ASD

What experiences might be difficult for a person with ASD who did not have well developed theory of mind skills? Describe at least 2 experiences and indicate why they would be difficult in relation to theory of mind.

-One experience that a person with ASD give have difficult with when not having a well developed theory of mind might be when a parent is coming home from work mad or upset and the child wants something, the child will still ask the parent after seeing that they are upset about something. The child doesn't process what is going on with the parent and will still ask or possible get mad if the parent says no. -The second experiences might be when I'm a teacher and my student is misbehaving. My face will change to a disappointed look or even mad look and the student would laugh. The student will not process that I am angry about the way they are acting and continue with that behavior. My face might look funny to them becuase they've never seen it before.

What are the three components of Evidence Based Practices and why is it important to consider all three when implementing a comprehensive educational/training program for individuals with ASD.?

-professional Experience -Person/family preference and experience -research based The reason why it is important to consider all three when implementing a comprehensive educational program is that sometimes we don't have research to support a specific intervention so we need all three to provide the evidence. As a teacher you can go back to what the family said or the professional research to know how to make the student success.

Tasks Analysis

A process in which an activity or behavior is divided into small, manageable steps in order to assess and teach the skill.

Environmental modification of task demands

A teacher allows a student with ASD who has difficulty writing, to highlight information in his text to respond to comprehension questions rather than write out his answers.

Scripting

A verbal and/or written description about a specific skill or situation that serves as a model for the learner.

Genetic studies have indicated

All of the above

What screening tool(s) would be appropriate to administer to young children who may be suspected of having ASD?

All of the above.

According to the article by Case-Smith and colleagues, 2015 on sensory processing interventions for individuals with ASD, studies of sensory based interventions have included all but which of the following?

All of these strategies have received research attention.

Reinforcement

An event, activity, or other circumstance occurring after a learner engages in a desired behavior that leads to the increased occurrence of the behavior in the future.

Antecedent Based Intervention (ABI)

Arrangement of events or circumstances that precede the occurrence of an interfering behavior, and designed to lead to the reduction of the behavior.

According to your text, all but which of the following theorists are associated with the social-interactional theoretical perspective.

B.F. Skinner

Difficulty with generalization

Being potty trained at school but not at home.

What is your "take away" message from the Refrigerator Mothers video? How can you use this information to inform your practice? Be specific.

By looking at the video, you get a sense that there was no evidence in the doctors explaination to the mothers. You can use this information to explain the do and don't of what to say to parents. These parents in the video didn't know what was going on with there children and no one was helping them in anyway but blaming the mothers. We can also use this information as a learning experience to never use none evidence based research when talking about or explaining a children with ASD.

Executive functioning

Difficulty understanding sequences and initiating and inhibiting behavior.

Concrete/literal thinking

Difficulty understanding words with multiple meanings such as "He's a hot headed man."

Behavior is influence or governed by context.

Environments provide cues about expected behavior - for example seeing chairs in an area suggests that it is expected that you sit.

The research literature strongly supports the hypothesis that MMR vaccines cause ASD.

False

Which of the following has been shown to be a protective factor in the cause of ASD (reduces risk of ASD)?

Folic acid

Behavior will change as people mature and develop new competencies.

Individuals with ASD may demonstrate a greater number or smaller number of behaviors over time.

Behavior is functional, purposeful, and meaningful to the individual.

Individuals with autism frequently communicate with us through their behavior.

Self-Management

Instruction focusing on learners discriminating between appropriate and inappropriate behaviors, accurately monitoring and recording their own behaviors, and rewarding themselves for behaving appropriately.

Discrete Trial Teaching (DTT)

Instructional process usually involving one teacher/service provider and one student/client and designed to teach appropriate behavior or skills. Instruction usually involves massed trials. Each trial consists of the teacher's instruction/ presentation, the child's response, a carefully planned consequence, and a pause prior to presenting the next instructio

Naturalistic Intervention

Intervention strategies that occur within the typical setting/activities/routines in which the learner participates. Teachers/service providers establish the learner's interest in a learning event through arrangement of the setting/activity/routine, provide necessary support for the learner to engage in the targeted behavior, elaborate on the behavior when it occurs, and/or arrange natural consequences for the targeted behavior or skills.

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)

Learners are initially taught to give a picture of a desired item to a communicative partner in exchange for the desired item. This intervention consists of six phases which are: (1) "how" to communicate, (2) distance and persistence, (3) picture discrimination, (4) sentence structure, (5) responsive requesting, and (6) commenting.

Attention to detail

Noticing that there is a fuzz ball on the teachers black pants and following her around trying to pick it off.

According to your text, what professional is most likely to recommend and develop sensory based interventions?

Occupational Therapist (OT)

What are some of the limitations of punishment or exclusion within a school or other public setting?

One of the limitations of punishment can be that it can increase the behavior due to it feeding into what the child is actually wanting. If you put a child in time out, the child actually did want to be alone and that is not fitting the behavior.

You are interested in using "social stories" to help a person with ASD you are interacting with better understand the expectations for a new procedure that they will be completing. You make the decision to use social stories or social narratives after reading the evidence based practice document from the National Professional Development Center on Autism. In this case, what type of "evidence" are you utilizing.

Research evidence

Social Narratives

Stories that describe social situations in some detail by highlighting relevant cues and offering examples of appropriate responding. Stories are individulized according to learner needs and typically are quite short, perhaps including pictures or other visual aids.

Environmental enrichment

Teacher provides clear physical and visual boundaries in the classroom to help the students identify where they are supposed to be.

Incorporating special interests

Teacher utilizes car shaped erasers to teach a student who loves cars to sort different objects

How do the Psychoeducational Profile - 3 (PEP-3) and Assessment of Basic Language and Learning Skills (ABLLS) differ from the Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised (ADI-R) and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule - Second Edition (ADOS-2) in terms of the skills or behaviors they are used to evaluate.

The Psychoeducational Profile - 3 (PEP-3) and Assessment of Basic Language and Learning Skills (ABLLS) are developmental assessments that are used primarily to assess skills in order to plan programming, interventions and to monitor progress. The Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised (ADI-R) and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule - Second Edition (ADOS-2) are standardized diagnostic assessments designed to assess behaviors related to autism or autistic spectrum disorders.

What program serving individuals with ASD has focus on "the culture of autism" as its central guiding principle?

The TEACCH program

Errorless learning

The teacher provides hand over hand instruction to teach a student to hand a bubble wand to request that she blow bubbles for him and ensure his success in communicating effectively.

List three specific atypical social-communicative behaviors that may be present in young children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder according to the Kennedy Krieger Early Signs of Autism video.

The video highlights important features or characteristic that help to determine differences in typical and atypical behaviors in young children. Those characteristics in typical children would be would be effective communication and showing enjoyment, making social connections and seeing social opportunity through play. The children identified with ASD in the video demonstrated the following atypical behaviors; Unusual body tensing, intense interest in objects, did not share enjoyment with others, did not demonstrate creative play. The children did not look toward others or respond to name. Did not social communicate or make connection with care giver to keep an enjoyable activity such as tickling going

All but which of the following are true of social-interactional interventions for children with ASD.

They emphasize adult directed activities

According to the article by Case-Smith and colleagues (2015) on sensory processing interventions with students with ASD, although there is relatively little research support for these interventions, they are used frequently in classrooms and programs serving people with ASD. What is your responsibility as a professional to ensure appropriate use of sensory based interventions for individuals with ASD?

To ensure the appropriate use of Sensory based intervention you can incorporate a brushing program, sensory diets, and sensory modulated environments . This can be used with parent's knowledge. The sensory diet should be used when you want to get your student's attention. A sensory modulated environment is for relaxing your students if they need to be calm for a while. The brushing program is something you will need to have parents' permission on and when your students need something to calm or make them laugh.

What is the purpose of preference assessment?

To identify the reinforcers that are motivating to a child, so that one does not assume what is reinforcing/motivating and offer a reward that isn't effective in eliciting the desired behavior.

All but which of the following are antecedent-focused evidence-based practices discussed in the PPT presentation for this module?

Token Economy

All but which of the following are ASD specific Evidence-Based Practice resources.

US Department of Education, What Works Clearninghouse.

Prompting

Verbal, gestural, or physical assistance given to learners to assist them in acquiring or engaging in a targeted behavior or skill.

A visual schedule helps a person with ASD know

When they are going to participate in different activities.

Extinction

Withdrawal or removal of reinforcers of interfering behavior in order to reduce the occurrence of that behavior.

There is a growing body of evidence that environmental factors, such as exposure to pesticides and air pollutants, etc. are

a potential factor in risk for ASD but it is unknown yet what combination or amount of exposure might contribute.

Kanner described the characteristics associated with autism as a combination of impairments, including

all of the above.

According to your text, the purpose of a diagnostic assessment is to

complete a comprehensive and thorough assessment including observations, parent interview, and administration of direct assessment instruments to determine if a person has a disorder/disability.

In the Solomon et al., 2014 article on the PLAY Project, researchers found that after intervention, symptoms of ASD

decreased for both the experimental group and the control group (but somewhat more for the experimental group).

In the Solomon et al., 2014 article on the PLAY Project, researchers found that PLAY project intervention resulted in

enhanced parent/child interactions for the study group.

A population sample refers to a group of individuals who are suspected or known to be at risk of or have a disorder or disease.

false

According to the article on Positive Behavior Supports by Cathy Pratt, the best time to address challenging behavior of an individual with ASD, is when he or she is demonstrating the challenging behavior.

false

According to the results of the study by Solomon et al. 2014, participation in the Play Project resulted in increased stress and depression for parents.

false

According to the video, Loving Lampposts, it is accurate to identify the increase in the number of children being identified with ASD over time as an epidemic.

false

An adult is teaching a child the brand new skill of tracing letters of his name. What type of prompt would result in the most accurate resonse on the part of the child initially?

physical prompt

A drawback or drawbacks of Discrete Trial Teaching (DTT) include:

prompt dependence and lack of generalization for the child.

According to your text, the "gold standard" research design for research studies is

randomized control studies/methods.

The evidence based practice of breaking skills down into their smaller, component parts for the purpose of assessing and/or teaching a skill or behavior is referred to as ___________________.

task analysis

There are robust findings about the difference in brain structure between children with and without ASD in the literature that document

that children with ASD have accelerated brain growth in the first year of life when compared to children who do not have ASD.

The TEACCH strategy that gives the student a systematic strategy to approach the work or activities that need to be completed and answers thie questions of what work?, how much work? when am I finished? and what comes next? is known as

the work system

A person with ASD covers her ears when she is in noisy environments. This behavior might suggest that she is hypersensitive to auditory stimulation.

true

ASD is a disability that affects individuals of all races and ethnic backgrounds.

true

According to the DSM-5, individuals must have deficits in all three subcategories of social communication and social interaction and two of four subcategories of restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior in order to receive a diagnosis of ASD.

true

According to the review article by Case-Smith and colleagues, 2015 on sensory processing interventions for individuals with ASD, more positive results were identified for Sensory Integration Intervention (SIT) than more general Sensory Based Interventions (SBI).

true

In ABA, reinforcement is the consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated in the future.

true

Order the 6 required steps for developing a behavior intervention plan according to the chapter on Positive Behavior Supports by Cathy Pratt.

1. Define the behavior; write a description of a behavior that is measureable and observable . 2. Gather behavioral Information; examine the relationship between the challenging behaviors and environmental factors. 3. Develop Hypothesis statement; develop a group of informed guesses about the underlying cause of a behavior. 4. Create a Behavioral support plan; a clearly written plan that defines how the environment will be altered and person will be taught an alternative response. 5. Implement Intervention; utilize an instructional program that supports and teaches the person new skills. 6. Monitor Implementation and Outcomes; team observes to and tracks data to determine if there is a reduction in targeted behavior.

Visual Supports

Any visual display that supports the learner engaging in a desired behavior or skills independent of prompts. Examples include pictures, written words, objects within the environment, arrangement of the environment or visual boundaries, schedules, maps, labels, organization systems, and timelines.

As professionals (or future professionals) should we emphasize valuing differences (accepting individuals with ASD for who they are) or remediating deficiencies (modifying/changing their behavior). Justify your response by referring to course content and/or your personal experiences.

As a professional we should emphasize valuing differences by accepting them for who they are. We need to start thinking about what they are seeing when going through day to day life. We can not cure autism but we can start understanding and helping them go through life. Make it easier on them. We can design educational programs like learning music or even activities like golf and bowling. At my high school we had program where we taught students with special needs how to play golf and fun activities. Doing things like cooking and cleaning will also help the students go through life easier when they are older.

The social-interactional approaches to intervention discussed in this Module require parent "buy in" as they are often the main interventionists for their children. Identify two potential strengths and limitations of having parents provide intervention to their children.

One limitation of having parents provide intervention to their children is when they know that the child is participating in that intervention and because they know that the parent might expect the target behavior would improve. This makes the parent want to report an improvement that wasn't necessarily identified by objective measures. Strength is the parent is being more aware of their child's behavior and improvements. Another limitation is when talking about a case study for the weighted vest, vest, or no vest and the limitations were that there was no follow-up after getting the results, a short period of time, and lack of blinded assessment. I think the parents had to be watching their children's actions more to get the results so that could be a strength. The vest didn't show any improvements though but the parents I think they were hopeful that they would.

Behavior is influenced by internal events including emotional states, and biological conditions.

People with autism cannot perform their best when they are unhealthy or suffering from anxiety.

Which of the following provides the best example of an operationalized target behavior.

Person X will improve his reading skills from 20 primer level sight words to 40 primer level sight words by the end of the measurement period.

From the cultural/cognitive theoretical perspective, the goal of professionals is to

all of the above

Which of the following are sensory based interventions that you might observe in a classroom serving students with ASD?

all of the above

According to your text and other course content, Sensory Based Interventions including Sensory Integration Therapy (SIT) have been identified as evidence based practices for individuals with ASD.

false

According to your text, Facilitated Communication is an evidence-based practice.

false

According to your text, person-centered planning is an ongoing process used to gather information about the hopes and dreams of a teacher or other professional, to be used in the development of long-and short-term goals.

false

According to your text, researchers agree that there is probably one ASD gene and that it has yet to be discovered.

false

According to your text, the prevalence of ASD is the same across the 50 states and the majority of developed countries.

false

Asperger Syndrome is a sub-type of ASD included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual - 5th Edition.

false

In terms of social functioning, children with ASD typically have the same motivation as non-disabled children to make social connections, they just lack the skills.

false

In the Ami Klin TED Talk video, Dr. Klin indicates that one of the main potential downsides to using eye gaze technology with very young children is that it can cause serious retinal damage if overused.

false

Lai et al. (2004) documented that there are very few co-morbidies of ASD with other disabilities.

false

Studies evaluating the number of individuals with ASD who demonstrate atypical responses to sensory stimuli, indicate that only a very small percentage of this group show hyper- or hypo-responsivity.

false

The narrator's purpose in creating the video, "Loving Lampposts" was to convince viewers of the importance of identifying ASD as a medical disorder and to motivate researchers and clinicians to identify and implement interventions to cure affected individuals.

false

The social-interactional interventions discussed in Module 7 all emphasize the importance of direct instruction of children by trained professionals

false

A parent completes the M-CHAT, an ASD screening assessment, on their young child. The score from the M-CHAT indicates that the child has a high risk for autism but the child really does not have autism. This is an example of a/an ________________.

false positive

You read about a randomized, controlled research trial that was conducted to determine the effectiveness of gluten and casein free diets for children with ASD in your text. The results of this study

indicated that there were no significant behavioral or medical differences in children who did and did not receive the gluten-free, casein-free diet on any measure.

A diagnostic instrument used to identify ASD has high sensitivity but poor specificity. This means that

it correctly includes people with autism but incorrectly excludes those without.

According to the prompting heirarchy provided to you in the Module PPT, the least intrusive prompt type is ______________.

natural cue

Dr. Rimland challenged Bettlehiem's perspective by declaring that Autism was not caused by poor parenting, but rather by

neurobiological factors.

According to your text, stimulus control is achieved when the frequency of a response is altered concurrently with the presence of a discriminative stimulus.

true

Hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory input or unusual interests in sensory aspects of the environment (e.g., apparent indifference to pain/temperature, adverse response to specific sounds or textures, excessive smelling or touching of objects, visual fascination with lights or movement) is included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual 5th Edition (DSM5) criteria for ASD.

true

It is possible for a person with ASD to have strong intellectual skills (average to above average IQ) to have significantly below average adaptive behavior skills.

true

Social-interactional programs emphasize the importance of play in intervention.

true

The Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (MCHAT) is an ASD screening instrument.

true

The planned ignoring or withdrawal of reinforcement used to reduce the occurrence of a behavior is called extinction.

true

Which of the following was not one of the 6 critical items identified by Stenberg and colleagues (as described in your module 4 lecture) as being one of the early signs of ASD?

unusual finger movements

Your text indicates that some individuals with ASD will have a period of regression or loss of skills. The most typical time period for this to occur is

when the child is 1-3 years of age.

In terms of TEACCH Structured Teaching strategies, the Individualized Daily Schedule tells the student ____________________ activities will occur, and Physical Structure tells the student _____________________ activities will occur.

when,where