Art of the 19th Century Midterm (Chapters 26 & 27)

Exposure to the art treasures of Italy was also a major factor in the rise of _________________ as the leading art movement of the 18th C.

Neoclassicism

Kauffman and David were ________________ artists.

Neoclassicism

Even more scandalous to the French viewing public, was Manet's "__________", where he painted a young white prostitute. (___________ meant prostitute)

Olympia; Olympia

Architects of the enlightenment era also formed a deep admiration for the Greco-Roman past and the style they embraced offered a more streamlined ____________ look.

antique

In the cultural realm of the 18th century aristocratic resurgence, the aristocrats reestablished their predominance as ____ patrons.

art

The enlightenment and revolution brought on a renewed admiration in both Europe and America for the ____ and ___________________ of _____________ antiquity.

art; architecture; classical

An 1862 court case provided the answer: photography was an ____, and photographs were entitled to ________________ protection.

art; copyright

Even more determined a Realist than Homer was Thomas ________, who recorded the realities of the human experience. He painted "The Gros Clinic".

Eakins

Delacroix was influenced greatly by his visit to North _________. Upon his return to France after his trip he painted "_________ of Algiers", which captivated the public because it was their 1st eyewitness account of a harem, an exotic locale that had special appeal because Western men were normally not permitted to enter harems.

Africa; Women

The ___________________, a small lodge that the French architect Francois De Cuvillies built in the park of the Nymphenburg Palace in Munich, is a prime example of Germany's adoption of the _____________ style.

Amalienburg; Parisian

Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and other _______________ embraced the Enlightenments principles.

Americans

One of the pioneers of Neoclassical painting was _______________ ________________ who was born in Switzerland and trained in Italy. Spent many of her productive years in England.

Angelica Kauffman

She, being one of David's students, Captured the public's fascination with what is perceived as the passion and primitivism of native life in the New World with her painting "Burial of Atala"

Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson

He prepared paintings using albums of drawings to capture slow movement for the smoothest most poised attitudes. Strove for most exquisite shades of color difference.

Antoine Watteau

Painter whom is most closely associated with French Rococo. Largely responsible for creating a specific type of Rococo Painting genre called "Fete Galante (armorous festival).

Antoine Watteau

The ______________ School specialized in detailed pictures of forest and countryside. Their most notable member was __________.

Barbizon; Millet

Another style that found favor in 19th century architecture was the _____________, because it was well suited to conveying a grandeur worthy of the riches that he European elite acquired during this age of expansion. The "Paris Opera" by Charles Garnier is the leading example of ____-__________ architecture.

Baroque; neo-baroque

_________________ _______, born in Pennsylvania, traveled to Europe to study art and went to England and was one of 36 founding members of the Royal Academy of Arts. Official painter of George III. Painted "Death of General Wolfe"

Benjamin West

Albert ______________ traveled west to produce many paintings depicting the Rocky mountains, Yosemite valley, and other dramatic locales. These works, including "Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains" present breathtaking scenery and natural beauty.

Bierstadt

In England, a group of painters who called themselves the Pre-Raphaelite ________________ refused to be limited to the contemporary scenes that strict ____________ portrayed.

Brotherhood; realists

Among the most famous portrait photographers in 19th C. England was Julia Margaret ______________, who did not take up photography until age of 48. She photographed more women than men. ("Ophelia Study No. 2")

Cameron

Neoclassical sculpture also was in vogue under Napoleon and his favorite sculptor was Antonio ___________, who left his native Italy to settle in Paris and serve the emperor. He was renown for his sculptures of classical gods and heroes (Cupid and Psyche). Made a nude statue of the emperor in guise of the war god Mars.

Canova

Who among the following artists liked to paint images of the American transcendental landscape? He also painted "Abbey in the Oak Forrest".

Caspar David Friedrich

Reflecting Rousseau's values, Jean-Baptiste-Simeon ______________ painted quiet scenes of domestic life in the tradition of the 17th century Dutch genre scenes. Allowed him to praise the simple goodness of ordinary people, esp. mothers and children.

Chardin

Another painter associated with the HRS was Frederic Edwin __________, but his interest in landscape scenes extended beyond America. He traveled widely across the world and his paintings are firmly in the idiom of the Romantic sublime. Painted "twilight in the wilderness"

Church

"Mother of the Gracchi" is a characteristic example of the Enlightenment embrace of the values of the ______________ world, an example of virtue draw from Greek and Roman History and Literature.

Classical

Claude Michel, called ____________, specialized in small, lively sculptures representing sensuous Rococo fantasies.

Clodion

____________'s work incorporates echoes of Italian Mannerist ____________. His mall group "Nymph and Satyr Carousing" depicts 2 followers of Bacchus, the Roman god of wine.

Clodion's; sculpture

The 1st use of iron in bridge design was in the cast iron bridge built over the Severn River, near ___________________ in England, where Abraham Darby III, designer of the bridge ran his business.

Coalbrookdale

Thomas _______ was referred to as the leader of the Hudson River School. His depictions of expansive wilderness incorporated reflections and moods romantically appealing to the public.

Cole

Realism's leading proponent was Gustave ____________.

Courbet

The leading figure of the Realist movement in 19th C. art was Gustave _____________.

Courbet

Many art historians regard ___________'s "Burial at Ornans" as his masterpiece.

Courbet's

Francois Boucher Painted "_________ a ___________", a rosy pyramid of infant and female flesh set off against a cool, leafy background, with fluttering draperies both hiding and revealing the nudity of the figures. Used crisscrossing diagonals, curvilinear forms, and slanting recessions.

Cupid a Captive

The French government presented the new ________________ process at the academy of science in Paris in 1939. "Still Life in Studio" is one of the 1st successful plates Daguerre produced after perfecting his _______________ method.

Daguerreotype; photography

2 guys who announced the first practical photographic processes in 1839.

Dauguerre (French) and Talbot (English)

Realist artist Honre ___________ was a defender of the urban working class, and in his art he boldly confronted authority with social criticism and political protest. He was imprisoned.

Daumier

____________'s lithograph "Rue Transnonain" had the same shocking impact as ________'s "Third of May"

Daumier's; Goya's

____________ produced _______________ that enabled him to create an unprecedented number of prints, thereby reaching an exceptionally large and broad audience.

Daumier; Lithographs

_________ became the First Painter of Empire (France) named by Napoleon in 1804 and his biggest work for the leader was "The _________________ of Napoleon".

David; Coronation

_________ attracted numerous students and developed an active teaching studio giving practical instruction to and deeply influenced many important artists that he encouraged all his students to learn Latin, to understand classicism. His 3 most famous students, _________, Gros, and Girodet-Trioson represented a departure from the structured confines of neoclassicism. They laid the foundation for the Romantic Movement.

David; Ingres

David began to portray scenes from the French Revolution itself. _________ ___ _________, which he wanted to not only serve as a record of an important event in the struggle to overthrow the monarchy but also to provide inspiration and encouragement to the revolutionary forces.

Death of Marat

______________'s "________ of Sardanapalus" is perhaps the grandest Romantic pictorial drama ever painted.

Delacroix's; Death

_____________ captured the passion and energy of the 1830 Revolution in "__________ Leading the People", based on the Parisian uprising against Charles X.

Delacroix; Liberty

He greatly advanced the enlightenment's rationalistic and materialistic thinking, writing a compilation of articles written by more than 100 contributors, including all the leading philosophies. (Encyclopedia)= included all available knowledge

Denis Diderot

The paintings of Joseph Wright of _________ celebrated the scientific inventions of the __________________ era.

Derby; enlightenment

The 2 most successful woman artists in 18th Century France were _______________-___________ __________-____________ and ________________ ___________-____________.

Elisabeth-Louise Vigee-Lebrun and Adelaide Labille-Guiard

___________ and ___________ were the principal countries of the enlightenment.

England and France

Whereas Neoclassicism's rationality reinforced __________________ thought, particularly Voltaire's views, Romanticism owed much to the ideas of ______-________ ____________. (Man is born free, but everywhere in chains!- Social Contract)

Enlightenment; Jean-Jacque Rousseau

These paintings depicted the outdoor entertainment or amusements of French High society. EX: Watteau's "Pilgrimage to Cythera"

Fete Galante

The "Sleep of Reason" can be interpreted as ______________ _______'s commentary on the creative process and a testament to his embrace of the Romantic spirit--the unleashing of imagination, emotions, and even nightmares.

Francisco Goya

A typical French Rococo room is the "Salon de la Princesse" in the Hotel de Soubise in Paris, designed by _____________ ______________ in collaboration with the painter Joseph Natoire, and the sculptor Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne.

Germain Boffrand

received commissions for Grand Tour Portraits; Italian portrait painter

Pompeo Batoni

He rose to dominant position in French painting after Watteau's death. Was Madame de Pompadour's favorite artist.

Francois Boucher

His success from graceful canvases depicting shepherds, nymphs, and goddesses engulfed in pink and sky blue light.

Francois Boucher

Romanticism emerged from a desire for ___________; for politics, thought, feeling, action, worship, speech, and taste.

Freedom

Painted on the eve of the ___________ revolution, "Oath of Horatii" served as an example of patriotism and sacrifice.

French

Fete Galante paintings depict the outdoor amusements of _________ _______ ___________.

French High Society

In France, one of the pioneering Romantic painters was Theodore ________________. His works captured viewers with their drama, visual complexity, and emotional force.

Gericault

In a tragically brief career lasting only a dozen years, Theodore _____________ had a major influence on the course of French painting in the 19th C. His greatest work was the "_____ of __________".

Gericault; Raft of Medusa

Wilhelm Leibl of ____________ shared the French Realists' commitment to representing the contemporary world and real people in his paintings. "Three Women in a Village Church" is Leibl's most famous work.

Germany

In the 19th C. there was also a ___________ revival, a reawakening of interest of ___________ architecture. ____________ cathedrals were translations of the sacred groves of the ancient Gauls into stone and should be cherished as manifestations of France's holy history.

Gothic

_______ painted the "Third of May" when he was already totally deaf from illness that also rendered him temporarily blind and paralyzed. He recovered all but his hearing, and became increasingly disillusioned and pessimistic. This emerges in his late works known as the "_______ Paintings".

Goya; Black;

The French responded by rounding up and executing Spanish citizens after being attacked. This tragic event is the subject of ______'s most famous painting, "Third of ____, 1808"

Goya; May;

One of David's students, Antoine-Jean ______ produced paintings that contributed to Napoleon's growing mythic status including "Napoleon Visiting the Plague-Stricken in Jaffa" which captured an outbreak of the bubonic plague and was commissioned by Napoleon.

Gros

Artist of "The Nightmare"

John Henry Fuseli

2 avid and resourceful advocates of photography in the US were Josiah Johnson __________ (a painter) and Albert Sands _________________ (a pharmacist/teacher). Ran a daguerreotype studio in ___________, specializing in portraiture.

Hawes; Southworth; Boston

__________ experienced the civil war and painted "Veteran in a New Field".

Homer

Ingres exhibited "Apotheosis of __________", a huge panting intended for a ceiling in the Louvre. The canvas presents in a single statement the Neoclassical doctrines of ideal ______ and composition.

Homer; form

In 1840 US Congress commissioned American sculptor ____________ _______________ to create a statue of Washington for the capital after his death.

Horatio Greenough

In America, landscape painting was the specialty of a group of artists known as the _________ ________ __________. They focused on qualities that made America unique.

Hudson River School

The 18th century gave birth to the ________________ Revolution, which began in England and soon transformed the _______________ of continental Europe and North America and eventually the world.

Industrial; economies

Art historians often present the history of painting during the 1st half of the 19th century as a contest between 2 major artists, ________, the Neoclassical draftsman, and ______________, the Romantic colorist.

Ingres; Delacroix

David's greatest pupil, _________, adopted to be a truer and purer __________ style than David's Neoclassical manner. He employed ___________ forms approximating those found in Greek vase painting and often placed the main figures in the foreground of his composition, emulating classical low-relief sculpture.

Ingres; Greek; linear

Despite his commitment to ideal form and careful compositional structure, ________ also produced works like Gros and Girodet, which his contemporaries saw as departures from _________________. The most famous is "Grande Odalisque", painted for Napoleon's sister, the Queen of Naples. This painting drew drastic criticism early on as it incorporated Classical draftsmanship, Mannerist proportions, and _______________ themes.

Ingres; Neoclassicism; Romantic

On the basis of this "Apotheosis of Homer", __________ became the leader of the academic forces in their battle against the "barbarianism" of Delacroix, Gericault, and the _____________ movement.

Ingres; Romantic

The artist who became the painter-ideologist of the French Revolution; the greatest Neoclassical master; rebelled against Rococo style

Jacques-Louis David

________ __________________ ___________ was an American artist who emigrated to England and absorbed the fashionable English Portrait style. Painted "Paul Revere" which conveys a sense of directness and faithfulness to visual fact that marked the taste for honesty and plainness noted by many late 18th century visitors to America.

John Singleton Copley

The Virginia legislature wanted to erect a life-size marble statue of George Washington, and awarded the commission to the leading French Neoclassical sculptor of the late 18th C., _______-___________ ____________.

Jean-Antwoine Houdon

The sentimental narrative in art became the specialty of French artist _______-____________ __________, whose most popular work, "village Bride", sums up the characteristics of the genre.

Jean-Baptiste- Greuze

Boucher's greatest student, was a first rate colorist. Painted "The Swing", where a young gentleman has convinced an unsuspecting bishop to swing the young man's pretty sweetheart higher and higher, while her lover stretches out to admire her from a strategic position on the ground.

Jean-Honore Fragonard

______ ______________ devoted his career to painting the English Countryside during the Agrarian crisis of farmers not being able to afford their small plots and had to abandon their land.

John Constable

He studied painting near Birmingham, the center of the Industrial Revolution, and specialized in dramatically lit scenes showcasing modern scientific instruments and experiments.

Joseph Wright of Derby

"Cornelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasures" or "Mother of the Gracchi" is perhaps _____________'s best-known work.... The theme of the painting is the virtue of Cornelia, mother of future leaders Tiberius and Gaius, who attempted to reform the _____________ Republic.

Kauffman's; Roman

_______________ painting came into its own in the 19th C. as a fully independent and respected genre.

Landscape

John Singer sergeants technique of applying paint in layers was influenced by ____ ___________.

Las Meninas

The Sainte-Genevieve ___________ designed by Henri Labrouste is an interesting mix of Renaissance revival style and modern cast-_______ construction.

Library; iron

According to ___________'s "Doctrine of Empiricism", knowledge comes through sensory perception of the _____________ world. Asserted that human beings are born _______, not cursed by original sin. He empowered people to take control of their own destinies.

Locke's; material; good

In 1700, ___________ XIV(14) ruled ___________ as the Sun King over his realm and French culture from his palatial residence at Versailles. His palace inspired construction of other homes in Europe during the early 18th century, including _____________ Palace, which Sir John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor designed for the duke of Marlborough.

Louis; France; Blenheim

In 1807, Napoleon resumed construction of the church of "La _______________" in Paris, and converted the building into a "temple of glory" for Frances's imperial armies. -Designed by Pierre-Alexandre Barthelemy Vignon

Madeleine

As pivotal a figure in the 19th Century European art as Gustave Courbet was the painter Edourard ________. He was influential in articulating __________ principles, but also played an important role in the development of _________________. He painted "Olympia".

Manet; Realism; Impressionism

The newly important ___________ class embraced art, and paintings such as "Village Bride" by ___________ and appealed to ordinary hard working people.

Middle; Greuze

One of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was John Everett ___________. His work "Ophelia" garnered enthusiastic praise.

Millais;

Like Courbet, Jean-Francois __________ found his subjects in the people and occupations of the everyday world.

Millet

The greatest early portrait photographer was undoubtedly Gaspar Felix Tournachon, known as ___________.

Nadar

Assumed the position of First Consul of the French Republic after the overthrow of the monarchy. He gained control of almost all of continental Europe but left the throne after consecutive blows to Russia and then the British. Enlisted France's artists to construct a public image of his reign.

Napoleon Bonaparte

England also celebrated its medieval heritage with ____-_________ buildings. In London, when the old House of Parliament burned, the commission decreed that proposed designs for the new building be either Gothic or ________________.

Neo-Gothic; Elizabethan

The enlightenment interest in classical antiquity gave rise to the artistic movement of ___________________, which included the subjects and styles of __________ and ____________ art.

Neoclassicism; Greek and Roman

"Burial of Atala" by Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson is an important bridge between ________________ and _________________. Was based on "Genius of Christianity" a novel by Francois Rene de Chateaubriand.

Neoclassicism; Romanticism

At the close of the 18th C., ____________________ was the dominant artistic style in Europe, but it soon gave way to a movement that historians of art, music, and literature call _____________________.

Neoclassicism; Romanticism

The German architect, Balthasar _____________ who built the ______________________ deliberately banished all straight lines and the composition was made up of tangent ovals and circles and curves.

Neumann; Vierzehneiligen

____________ insisted on empirical proof of his theories and encouraged others to avoid metaphysics and the supernatural. Revealed rationality in the physical world.

Newton

The photographs taken from the American Civil Way by Mathew B. Brady, Alexander Gardner, and Timothy _______________ remain unsurpassed as incisive accounts of military life, unsparing in their truthful detail. Most famous is O'Sullivan's "A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, PA")

O'Sullivan

_______ ___ ____ ___________, by David, is a milestone painting in the neoclassical master's career, which depicts a story from pre-Republican Rome, the heroic phase of Roman history.

Oath of the Horatii

The Parisian church of Sainte-Genevieve, now the _______________, designed by Jacques-German Soufflot stands as a testament to the revived interest in classical architecture.

Pantheon

____________ was the champion of __________________ architecture, the use of structural elements manufactured in advance and transported to the construction site ready for assembly.

Paxton; prefabricated

The work of Newton and Locke inspired many French intellectuals, or _____________. Apply reason and common sense to human problems. The notion of progress and the perfectibility of humankind arose out of these thinkers of the 18th century.

Philosophes

Gericault's most ambitious project was _______ ___ ____ ___________, an immense 23 ft wide canvas with figures larger than life.

Raft of the Medusa

___________ was a movement that developed in France around mid-century against this backdrop of an increasing emphasis on science.

Realism

After Napoleon's death, transformation occurred in the art world and by 1870 Romanticism and ___________ took over for Neoclassicism. New _________________ techniques had an impact on architectural design, and the invention of ________________ revolutionized picture making of all kinds.

Realism; construction; photography

The _____________ photographer and scientist Eadweard _________________ came to the United States from England in 1850s where he established a prominent international reputation for his photographs of the western US. ("Horse Galloping")

Realist; Muybridge

Winslow Homer, Thomas Eakins, and John Singer Sargent were American ____________.

Realists

Baroque gave way to _____________ in 18th C.

Rococo

Prominent _____________ style painters: Antoine Watteau, Francois Boucher, and Jean-Honore Fragonard in France.

Rococo

Rousseau's views, popular and widely read, were largely responsible for the turning away from the ____________ sensibility in the arts and the formation of a taste for the "natural" as opposed to the artificial and frivolous.

Rococo

The hotels (elegant private townhouses) of Paris became the centers of a new, softer style called ____________. This came after the death of Louis 14 and with the reign of Louis 15; this style in art and architecture was the perfect expression of the lighthearted elegance that the wealthy cultivated in their opulent homes.

Rococo

The most celebrated woman artist of the 19th C. was _______ ___________. Her best known work was "The Horse Fair" was one of the most popular artworks of the century.

Rosa Bonheur

Another Founder of the P-RB was Dante Gabriel ___________, who established an enviable reputation as both a painter and a poet. Focused on literary and __________ themes in his art.

Rossetti; Biblical

John Singer ____________ was a younger contemporary of Eakins who developed a __________r, more dashing realist painting style, in contrast to Eakin's carefully rendered details.

Sargent; Looser

He translated ________ into the visual arts and made a series of narrative paintings and prints in a sequence similar to chapters in a book or scenes in a play, following a character or group of characters in their encounters with some social Evil. Painted "Breakfast Scene" from "marriage a la Mode".

Satire; William Hogarth

Goya painted "_________ Devouring one of His Children" depicting the raw carnage and violence of the Greek god Kronos.... This painting has become associated with ______.

Saturn; Time

An early work that exemplifies Courbet's championing of everyday life as the only valid subject for the modern artist is "The _________ __________", in which the realist painter presented a glimpse into the life of rural menial laborers.

Stone Breakers

An early masterpiece of the picturesque garden is the _________________ Park, designed by Henry Flitcroft and Henry Hoare.

Stourhead

Napoleon's coronation on Dec 2, 1804 was a carefully staged pageant filled with ______________. _________, the 1st painter, captured this in his work the "Coronation of Napoleon"

Symbolism; David

Was the most representative figure, almost the personification of the enlightenment spirit. Hated the rule of kings, the selfish privileges of nobility and church, religious intolerance, and the injustice of the French.

Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet)

Architect that worked with Darby in designing the Coalbrookdale Bridge.

Thomas F. Pritchard

A contrasting blend of "naturalistic" representation and Rococo setting is found in "Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan", a characteristic portrait by British painter ___________ _________________.

Thomas Gainsborough

Because of the appeal of Neoclassicism was due in part to the values with which it was associated--morality, idealism, patriotism, and civic virtue-- it is not surprising that in the new American Republic, ___________ _______________ spearheaded a movement to adopt Neoclassicism as the national architectural style.

Thomas Jefferson

In "Apotheosis of the Pisani Family", a ceiling fresco in the Villa Pisani at Stra in Northern Italym, ___________ depicted seemingly weightless figures fluttering through vast sunlit skies and fleecy clouds.

Tiepolo

Rococo style could also be adapted for paintings of huge size, as the work of Giambattista ___________ demonstrates. A Venetian, he was a master of illusionistic ceiling decoration in the Baroque tradition, but favored a bright, cheerful colors and relaxed compositions of Rococo easel paintings.

Tiepolo

Constable's contemporary in English school of landscape painting was Joseph Mallord Wiliam ________. His paintings have a much wider range of themes and in "the Slave Ship", he features turbulent swirls of frothy pigment.

Turner

Realism received an especially warm welcome in the _________ ____________ and one of the leading American Realist painters was Winslow __________.

United States; Homer

The leading Rococo painter was Antoine ___________, whose small canvases feature light colors and elegant figures in costumes moving gracefully through lush landscapes.

Watteau

____________ _________ effectively integrated elements of Neoclassicism with Romanticism and derived many of his paintings and poems from his _________.

William Blake; dreams

A truly English style of painting emerged with ____________ ______________ who satirized the lifestyle of the newly prosperous middle class with comic zest. (English Satirical Writing);

William Hogarth

First modern art historian

Winckelmann

The __________ was invented shortly before the mid-19th c., with its attendant art of _____________.

camera; photography

At the opening of the 19th C. Napoleon had co-opted the _____________ style as the official architectural expression of his empire.

classical

Enlightenment thinkers rejected unfounded beliefs in favor of empirical ________________ and promoted the _______________ of all assertions. The enlightenment took place in the mid to late ________s.

evidence; questioning; 1700s

Enlightenment thinkers rejected ________ in favor of ___________ and championed an approach to the acquisition of knowledge. (Rene Descartes, Blaise Pascal, Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhem von Leibniz- 17th century)

faith; reason

The transition from Neoclassicism to Romanticism represented a shift in emphasis from reason to ___________, from calculation to intuition, and from objective nature to subjective ____________.

feeling; emotion

Boffrand softened the strong architectural lines and panels of the earlier style into ____________, sinuous curves.

flexible

Depending on which doctrine they supported, members of the French Academy were classified as either Poussinistes (_______ was most important) or Rubenistes (__________ is most important).

form; color

Rococo was a style best suited for small-scale works projecting a mood of sensual ___________.

intimacy

The 2nd key figure in the French Enlightenment; __________-__________ _____________ argued that the arts and sciences, society, and civilization in general had corrupted "natural man"- people in their primitive state.

jean-Jacques Rousseau

Another manifestation of the "_____________" impulse in 18th c. French art was the emergence of a new more personal and less pretentious mode of portraiture. "_______-____________" by Elisabeth-Louise Vigee Lebrun is a characteristic example of the genre.

naturalistic; self-portrait

Advances in industrial technology in the early 19th C. reinforced enlightenment faith in the connection between _________ and progress.

science

Adelaide Labille-Guiard is the _____________ most important woman painter in Paris at the end of the 18th C. who painted "Self-Portrait with Two Pupils". (of Marie Antoinette)

second

Rococo, derived from the French word for "pebble", referred to the small _________ and __________ used to decorate grotto interiors.

stones and shells

In the 18th century art, shifts in __________ and _____________ matter were both rapid and significant. The 1717 "Pilgrimage to Cythera and the 1785 Mother of Gracchi have little in common other than that they are both _________________ oriented _____ paintings.

style; subject; horizontally; oil

The emphasis on both ____________ data and ___________ experience became a cornerstone of enlightenment thought.

tangible; concrete

major sites of Europe which was essential part of every well-bred person's education

the Grand Tour

The feminine look of the Rococo style reflects the taste and social initiative of ___________, and to a large extent, __________ dominated the cultural sphere during the Rococo age. (Madame de Pompadour, Maria Theresa, Empresses Elizabeth, Catherine the Great)

women; women