ARCH 4433 Mid-Term Exam
Lilli Reich
- 1885 - 1947 - Haus der Frau (Women's House), Deutsche Werkbund Exhibition, Cologne, 1914 - The Velvet & Silk Café, originally installed in Berlin Silk Exposition, 1927, with Mies van der Rohe - Villa Tugendhat, Brno, Czech Republic, with Mies van der Rohe, 1929-1930 - Phillip Johnson's New York Apartment, 1931, with Mies van der Rohe
Grete Schutte Lihotzky
- 1897-2000 - Frankfurt Kitchen in the Ginnheim Hohenblick Housing Estate by Ernst May, Frankfurt, Germany, 1926-27 - Her architectural education included training on social housing
Charlotte Periand
- 1903 - 1999 - Bar Sous Le Toit, created for the Salon D'Automne, Paris, 1927 - Perriand Apartment & Studio, Place St. Sulpice, Paris, 1927 - "Interior Equipment for Dwelling," project executed with Le Corbusier & Pierre Jeanneret - Dormitory Room furnishings for Maison du Bresil, Paris, 1959 - Kitchen for the Unite d'Habitation, Marseille, France, designed in 1952 with Le Corbusier
Deutsche Werkbund
- 1914 - Demonstrated industrialism & normative form - Gropius & Meyer, Model Factory - Bruno Taut, Glass Pavilion - Henri Van de Velde, Werkbund Theater
Ginnheim Hohenblick Housing Estate
- 1920 - Related to the rebuilding of the German nation - Prefabricated reinforced concrete - People were not eager to move into these buildings. They seemed cold, foreign, & plain from the exterior. However, the interior were the focal points for marketing campaigns
Constructivism Movement
- 1920s - Involved a very explicit integration of architecture & engineering. - Driven by engineering science, & construction science - Pragmatic needs were being considered
Kingswood School Cranbrook
- 1930s - Eliel Saarinen - Considered automobile mobility - Considered the relationship between the person, land, & building - Close attention to detail
International Style
- 1932 - Represents a moment where the synthesis of modern ideas & their impact is clear - Term was coined at a MoMA exhibition
City Beautiful Movement
- A progressive movement that flourished from the 1890s until the early 1910s. - Advocates sought to improve American cities through beautifications. - Had a number of effects: 1- social ills would be swept away, as the beauty of the city would inspire civic loyalty and moral in the impoverished. 2- American cities would be brought to cultural parity with their European competitors through the use of the European Beaux-Arts idiom. 3- A more inviting city center still would not bring the upper classes back to live, but to work and spend money in the urban areas.
Skyscraper & Sullivan
- A response to urban development & the value of being in the center city - A response to a newly available range of construction materials including mass-produced structural elements, the elevator, & fireproofing techniques. Sullivan engaged directly with these technologies & created an architectural vocabulary for expressing them.
Chicago Stock Exchange Building
- Adler & Sullivan - 1893, demolished 1972
Tuberculosis Sanatorium
- Alvar Aalto - Finland - 1929-33 - Influence of both Walter Gropius's Bauhaus & principles of Le Corbusier as well as Finnish National Romantic Movement by Eliel Saarinen. - Aalto & his wife crafted all of the facility's furniture. - Successful design at the macro-scale & micro-scale. Macro = site situation & organization. Micro = patient rooms. - First fully, truly modern hospital building. - Dense town, hilly environment. Hospital property was to be set on top of a hill/mountain.
Gottfried Semper, Science, Industry & Art, 1852:
- Art progresses through function, the nature of materials, & technique. - Artists had an obligation to master the means of the industry.
Stair rail of the Bauhaus Building in Dessau
- Became an iconic stair element that was adapted throughout the mid-1920s. - Elegant, simple, machine-made
COMPARISON: Fagus Factory to AEG Turbine Factory
- Behrens disguised the corner as not carrying any load & Gropius made it clear that the envelope isn't carrying any load. FREE FACADE - Intense focus on detail for both buildings - Clearly structured, functional, clean, open
Bauhaus Building at Dessau, Germany by Walter Gropius in 1926
- Believed to be the first compelling masterpiece of the Modern Movement, unrivaled in size & quality until after 1930. - The site of Bauhaus did not generate the form of the building. - Structural steel frame. Open spaces, plenty of natural light, - Each part of the building has its own function, but the principles of open space can be seen throughout. The conceptual relationship & the idea of connection. - The skin of the building articulates the space within, Choices about cladding, apertures, etc. were decided based on FUNCTION. - Golden section with careful attention to proportion. The lightness of the facade: the whole. - Fully motivated by the second industrial/machine age. Using machines to produce functional, economic, minimal items that could unite the historic separation between craft & industry. - The ultimate form follows function building. - Known as the first fully high-modern building.
Carl Milles
- Brought to Cranbrook by Saarinen - Sculpture & fountains are intrinsic elements of the landscape architecture of Cranbrook. - Lived on-site from 1931-1951 - First head of the sculpture department of Cranbrook.
Guaranty Building
- Buffalo, NY - 1897-1899
Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane
- Buffalo, NY - 1870-90 - H.H. Richardson - Evidence of the promotion of wellness. - Fully masonry building - Landscape design by Olmstead & Vaux. Landscape would be open & encourage a connection to the outdoors. - Restorative qualities that encourage calming & peacefulness. - Rather than corridors being small and cramped, the ones in Buffalo Psychiatric Hospital were wide and more open.
Prominent first generation of designers educated at Cranbrook Academy:
- Charles & Ray Eames - Eero Saarinen - Harry Betoia - Florence Shuest Knoll
Chicago Auditorium Building
- Chicago, IL - 1887-1889 - The biggest building of its time in Chicago - An early example of how Sullivan thought about structure & its influence on ordering an elevation
Differences between Cranbrook & Bauhaus:
- Cranbrook didn't have a singular idea/theory like early Bauhaus. - The integration of design disciplines wasn't as rigid at Cranbrook.
How was the Court of Honor considered a theatrical space?
- Created to give the illusion of white marble. - The use of electric lights was the first use of outdoor lighting in this manner.
3 overarching frameworks for change that forge designer's thinking for change:
- Cultural transformations - Physical (territorial) transformations - Technological transformations
The Women's Building
- Dedicated to exhibitions, lectures, distribution of books & brochures, etc. - About how the lives of women were changing. - Designed by Sophie Hayden, the first female graduate of MIT Architecture. Candace Wheeler was the director of the interior.
Glass Pavilion, Bruno Taut
- Deutsche Werkbund - Explore & demonstrate the aesthetic & spatial properties of industrially made glass. - EXPRESSIONISM - Metaphor for transparency in society
Model Factory, Gropius & Meyer
- Deutsche Werkbund - More evolved spatial categories - Nonstructural walls + transparency. - Abstraction - Curtain wall
Werkbund Theater, Henri Van de Velde
- Deutsche Werkbund One of the only reinforced concrete buildings during the exhibition. - Ornament palette is fully organic, more reductive, & abstract. - Contemporary ornamentation strategies
Multipurpose building program
- Developed by Sullivan & Adler for the Chicago Auditorium Building - Modern because it was a way to financially support the building
Transcendentalism
- Elevated the power & importance of the natural landscape. - Emphasized the inspiration that nature could bring
Saarinen House:
- Expressive masonry - Intricate patterns - Articulating function - Simplicity rather than tradition - Repetitive, geometric patterns
Issues with factories:
- Extremely long working hours without any regulation - Young children working in the factory
Be able to compare the articulation of the elevations and massing of the Fagus Factory and the Turbine Factory.
- Fagus Factory - Turbine Factory
Louis Kahn
- Fascinated by machinery in the early 1900s. The movement and scale were fascinating to him.
George Ferris
- Ferris Wheel of the World's Columbian Exposition. - 45.5' structural steel axel, fabricated in a single extrusion.
"Brownie" Camera
- First use was at the World's Fair. This opened the door for photography.
CranbrookPedagogy
- Founded as an experimental artists' colony - Known as the "incubator" for mid-century modernism
Studio Loja Saarinen
- Founded by Loja Saarinen in 1928 - Her commission includes textiles & furnishings for the buildings that Eliel designed on campus.
Deutscher Werkbund
- Founded in 1907 - A diverse group of artists & architects, including Behrens & Methesius, dedicated to improving craft education & advancing the state of craft production in Germany
Philadelphia Savings Fund Society
- George Howe & William Lescaze - Philadelphia, PA - 1931-1932 - Embodies euro-modernism influences. - Bank wanted a modern building because they wanted to appear progressive & inclusive. - As the building rises, you can tell a change in the function. Highly articulated base.
Cultural transformations
- How did humans think about themselves? How did they learn? - Human rights, women's rights, fear, challenges of integrations, & racism. - Literacy & learning: mass production of books changed the availability of knowledge.
Similarities between Cranbrook & Bauhaus:
- Interest in craft & making - Interest in scale
Zonnestraal Sanatorium
- Jan Duiker with Bernard Bijvoet - The Netherlands - 1926-31 - Nieuwe Bouwen (new building) movement in the Netherlands - "Sun-filled" or "Sunburst" - Maximizing the orientation of each building to light & air - Whiteness as a code of cleansing on the exterior. - High modernism as an element of healing & health. - Patient rooms facing out to a southern elevation on a single load.
Purkersdorf Sanatorium
- Josef Hoffman - Austria - 1904-05 - Influence of Otto Wagner & Vienna Secession - Participation in Weiner Werkstaate & Deutscher Werkbund - Radically geometrical in its form. - Exploration of form/space through understanding the logic of the cube. - Provided to serve mental health & wellness for the wealthy. - Highest levels of comfort & luxury possible. - Everything is designed by Hoffman. Furniture, lighting, etc. Fully holistic & unified design of the space.
Conceptual frameworks for Eliel Saarinen that influence the design & pedagogy of Cranbrook;
- Modernism & the Immigrant Experience: Influence of an old world + the assimilation of a new world. - Technologies & Ways of Working: Arts & Crafts, the Machine Age, & Industrial Modern Materials. International Modernism, of the interwar years. - Design Methods & Thinking: "Always design a thing by considering it in its next larger context - a chair in a room, a room in a house, a house in an environment, an environment in a city plan."
Bellevue Hospital
- New York - McKim, Mead, & White - 1908-1939 - First true psychiatric hospital in the U.S. - Academic classical planning influences - Signification about giving the building importance
Physical (territorial) transformations
- New models for cities & suburbs, unprecedented movement of population from the countryside to urban centers. - Territorial changes demanded changes in cities because populations were growing quickly. - With cities came the development of suburbs because people didn't want to live right in the heart of everything.
Frederick Law Olmsted
- Owned a landscape architectural office - Created a series of wetlands & basins & the great reflecting pool of the World's Columbian Exposition
AEG Turbine Factory
- Peter Behrens - 1908 - Berlin, Germany - The "German Electrical Workshop" - Produced electricity turbines for power plants. - Sold the power of design as part of their ethic to create identity and desire for their new technology. - Open space was necessary because very large turbines needed to be moved throughout the building. - Wanted to create content employees to boost productivity - Wanted the building to demand attention - Purposefully infilled corners - Raw, every bolt can be seen - Form represents production
TheAEGTurbine Factory
- Peter Behrens - Accepted industrialism as the destiny of the German nation; the artist's (architect's) role was to shape industry into a true modern culture. - The building demonstrates Behrens' concern for spatial definition, in its planning & its form. - The facade of the building offers a hybrid of the traditional (Greek) temple elevation; the section of a vernacular barn, & an abstraction of the AEG logo. - The space of the building responds to the function - the requirements of the fabrication hall.
McGraw Hill Building
- Raymond Hood - New York - 1931 - Won the Chicago Tribune Tower competition - Simple, direct, honest. - Art Deco influenced logo
The Frankfurt Kitchen
- Revolutionized kitchen design - The first purpose-built modern design kitchen - Kitchen became a multi-purpose space. - The plan was decided based on the function & usage of each kitchen element. - All about utility
Empire State Building
- Shreve, Lamb, & Harmon - 1930-31 - Hints at rebirth - Employs environmental psychology - Articulation of the building beyond the form language of the envelope of the space. - Not looking towards classical influences - How the vertical surface impacted & influenced how you function inside. - Most functional working space on the interior - Practicality, unity, simplicity in articulation, functionality, were all big concepts.
National Romanticism
- Sought traditional, vernacular sources - Local materials in addressing modern design problems
Wainwright Building
- St. Louis, MO - 1890-1891 - Sullivan considered this building "a logical & poetic expression of vertical construction"
Where were the connotations of the term "International Style?"
- Still early on in modernism - Modern arch. has produced a universal language of the "right way" to design. - Form follows function, globally.
Carson Pirie Scott Store
- Sullivan - Chicago, IL - 1898-1904
Farmers & Merchants Bank
- Sullivan - Columbus, Wisconsin - 1919
Merchant's National Bank
- Sullivan - Grinnell, Iowa - 1914
Bayard-Condict Building
- Sullivan - New York, NY - 1897-99
Ernest Flagg
- The Singer Building - New York - 1906
How did the interior & exterior of buildings during the World's Fair differ?
- The exteriors were more elaborate & ornate. - The interiors were industrial & filled with consumer products. Not elaborate. More technologically driven than exterior & focused on structure, function, & light.
Daniel Burnham
- The most important figure for the World's Columbian Exposition. - Firm was composed of hundreds. - Classical language of architecture was adapted at the World's Columbian Exposition to express the new industrial potential of the United State
Structural Rationalism
- The principle that materials should reflect their constructive capabilities - Construction is relative to the nature of the materials' form. - New materials could create new means of expression
Peter Behrens
- Trained as a graphic designer - The Kiss was an example of his work style that was called jugendstil. - Interested in the evolution of Modernism & how tradition could inform the modern. Director of a German art school in Darmstadt, it was in his role here that he designed his own house in Darmstadt. Master of design culture, look, fabrication, and how artists, designers, and architects are trained was understood to be the business of the state.
Louis Sullivan
- Transportation Building during the World's Fair
Fagus Shoe Factory
- Walter Gropius & Adolf Meyer - 1911 - Glazing on the sides have classicizing regularity & proportion in the placement of the piers, but Behrens' overt references to pediment are rejected, as is the symmetry of Turbine Factory's facade. - Clear understanding of the curtain wall. - The building is reduced to its bare elements -- brick, glass, steel-- disposed of in a logical, consistent, minimal way. - Form represents production but does not reflect it literally. - Gropius also responded to his client's desire for a progressive image in the new factory.
"How Should We Live?" Exhibit at MoMA:
- Wholistic nature of high modernism -Industrial functional products & furnishings - Particularly looked at women designers in different capacities.
Competition for the Chicago Tribune Building, 1922-1923
- Winning entry: Raymond Hood & George Howell - Eliel Saarinen Submission, second place - Other notable submissions: Bruno Taut, Adolf Loos, Gropius/Meyer.
Cass Gilbert
- Woolworth Building, 1913, NY - Best known for his work on state capital buildings
Hermann Muthesius, Das Englische Haus, 1904. POSITION: NORMATIVE FORM
An advocate for mass production, Muthesius advocated using the industrial model to produce ideal & perfected elements for the design of architecture & allied crafts.
The Chicago School
Architects who produced the high-rise buildings of Chicago dating from 1875-1925.
First fully high-modern building?
Bauhaus Building in Dessau, Germany 1926
Both Muthesius & Riegl influence:
Behrens & later, Gropius
What is Modernism?
Both a temporal idea, & a conceptual/theoretical proposition.
What brought Eliel Saarinen to the U.S.?
Chicago Tribute competition
Modern
Curtain walls, grids, part of the Modernist movement
Who was behind the master plan for the Columbian Exhibition?
Daniel Burnham
True/false: Sullivan did not see skyscrapers as a way to test theories.
False
True/false: Gropius is more reliant on classical precedents & conventions of representative architecture than is Behrens.
False, Gropius is less reliant than Behrens.
True/false: The factory pre-dates the industrial revolution.
False, the factory was a product of the industrial revolution.
Manufactures & Liberal Arts Building
George B. Post
How did Louis H. Sullivan feel about the World's Columbian Exposition?
He hated it & thought it would set back American architecture by hundreds of years.
Electricity Building
Henry Van Brunt
What is an example of the notion of Kunstwollen & expressionism?
Henry Van de Velde's Werkbund Theater
What building most stood out amongst the "White City?" Why?
Louis Sullivan's Transportation Building. Less neo-classical than the rest.
Agriculture Building
McKim, Mead, & White
modern
New, present, of-the-moment, current times.
Where was the first great exhibition held in 1851?
Outside London in the Crystal Palace, a cast iron structure by Joseph Paxton.
What dominated the interior of the World's Fair buildings?
Raw presentation of structural material.
Administration Building
Richard Morris Hunt
Women's Building
Sophia Hayden
Technological Transformations
Structural steel, reinforced concrete, steel rods, elevators, electric lighting, plate glass industrially produced, refrigerated railway cars, subways, etc. were all 19th century technological advances.
Sullivan confronted the problem of identifying an artistic expression appropriate to the tall building:
Sullivan's tall buildings exhibit a profoundly vertical expression coupled with his characteristic ornament, an organic expression derived from natural forms. Ornament is a central part of his designs.
What fueled the beginnings of modernism in design?
Technological advances
Where was the first major American fair held?
The Centennial Exposition Philadelphia, 1876
What is known as the "White City?"
The area around the Grand Basin of the Court of Honor in the World's Columbian Exposition
Zeitgeist
The idea of vision, understanding what's historically relevant as a way of moving forward.
True/False: The World's Fair was a model of how the future of the world should be.
True
True/false: Classicism made sense in the 19th century to fix the challenges of building & transportation.
True
True/false: Gropius didn't believe there was a certain Bauhaus style.
True
True/false: Sullivan believed in "form follows function" rather than structural honesty.
True