation of slave states in Congress and the role of the federal government in regulating both slavery and the slave trade, allowing the prohibition of the international slave trade after 1808.
-the delegates agreed that slaves would count as 3/5 of a person in the representation of the House of Representatives
The middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance.
-the middle colonies were populated by Quakers-much less morally strict protestants -offered equality in worship (first female ministers) -William Penn's Pennsylvania established friendly relations with the Indians and joined their communities in some cases
English colonization efforts attracted a comparatively large number of male and female British migrants, all of whom sought social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions. These colonists focused on agriculture and settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived separately
-the scarcity of women ensured white women enjoyed economic and legal status -but as sex ratio balanced, rights fizzled out -small farmers could purchase and maintain land based on profits from tobacco
The colonies of the southernmost Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy
-these colonies relied on African labor to produce sugar, as it is very labor inducing -due to this, by 1660 in Barbados, there were 17 enslaved people for every 1 white indentured servant
After the British victory, imperial officials' attempts to prevent colonists from moving westward generated colonial opposition, while native groups sought to both continue trading with Europeans and resist the encroachments of colonists on tribal lands.
-these colonists cheated and ignored American Indian trading systems -Neolin preached that the American Indian need to separate themselves from Europeans -Pontiac attacked British, so in 1763 they forged settlement west of Appalation Mts.
The British colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization over time, developing autonomous political communities based on English models with influence from intercolonial commercial ties, the emergence of a trans-Atlantic print culture, and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism.
-transatlantic print culture spread ideas of Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke, Immanuel Kent, and Voltaire -Enlightenment thinkers further brought about the belief that a government should have the people's interests in mind
In the South, although the majority of Southerners owner no slaves, most leaders argued that slavery was part of the Southern way of life.
-under a third of people in the South were slaveholders by 1850 -affluent planters used white supremacy to bond with lower/middle class and unite the South in their racial pride
Regional interests often trumped national concerns as the basis for many political leaders' positions on slavery and economic policy.
-when recession hit in 1819 Southern planters and Midwestern farmers blamed banks when it was actually falling prices of crops -Northeast merchants and Federalists opposed war with British because it would effect trade -Federalists considered succesion from U.S in Hartford Convention
All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, as well as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southernmost Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies.
Barbados -before-indentured servants -expansion led to need for slaves in great numbers -black majority population -South Carolina recreated Barbados to produce rice
European nations' efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity.
Christopher Columbus -proposed to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain that he would find a new route to the Indies in an area not controlled by Italy or Portugal
Societies responded to the aridity of the Great Basin and the grasslands of the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles.
Hunting Societies -utilized a spear throwing device called the atlatl to catch small game while traversing the Great Plains for buffalo -the creation of the bow and arrow was also used to to support this lifestyle
In the Northeast, the Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages.
Iroquois -lived in villages in the northeast and cultivated maize and other vegetables -lived communally with multiple generations -women held power and inheritance -depended on warriors to hunt and fish
The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision, but these ultimately failed to reduce conflict.
Kansas Nebraska Act -Stephan Douglas wanted to build the transcontinental railroad in North Louisiana -in 1854, he established the act to extinguish Native Americans in Louisiana and repeal the Missouri Compromise -Kansas and Nebraska would have popular sovereignty -North was scared that South would gain power
Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution and asserted that federal laws took precedence over state laws.
Marbury v.s Madison (1803) -Marbury wanted to get Madison for not delivering appointment papers -Supreme Court ruled that they weren't allowed to force the executive branch to give commission -Chief Justice Marshall declared Supreme Court had the right to decide if federal laws were constitutional -Supreme Court declared federal law was more powerful than state law
The spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest and beyond supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies.
Maya -used innovation call Chinampas which are artificial islands in swampy areas that create good plots of land -adapted to their environment and increased production of maze
Colonists' resistance to imperial control drew on local experiences of self government, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system
Pennsylvania -William Penn founded it as a Quaker religious haven -enacted Frame of Government in 1682 that recognized religious freedom for all Christians and all property-holding men to vote and hold office
American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest
Pueblo Revolt -17,000 Pueblo assaulted Spanish missions and forts -limited Spanish expansion and allowed North-South movement of Pueblos -gained access to horses and guns
Distance and Britain's initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era. The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the Southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies.
Puritans in the Northeast -owned Massachusetts Bay Colony and relocated its capital and records to Northeast -able to govern themselves -adult male church members participate in governor elections and legislature
Societies in the Northwest and present day California supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean.
The Chumash -lived on Pacific coast -developed permanent communities due to the vast amount of resources -participated in regional exchange networks up and down the coast
Delegates from the states participated in the Constitutional Convention that created a limited but dynamic central government embodying federalism and providing for a separation of powers between three branches.
the Virginia Plan proposed: -a strong centralized state -a bicameral legislature in which representation would be based on population -members of these houses would select the national executive and judiciary