APUSH Study Guide: American Imperialism, World War 1, Progressive Era Pt. 2, and Women's Suffrage

Why did the KKK have a comeback in the 1920s?

"The Birth of a Nation," Woodrow Wilson's racism, and overall inequality lead the KKK to have 5 million members by 1920. In 1925, the KKK had a large March on Washington.

Why did America look to expand with imperialism?

After Westward Expansion was complete, the idea of "Manifest Destiny" remained so Americans looked internationally to expand, forming the "American Empire".

What were the Chicago Race Riots of 1919?

After a violent altercation at a segregated beach, violent uprisings lasted throughout a deadly summer in which 38 people died and over 500 people were injured. The black community was hurt worse than the whites.

What was the "purpose" of WW1?

Apparently, to "make the world safe for democracy".

Whose assassination kicked off WW1?

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

What caused the Chicago Race Riots?

As more African Americans moved to Chicago during the Great Migration, some whites began to feel and act more strongly against integration and did not want black people to share anything with them or live in the same neighborhoods, ect. because of racism. Housing shortages were most likely the biggest issue. The killing of the first boy in Lake Michigan was the catalyst.

How did the role of politics expand for women during the Progressive Era?

As more women (of higher class) gained access to educated and became college educated, they were able to lead new progressive and women right's movements.

What were the Palmer Raids?

Attorney General Mitchell Palmer ordered for many raids which targeted immigrants who were ~allegedly~ communists and anti-American.

What was the Atlanta Compromise? Who gave this speech?

Booker T. Washington gave this speech. He encouraged black and white Americans to "cast down their buckets." This meant for former slaves to start with what they had and appease white Southerners, and for whites to work with black people. He did not publicly oppose segregation (he wanted to appease white Southerners) but privately filed lawsuits against Jim Crow laws, probably to keep his message intact and not make himself a target of racial violence.

What was the Selective Service Act?

Essentially, it created the draft. This allowed the army to grow, adding 5 million soldiers to the ranks and ultimately contributed to US effectiveness in winning the war.

What was the Philippine American War?

Filipinos wanted independence from Spain originally, and then from America. The debate was whether it was a Filipino Insurrection or a War for Independence. There was strong American opposition because people believed it went against America's values of self-government and freedom. Ultimately the United States won the war (due to having a stronger military) and keeps the Philippines for many decades (until World War 2).

How did WW1 affect America?

GOOD EFFECTS: The government regulated more of the economy, such as industry, transportation, labor and agriculture. War industries boards created quotas, prices, and standardization of many objects, which revolutionized our consumption of material products. Railroads, coal, and oil industries prospered. Also, laborers were valued more: they received minimum wages, were allowed to form labor unions, and better working conditions. Also, more jobs opened up for African Americans looking to migrate North. LESS GOOD EFFECTS: Taxes rose, particularly on the wealthy. Also, propaganda in movies and in schools promoting support for the war pervaded American society.

What did Emilio Aguinaldo think of America's annexation of the Philippines?

He criticizes the hypocrisy of America barring the Philippines from self-governing. He reminds the US that their nation was founded by escaping England's imperialism, and points out the obvious racism used to depict Filipino people to Americans and the world (particularly in the media). He argues directly against President McKinley.

In 1914, did President Wilson believe the US should enter WW1? Why or why not? How does his opinion change by 1917?

He does not believe the US should enter the war because many Americans have ties to various European countries, and if the government chose a side it would alienate many citizens. Also, the United States is very ISOLATIONISTS. By 1917, he changes his mind to believe that we need to enter the war to protect and preserve democracy. He says he doesn't want to hurt people, just punish their undemocratic governments.

What was Wilson's main campaign promise during the election of 1916?

He promised peace and to keep the US out of the war, which was a promise he did not uphold. He was also favored among suffragette women.

Who was Woodrow Wilson?

He was a Democrat who won the 1912 election because the Republican party was split. He was the former Governor of New Jersey and was also a bit racist. He supported Progressive reforms such as the Federal Reserve Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act (among other regulatory policies).

Who was Emilio Aguinaldo?

He was a Filipino leader, and essentially the "George Washington of the Philippines".

Who was W.E.B. DuBois?

He was a Harvard alum who opposed Booker T. Washington's ideas, and believed that African Americans should fight for immediate Civil Rights and equality. He was motivated by the racial terror in the South and lack of progress for African Americans, which is why he was convinced Washington's ideology was not effective. DuBois wanted to be equal to white people immediately.

Who is Eugene Debs? What are his views on America in WW1?

He was a socialist who criticized the government for leading the people into the war. He pointed out that the lower classes were the ones during in trenches, while the upper classes were the ones who actually declared war and told people to go die for their country. He was not anti-American or unpatriotic, he was simply called out problems as he saw them which is actually a very American thing to do.

Who was Rudyard Kipling and what did he say was "the white man's burden"?

He was an author/poet who was an imperialist. He considered it the duty of the white man to civilize other (non-white) "savage" societies and teach them Christianity, ect. Needless to say he was extremely racist.

Who was Booker T. Washington?

He was an extremely influential African American leader who believed that to more African Americans forward, they should focus on individual success - education and economic success. He did not believe in fighting for immediate Civil Rights because he did not think agitating [white] people was the way to go; he believed in a gradual equality. Critics accuse him of accepting Jim Crow and the idea that African Americans were inferior. Many white people in power supported him and his ideology.

What does Militarism mean?

It means industrialization and the building of new weaponry within militaries. Also the expanding of militaries.

What was the Spanish American war?

It was a war between Spain and the USA to give Cuba independence from Spain and deliver democracy, which Cuban rebels called for.

How was the Spanish American war resolved?

It was resolved in 1898 with the Treaty of Paris. Spain received $20 million in exchange for Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. This was Spain's decision, and Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines had no say.

What was the Treaty of Versailles and why was it a failure?

It was the "end of WW1" treaty. It was a failure because 1. Wilson couldn't keep his promise to join the League of Nations, and 2. because of the massive reparations on Germany which eventually led to WW2.

What was the Women's Christian Temperance movement? (WCTU)

It was the largest female organization in the United States, and supported prohibition and women's suffrage (hand in hand).

What side was Italy on during WW1?

Italy sided with the ALLIES in WW1.

How did birth control affect women's lives?

Less children made it easier to work outside the home. A top advocate was Margaret Sanger. Women were also now debating about free speech and public health. This was an issue for all women, regardless of class, which made it a powerful unifying social movement.

Why did (President) William McKinley justify annexing the Philippines?

Mckinley claims to be saving the Philippines and that it would be cowardly to let Spain (or another country) rule the Philippines. McKinley also claims it goes along with his religion, but this may be biased due to the religious audience he presents to.

How did gender roles change during the Progressive Era?

More women worked outside the home (immigrants in sweatshops, African Americans as domestic servants, and white non-immigrants in office/clerical positions). Technology added jobs for women, who often worked as telephone operators, ect. However, women were still largely expected to stay at home with children.

Why was Newark a location of many black people leaving rural areas for urban communities? Why was Newark important in general?

Newark is a microcosm for the rest of the nation during the Great Migration. Newark was a large city at that time and seemed to present the promise of equal opportunity and higher quality of life than in more rural areas. There were many jobs being advertised for the war effort as well - for example, steel workers. However, as black people were welcomed for cheap labor they were less welcomed to live within a racist society. While living conditions were tough in the North, it was better than the persecution African Americans faced in the South. People migrating wanted a better life for future generations, even if they had to struggle with their own experiences.

What was the Red Summer?

Once news got out about the Chicago riots, violence exploded across the country in 20 different riots. It was called the "Red Summer."

Why did many African Americans leave the South?

PUSH FACTORS: The people leaving the South for Northern and Western cities were refugees fleeing an unequal society and the violence in the South. There were also limited economic opportunities, segregation, and disenfranchisement of African Americans. PULL FACTORS: There were more working opportunities to make wages, educate children, and achieve more equality in the North. There were many jobs involved with helping with the war, a patriotic thing to do. Also, there was less segregation in the North and people may have wanted to leave behind their history of slavery and have a fresh start.

How did WW1 aid the women's suffrage movement?

Patriotic women who aided the country in winning the war were seen as more deserving of the vote, and so the 19th amendment was passed. (This also meant that women could run for office.)

How did progressives feel about immigrants voting?

Progressives did not want immigrants to vote. They curbed immigrant voting through literacy tests and laws requiring voter registration, both of which suppressed voting.

Was the Spanish American war justified?

Short answer: probably not. Long answer: There was scapegoating and tactics used to incite the war for economic gain.

How inclusive was the suffrage women?

Some arguments for women's suffrage stated that if immigrants or black men could vote, then women should also be able to vote (so they pushed other groups down to gain suffrage). Also, women of color didn't have as much of a voice and still couldn't vote when white women could.

How did women affect industry in the early 20th century?

Some industries, such as the garment industries, were heavily dependent on women. In addition, many industries and innovations catered to women, such as the invention of the washing machine.

Why are some skeptical about the USS Maine explosion by Cuban rebels?

Some questioned whether the American government had blown up the ship, William McKinley sent the ship to Havana unexpectedly, and the engine may have had problems on its own.

What were Woodrow Wilson's 14 points?

The 14 points were a statement of peace meant to act as a treaty to end WW1 but it was also an attempt to prevent WW2. Since Congress would not join Wilson's League of Nations, this plan failed.

What was the Espionage Act of 1917?

The Act stated that people could not record or reveal information about national defense if it could give an advantage to an adversary (nation) or be used against the US in some way. Also, it banned people from encouraging a boycott of the draft. It was passed just as the United States entered WW1. It was passed soon before the Sedition Act.

What was the Great Migration?

The Great Migration lasted from WW1 to after WW2. In 1910, most black people were sharecroppers. During WW1, 500,000 African Americans moved to Northern cities. In 1920, 800,000 people moved out of the South. In urban areas, there were more economic opportunities and less racial inequality (although there still was racism in the North).

What happened at Seneca Falls?

The National American Women's Suffrage Association gathered at the first conference for women's rights in American history. While this was historic, not all women were given a chance to speak - particularly women of color.

What were the Teller and Platt Amendments?

The Teller Amendment stated that the US had no intention of taking over any part of Cuba, which a group of American anti-imperialists supported. They didn't want the US to turn into a full-fledged empire. The Platt Amendment gave US more power over Cuba's treaties and international affairs, and also established Guantanamo as a naval base.

What were some factors which led America to join WW1?

The US always favored the Allied Powers. Germany began submarine warfare in 1917 and (with reason) took out the Lusitania ship. The Zimmerman telegram also angered Americans. In all, Germany was the instigator. The acronym MANIA (Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Assassination) also helps explain this.

Why did the United States invade Cuba?

The US invaded Cuba for many reasons but some of them may be "scapegoats" covering for other reasons. Some reasons are: USS Maine blew up and the Spanish were blamed, although it was most likely an engine failure (and 266 Americans died), Cuba gives raw materials to US and is heavily invested in by American investors (want to protect their investments), and Cuban rebels are rejecting the Spanish government. Americans also had pride in an extension of "Manifest Destiny" and a mission to civilize other societies through imperialism. Cuba is also positioned really good for a naval base; it's very close to the mainland US. In addition, yellow journalism (fake news) increased public support for the war.

What started the Spanish American War?

The United States invaded Cuba. (Though some could argue that the blowing up of USS Maine was the true start of the war.)

Why did the US annex the Philippines? Was this a good thing or a bad thing, and why or why not?

The United States won the Philippines when they won the Spanish-American War, and did not decide to let them self govern because, according to President McKinley, they were "unfit". However, the Philippines were also seen as a stepping stone to China (and therefore they were annexed for economic and trade reasons). This annexation was generally a bad thing, because it went against American ideals of self-government and freedom, and anti-imperialists vehemently opposed the annexation of the Philippines.

What was the Sedition Act of 1918?

The act, passed by President Woodrow Wilson, restricted freedom of speech and of the press by incriminating the act of speaking out against the war (and America's involvement in it). For example, Eugene Debs was imprisoned for speaking out against the war. Thousands of people were imprisoned for short periods of time for dissenting to government opinion.

How did Social Darwinism play a part in disadvantaging African Americans in the job market? (Chicago's job market specifically.)

The idea that the "fittest" people would be best for the job manifested in white people getting more job opportunities because they were deemed "fit" while black people were denied these jobs.

What was the Anti-Imperialist League and what were there beliefs? Who were key/famous members?

The league was made up of Americans who criticized the country for not upholding American values. They targeted American citizens as their audience. Some key members were Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, Jane Addams, and William Graham Sumner. Particularly, they were against the annexation of the Philippines due to the brutal treatment of Filipino civilians by US troops (ex. concentration camps, which were racially motivated).

What was the Boxer Rebellion (1900) and what was the role of US troops?

The rebellion was a violent anti-imperialist protest in China, which US troops helped to shut down. (They were aiding the Chinese government in shutting down the rebellion because the US troops were imperialist.)

What was the Zimmerman telegram? Who was Arthur Zimmerman?

The telegram was sent from Germany to Mexico, offering US land in exchange for Mexico siding with the Axis Powers. Arthur Zimmerman was the German who sent the telegram.

What did Progressive Era women believe?

They wanted to be treated as full citizens equal to men. As women gained more economic and political opportunities/power, they campaigned for the right to vote - and won. Many Progressive Era reformers were women, so the movement allowed them to step into the spotlight. The Progressive Era and women's suffrage are intertwined due to the general atmosphere of equality and change.

What was the "Talented Tenth" idea (1903)?

This idea focused on the top 10% of black Americans, and the idea that they should get better education to achieve their full potential. The reasoning behind this is that then there would be more black lawyers, doctors, politicians, ect. to pick up the rest of the community. DuBois and Henry Lyman Morehouse (who coined the term).

What was the Clayton Antitrust Act?

This is the first piece of legislation meant to regulate monopolies, and was very effective.

What was the idea of a "New Negro"?

This term characterized how WW1 affected (mostly) black men. After fighting for their country, they wanted to be treated as equals. They had the same hopes, dreams, and aspirations as any white man and are willing to do anything to fight for their freedom.

Why was the Panama Canal constructed?

To make imperialism and trade easier by providing a pathway (waterway) through South America. President Theodore Roosevelt was largely behind the Panama Canal. It also allowed for an excuse to build colonies around the canal.

What was the National Women's Party?

Under the leadership of Alice Paul, these women demanded the right to vote more fiercely than previous groups. They used radical tactics such as a hunger strike and were some of the first feminists.

How did the Progressive Era change American women's' lives?

Women increasingly worked for wages and handled household finances, especially while their husbands were fighting in WW1. Women were also finally allowed to own property, control finances, and make contracts and wills. Overall, women gained a lot more freedom during this time period.

Who won the election of 1912?

Woodrow Wilson won the electoral college, and therefore the Presidency, in 1912. He only won because the opposing part was split between two candidates, and only won 48% of the popular vote.

What America justified in entering WW1?

YES, WE WERE JUSTIFIED because Germany had already begun plotting against us before we entered the war. We had already chosen a side, so it was time we used our military strength to defend our position. NO, WE WEREN'T JUSTIFIED because the war was between European nations. Also, Germany only attacked us because we were aiding the British.