APWH, Unit 1.2, Developments in Dar al-Islam

Give 3 examples of Turkish people who shaped Dar al-Islam.

1) Mamluks in North Africa 2) Seljuks in Middle East 3) Delhi Sultanate in South Asia

What (4) groups invaded Abbasid Empire?

1) Seljuk Turks 2) Mamelukes 3) Mongols 4) Crusaders

What are the 5 Pillars of Islam?

1) Shahadah 2) Salat 3) Zakat 4) Sawn 5) Hajj

Give 3 effects that occurred due to the decline of Baghdad.

1) lost wealth & population 2) canals couldn't be repaired 3) not enough food for urban population

What are the two main themes of the Qu'ran?

1) monotheism 2) importance of taking care of those less fortunate than you

How many wives could a male have?

4

When was the Abbasid Dynasty?

750-1258

When does the story of Islam begin?

7th century

When did discrimination towards non-Arabs fade away?

9th century

Define *A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah*.

A prolific female poet whose writing portrayed her broad education and learnings about Sufism. Her most famous poem was "Clear Inspiration, on Praise of the Trusted One" and refers to Muhammad.

What does the term "hijab" mean?

A term that can refer to either the practice of dressing modestly or a specific type of covering.

Who was the first caliph?

Abu Baker

Sunni Muslims believed who was the rightful Caliph?

Abu Bakr (father-in-law)

What was the Islamic state in Spain known as?

Al-Andalus

Shia Muslims believed who was the rightful Caliph?

Ali (son-in-law)

What is Zakat?

Almsgiving, where non-poor mMuslims give percentage of income to poor

Who do Sunnis believe the caliph can be?

Any devout Muslim

Islamic scholars translated Greek literary classics into what langauge?

Arabic

Where was the capital for Abbasid Dynasty?

Baghdad, Iraq

Give an example of how the "people of the book" tolerated and influenced one another.

Bin Rushd's commentaries on Aristotle's influenced Jewish philosopher Maimonides, who developed a synthesis of Aristotle's reasoning and biblical interpretation. He influenced Christian philosopher St. Thomas Aquila's.

Who do Shia Muslims believe should be leader of Islamic community?

Blood descendant/relative of Muhammad

Why were most lives of inhabitants on the countryside remain virtually unchanged?

Caliph's military force did not own the territory it had conquered, therefore not affecting society in the countryside that much.

Define *Mongols*.

Came from Central Asia and conquered the Abbasid Empire in 1258.

Define *Baghdad*.

Capital of the Abbasid Empire that was a renown center for learning

Define *Seljuk Turks*.

Central Asian Muslims who conquered most of Middle East and went almost as far as Western China.

Where did Islamic scholars learn to make paper? Who learned how to make paper from them?

Chinese; Europeans

Define *Crusaders*.

Christians who invaded Seljuk Turks territory in order to gain back the Holy Land.

Who were considered "people of the book"?

Christians, Muslims, and Jews

What is the umma?

Community of believers (cut all ties, even tribial ones)

Define *Mamluk Sultanate*.

Egyptian Mamluks seized control of Egyptian government and facilitated trade in cotton and sugar between Islamic world and Europe.

Define *Abbasid Caliphate*.

Empire that experienced a Golden Age of Islam and had their capital in Baghdad. They overthrew the Umayyads in 750, but were eventually conquered by the Mongols in 1258.

Define *Mamluks*.

Ethnic Turks from Central Asia who were enslaved people in Arab society. They acted as bureaucrats or soldiers, but eventually took over Egypt and started the Mamluk Sultanate.

How did the Mamluk Sultanate prosper?

Facilitate trade in cotton and sugar between Islamic world and Europe.

There was no discrimination against non-Arabs in Islamic regions: True or False

False - In the non-Arab areas of Islamic expansion, control by Islamic caliphs led to discrimination toward non-Arabs, though rarely to open persecution.

Seljuk Turks allowed Christians to freely travel to and from their holy sites in and around Jerusalem: True or False

False - The Abbasids allowed Christians to travel easily to and from their holy sites in and around Jerusalem. However, the Seljuk Turks limited this travel.

What did Muslims believe about Muhammad?

God sent Muhammad as the final prophet to bring people back to the one true region, which involves the worship of, and submission to, a single, all-powerful God.

When did restrictions for women begin?

Golden Age of Abbasid Dynasty

Who was In Khaldun?

He was well-known for his historical accounts and is widely acknowledged as a founder of the fields of historiography and sociology.

Why did a majority of the people reject Islam in India?

India was Hindu and that religion had structured it for hundreds of years.

Islamic scholars studied mathematics texts from where and transferred the knowledge to whom?

India; Europeans

Explain how systems of belief and their practices affected society in the period from 1200 to 1450.

Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Africa and Asia.

Describe Battle of Tours.

Islamic military was turned back in 732 after they lost against Frankish forces, a rare thing for Islamic armies. It marked their limited expansion into Western Europe.

Define *Nasir al-Din al-Tusi*.

Islamic scholar who contributed to astronomy, law, logic, ethics, math, philosophy, and medicine. He built one of the most accurate observatories in his time and is the father of trigonometry.

Explain what the following statement by Muhammad means: "Go in quest of knowledge even unto China."

Islamic scholars were encouraged to learn fro many cultures, and carried on the world of earlier thinkers.

Describe Islamic women who testified under court.

Islamic women who testified in a court under shariah were to be protected from retaliation, but their testimony was worth only half that of a man.

Describe the effect in the Abbasid Empire of having a Seljuk Turk call himself a sultan.

It reduced the role of the highest-ranking Abbasid from caliph to chief Sunni religious authority.

What was the significance of the Abbasid Dynasty?

It was big, powerful, and united by Arabic language & Islamic traditions. Religion was powerful and spreading across Eurasia while political government was breaking down.

Who do Sunnis believe religious authority comes from?

Larger Islamic community, particularly the ulama

Describe 1 similarity and 1 difference between the Chinese and the Abbasids.

Like the Chinese, the Abbasids had conflicts with nomadic groups in Central Asia. Unlike the Chinese, they also confronted European invaders.

Define *House of Wisdom*.

Located in Baghdad, was one of the largest libraries in all of the known world at the time

Merchants were esteemed as long as they did what?

Maintain fair dealings & gave to charity in accord to the pillars of Islamic faith

Where do Muslims pray?

Mecca

Where did Islam begin?

Mecca in Arabian Peninsula

What is Sawn?

Month-long fast in Ramadan (lunar calendar month)

Slave women had (more/less) freedom than legal wives.

More

Who is the prophet of Islam?

Muhammad

What happened in Medina?

Muhammad severed relationship ties to Judaism, turning the focus of prayer away from Jerusalem to Mecca

What is the significance of the Delhi Sultanate?

Muslim Political state in India in 1206 established by Turkish invaders in India.

Who were the Sufis and what impact did they have on spreading Islam?

Muslim missionaries who embraced a form of Islam that focused more on the emotion experience and was popular form of Islam. They gained many converters because they were willing to accommodate gods and religious festivals.

Explain the effects of intellectual innovation in Dar al-Islam.

Muslim states and empires encourage significant intellectual innovations and transfers. • Innovations: Advances in mathematics (*Nasir al-Din al-Tusi*), Advances in literature (*A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah*), Advance in Medicine (*Avicenna*). • Transfers: Preservation & Commentaries on Greek moral & Natural Philosophy, House of Wisdom in Abbasid Baghdad, Scholarly & Cultural transfers in Muslim & Christian Spain (*Al-Andalus*)

Describe slavery in Islam.

Muslims could not enslave another Muslim, nor could they enslaved Christians, Jews, or Zoroastrians. They were often imported from Africa, Kievan Rus, and Central Asia. Many slaves converted to Islam, allowing them to become free.

Define *Sufis*.

Muslims who emphasized introspection to grasp truths they believed could not be understood through learning.

Explain ONE way Islamic culture blended with other cultures in al-Andalusia during the period c. 1200 - c. 1450.

One way Islamic culture blended with other cultures in al-Andalusia during the period c. 1200 to c. 1450 can be seen through the knowledge traded between cultures. For instance, an Islamic scholar influenced a Jewish philosopher, who influenced a Christian philosopher. Though the three groups had entirely different beliefs, they worked together and built upon each other's knowledge, blending each others' cultures with one another.

Explain ONE way in which the Umayyad rulers in Córdoba were successful during the period c. 1200 - c. 1450.

One way in which the Umayyad rulers in Córdoba were successful during the period c. 1200 to c. 1450 was when they created a climate of toleration between three different groups. Within Córdoba, Christians, Muslims, and Jews all lived together peacefully. They did not argue or start wars with one another, contributing to the success of the Umayyad Empire's rule.

Describe ONE way the status of women under Islam differed from the status of women in China during the period c. 1200 - c. 1450.

One way the status of women under Islam differed from the status of women in China during the period c. 1200 to c. 1450 was that Islamic women had more freedoms with men than women of Chinese society. For instance, Islamic women within marriage could initiate divorce, own property, and overall were more independent than women in China who were more dependent on men. While Muslim women did have some restrictions, they still did not defer as much to men as Chinese women.

What is the definition of a Muslim?

People who embraced sharia because they submitted to the will of God

What is hajj?

Pilgrimage to Mecca that Muslims must fulfill at least once in their lives

What is a caliph?

Political leader as a successor of Muhammad

Who do Shias believe religious authority comes from?

Prayer leaders called imams - only ones who can correctly interpret divine revelations and Islamic law

What is Salat?

Praying 5 times a day facing Mecca - dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, late evening (unless puberty, sick, or menstruating)

What is Shahadah?

Profession of faith - "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is Allah's prophet."

What is the name of their holy book? How does it differ from Jewish & Christian sacred texts?

Qu'ran was less narrative and is made up of written revelations Muhammad received. It is not written in the view point of people, but seen as the actual word of God.

Who do Sunni Muslims believe should be the caliph?

Rightful political & military leader of Islam

What areas were conquered by Islamic Empires?

Sassanian Empire & Byzantine Empire (Middle East, North Africa, Central Asia)

Define *Seljuk Empire*.

Seljuk Turks from Central Asia who were Muslims created an empire known as the Seljuk Empire that extended almost as far as Western China.

Describe Muhammad's first wife.

She was educated and owned her own business, which set a pattern for the recognition of women's abilities.

What were dhows?

Ships built by India or China that had long, thin hulls that made them excellent for carrying goods, not for conducting warefare.

What did the Seljuk leader call himself?

Sultan

What are the two major sections of Islam?

Sunni & Shia

Describe the Abbasid Caliphate's ethnic makeup compared to later Islamic states.

The Abbasid Caliphate was led by Arabs and Persians, but the later Islamic states were shaped by Turkic peoples who descended from people in Central Asia.

What is the Hijra?

The journey Muhammad made to Medina when he was kicked out of Mecca

Define *Muhammad*.

The prophet and founder of Islam who lived from 570 to 632

How did Sufi missionaries play an important role in the spread of Islam?

They tended to adapt to local cultures and traditions, sometimes interweaving local religious elements into Islam, and in this way won many converts.

Describe Islamic society's view of merchants.

They viewed merchants as more prestigious than did other societies in Europe and Asia at the time. Muhammad was a merchant, and so had his first wife.

Why did the Mongols stop going west after they conquered the remaining Abbasid Empire and ending the Seljuk rule?

They were stopped in Egypt by Mamluks.

Describe economic decline in Baghdad after the fall of the Abbasid Empire.

Trade patterns slowly shifted to routes farther north of Baghdad, crusading the city to lose its traditional place at the center of the trade.

What was the significance of the hadiths?

Traditions about saying or action of Muhammad - important source of sharia, negative view of women

During the Umayyad Empire, Córdoba had the largest library in the world: True or False

True

Islamic women enjoyed a higher status than Christian or Jewish women: True or False

True

People paid tribute to Islamic caliphs rather than to Byzantine rulers: True or False

True

What head covering would men wear in Islamic society?

Turbans or skull caps

Who do Sunnis believe the caliph should be chosen by?

Umma

When did Mamluks decline in power?

When Portuguese and other Europeans developed new sea routes for trade.

Could women read and study?

Yes, but not in the company of men not related to them.

What is the sharia?

body of Islamic law

Who were the 4 Caliphs?

• Abu Bakr • Umar • Uthman • Ali

Where did slaves in Islamic society come form?

• Africa • Kievan Rus • Central Asia

Explain the causes and effects of the rise of Islamic states over time.

• As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic people. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity. • Muslim rule continued to expand to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants, missionaries, and Sufis. KNOW: *Seljuk Empire*, *Mamluk Sultanate*, *Delhi sultanate*

Give 3 places where great universities for Islamic culture were located.

• Baghdad, Iraq • Córdoba, Spain • Cairo, Egypt

Give 2 discoveries that Islam made: Libraries

• Córdoba in Umayyad Empire • had 400,000+ books

Give 2 discoveries that Islam made: Scholarship & learning

• House of Wisdom translated • contained Qu'ran and hadiths

Compare Islam and Hinduism.

• Islam was monotheistic while Hinduism was polytheistic. • Islam had no images of Allah while Hinduism had many idols & statues • Islam had equality of all Muslims while Hinduism had a caste system

What were 3 things that came from the spread of Islam?

• Islamic faith • Arabic language • culture of Arabia

Name 3 Islamic states who had their roots in Turkic cultures.

• Ottoman Empire in Turkey • Safavid Empire in Persia • Mughal Empire in India

Give 2 discoveries that Islam made: Art

• abstract due to Allah belief • geometric pattern & arabesque

Give 2 discoveries that Islam made: Zoology

• animals fo trade & travel • books on animals

Give 2 discoveries that Islam made: Bookmaking & literature

• artisans skilled in papermaking • calligraphy used to design books as status of wealth

Give 2 discoveries that Islam made: calligraphy

• beautiful writing used by Muslims when copying Qu'ran • used in Muslim art & honored

Give 2 discoveries that Islam made: astronomy

• believed Earth was sphere & rotated on axis • tell time, measure latitude, determine position with planets

Identify 2 things that resulted from the prosperity under Islam.

• climate of toleration in Córdoba between Jews, Christians, and Muslims • promoted trade, allowing Asian products to enter Spain, then all of Europe

Give 2 discoveries that Islam made: Music

• combined classical Arab & native Spanish culture • oud - short-necked guitar, rebab - violin, flute, darbuka - drum

Give 2 discoveries that Islam made: Irrigation and underground wells

• dams, reservoirs, aqueducts & water wheel • underground wells (50 ft down)

Give 2 examples of how Muhammad raised the status of women.

• dowries be paid to future wife rather than father • no female infanticide • could inherit property after marriage • remarry if widowed • receive cash if divorced • marriage was consensual • infatuated divorce • practice birth control

Give 2 discoveries that Islam made: Mathematics

• grid boxes • algebra introduced

Give 2 discoveries that Islam made: Banking

• had banks with officials • created system of checks and letters of credit

Give 2 discoveries that Islam made: Medicine

• hospitals started here • Baghdad hospital had library, pharmacy, laboratory, and rooms

Give 2 discoveries that Islam made: Polo

• introduced by Persians & famous among wealthy class • adapted with Arabian horses

Who was Averroes?

• lived in 12th century • was a famous scholar from Spain • also known as In Rushd • wrote influential works on law, secular philosophy, and the natural sciences

Describe slave women in Islamic society.

• may be concubines to men who had allotment of 4 wives • could go to markets and run errands • dance or perform to unrelated men

What are 4 motives for spread of Islam?

• merchants wanted access to profitable trade routes & wealthy agricultural regions • individuals wanted to gain wealth & social proclamation • expansion provided common task for umma that was on verge of falling apart after Muhammad's death • spread of Muslim faith & religion government around the world

Through what (3) actions and activities helped Islam's reach extend from India to Spain?

• military • merchants • missionaries

Give 2 discoveries that Islam made: Chess

• originated in India & appeared in Persia • taken in Europe and spread to Southern Europe

Give 2 discoveries that Islam made: Pharmacies

• sedatives used for surgery • antiseptics & treatments with herbs & medicinal plants

Describe the spread of Islam in Africa.

• spread by commercial enterprises of traveling merchants • converted voluntarily • popular in urban arias like Ghana, Mali, Songhay • spread to highest government

Describe the spread of Islam in India.

• spread by military • lower class & not real Buddhists conformed in view of hope • mostly in northern area • rejected by many

Give 2 discoveries that Islam made: Baghdad

• trade routes & 2 rivers • concentric circles with moat

How might the new status of women best be symbolized in Islamic culture?

• veil • harem • concubines • children of these women

What 4 reasons contributed to widespread conversion of Islam?

• wasn't drastic change for Jew or Christian • Islam sponsored by powerful state at time • people didn't have beliefs & saw how powerful Arabic Empire was & believed Allah was all-powerful • many incentives for converting, such as jizya and that fact that slaves could hold social positions