ASP
CWD:
Chronic Wasting Disease a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk, and moose. As of 2016, CWD had only been found in members of the deer family. CWD is typified by chronic weight loss leading to death. No relationship is known between CWD and any other TSE of animals or people. Although reports in the popular press have been made of humans being affected by CWD, a study by the CDC suggests "more epidemiologic and laboratory studies are needed to monitor the possibility of such transmissions." The epidemiological study further concluded, "as a precaution, hunters should avoid eating deer and elk tissues known to harbor the CWD agent (ex. brain, spinal cord, eyes, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes) from areas where CWD has been identified.
SMART "S" - Specific - means
Clearly and operationally define desired outcome or results by concretely and specifically answering: - Who is involved? - What do I want to accomplish? - Where are you now and where do you want to be? - When will it happen? - How? Identify requirements and constraints - Why? Specific reasons, purpose, and benefits
CMV:
Commercial Motor Vehicle >10,000 lbs vehicle + weight load rating
CLI:
Composite Lifting Index
CERCLA:
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CPSC
Consumer Product Safety Commission
Exposure is
Contact with or proximity to a hazard, taking into account duration and intensity
CRM:
Crew Resource Management
MSD Examples:
De Quervain's Disease Trigger Finger Rotator Cuff Tendinitis/Injuries Tenosynovitis Raynaud's Syndrome (White Finger) Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Back Disability/Lower Back Injury Tendinitis Epicondylitis Muscle Strains
PVC (gloves):
polyvinyl chloride (chemical resistant)
PHA:
preliminary hazard analysis process hazard analysis
Root Cause Analysis (RCA) is
process of identifying the basic lowest level causal factors for an event. Usually the event is an undesired event, such as a hazard or mishap.
Choose a wrench that
properly fits the fastener that is to be turned. Using the correct size reduces the changes of wrench slippage. Always try to pull on a wrench (instead of pushing) in case the fastener suddenly loosens
QRA:
quantitative risk analysis
Administrative and Work Practice Controls:
Establish efficient processes or procedures Examples: - Require that heavy loads are only lifted by 2 people to limit force exertion - Establish systems so workers are rotated away from tasks to minimize the duration of continual exertion, repetitive motions, and awkward postures. - Design a job rotation system in which employees rotate between jobs that use different muscle groups - Staff "floaters" to provide periodic breaks between scheduled tasks - Properly use and maintain pneumatic and power tools
SMART "T" - Time-oriented - means
Establish realistic timeframes, including start and end dates, deliverables, audit points and milestones to mobilize stakeholders to achieve objectives.
Verification:
Evaluation of an implementation to determine that the applicable requirements are met.
FMECA:
Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis
FMEA:
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
FMEACA:
Failure Modes and Effects Critality Analysis (FMEACA) which is utilized within aerospace reliability analysis.
FTA:
Fault Tree Analysis
FILI:
Frequency-Independent Lifting Index
FIRWL:
Frequency-Independent Recommended Weight Limit
HAZOP:
Hazard and Operability (study)
HAZWOPER:
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
Engineering Controls:
Implement physical change to the workplace, which eliminates/reduces the hazard on the job/task Examples: - Use a device to lift and reposition heavy objects to limit force exertion - Reduce the weight of a load to limit force exertion - Reposition a work table to eliminate a long/excessive reach and enable working in neutral postures - Use diverging conveyors off a main line so that tasks are less repetitive - Install diverters on conveyors to direct materials toward the worker to eliminate excessive leaning or reaching - Redesign tools to enable neutral postures
IEEE:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
ISO:
International Organization for Standardization
LI:
Lifting Index = Load Weight/Recommended Weight Limit = L/RWL
Risk reduction:
Loss prevention is one of the ways of risk reduction. Loss prevention can be classified into 4 basic categories: 1. Preconditions for a loss, ex. faults in the premises, ex. badly insulated wire 2. Prevention of loss; devices designed to prevent preconditions for loss, ex. cut-off switches 3. Early discovery of loss producing events, ex. sprinkler system 4. Limitation of loss, ex. fire doors, compartmentalizaton
Back Disability:
MSD Body Part Effected: Back Symptoms: Low back pain, shooting pain or numbness in the upper legs Possible Causes: Whole body vibration Workers Affected: truck and bus drivers, tractor and subway operators; warehouse workers; nurses aides; grocery cashiers; baggage handlers
MORT:
Management Oversight Risk Tree
MORT:
Management Oversight and Risk Tree
Compliance:
Meeting the requirements of local, state or federal statutes, standards, or regulations.
Conformance:
Meeting the requirements of the organizations Occupational, Health and Safety Management System.
MSD:
Muscular Skeletal Disorders
NAS:
National Academy of Sciences
NFPA:
National Fire Protection Association
NTSB:
National Transportation Safety Board
3 Regulating bodies of ergonomics:
OSHA CDC NIOSH
OSHA's VVP:
OSHA's Voluntary Protection Program (VVP) The OSHA VVP recognizes and partners with businesses and worksites that demonstrate excellence in occupatonal safety and health. To qualify for one of the VVPs, applicants must have in place an effective SHMS that meets rigorous performance-based criteria. OSHA verifies qualifications through a comprehensive onsite review process. Using one set of flexible, performance-based criteria, the VVP process emphasizes: Management accountability for worker safety and health; continual identification and elimination of hazards, and active involvement of employees in their own protection. For more info: osha.gov
SMART "R" - Realistic - means
Operationally define objectives and actions you can achieve. The objective should be transferable into actionable tasks people can accomplish. Set challenging and purposeful objectives that are realistic.
Residual Risk is
Overall risk remaining after system safety mitigation efforts have been fully implemented. It is, according to MIL-STD-992D, "the remaining mishap risk that exists after all mitigation techniques have been implemented or exhausted, in accordance with the system safety design order of precedence." Residual risk is the sum of all risk after mishap risk management has been applied. This is the total risk passed on to the user.
PtD:
Prevention through Design
Hazard Identification:
Process of recognizing that a hazard exists and defining its characteristics.
Risk Assessment:
Process(es) used to evaluate the level or risk associated with hazards and system issues. Considering the adequacy of any existing controls and deciding whether or not the risk is acceptable.
PCAOB:
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
REBA:
Rapid Entire Body Assessment
RULA:
Rapid Upper Limb Assessment RULA is used to investigate the exposure to risk factors for upper limb disorders and provide a method of screening work population quickly so the results that could go into a wider, more versatile ergonomic assessment, while eliminating the need for assessment equipment.
RMP:
Risk Management Plan
Risk transfer:
Risk transfer can take 2 basic forms: 1. The property or activity responsible for the risk may be transferred, ex. hire a subcontractor to work on a hazardous process, and 2. The property or activity may be retained, but the financial risk transferred, ex. insurance or client takes the costs of risk by contract
SHMS:
Safety and health management system
SILI:
Single-Task Lifting Index
STRWL:
Single-Task Recommended Weight Limit
What is ISO 9000 series?
Standard that lays out the fundamentals and vocabulary for quality management systems (QMS)
Exclusive Remedy:
State workers' compensation statutes gave employees a definite remedy for injuries and diseases arising out of or suffered in the course of their employment. In exchange for a definite recovery, the workers' compensation remedy is exclusive, that is, with just a few exceptions, a worker's right of recovery against the employer is limited to the benefits provided by the workers' compensation law. The employee may not sue in tort.
SADT:
Structural Analysis and Design Technique
Rotator Cuff Tendinitis:
Swelling of the rotator cuff tendon MSD Body Part Effected: Shoulders Symptoms: Pain, stiffness Possible Causes: Working with the hands above the head Workers Affected: Power press operators, welders, painters, assembly line workers
Behavior sampling:
The behavior sampling or activity sampling technique involves observation of worker behaviors at random intervals and classifying these behaviors as to whether they are safe or unsafe
Occupational Health Assessment:
The collection, analysis, recording and reporting of biological and other data to identify, evaluate and track potential or actual health effects that are associated with being in the work environment
Validation:
The determination that the requirements for a product are sufficiently correct and complete.
Severity:
The extent of harm or damage that could result from hazard.
Six Levels of Action
The following are prioritized from most effective to least effective (adapted from ANSI-Z10,2012): 1. Elimination - Design to eliminate hazards: falls, HAZMAT, confined spaces, materials handling, tools and machinery, etc. 2. Substitution - Substitute for less hazardous materials and equipment, reduce energy, etc. 3. Engineering Controls - Incorporate safety through design such as: Ventilation systems, enclosures, guarding, interlocks, lift tables, conveyors, etc. 4. Warnings - Strategically place signs, alarms, enunciators, labels, etc. 5. Administrative Controls - Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) such as: Conduct JSAs, job rotation, inspections, training, mentoring, etc. 6. PPE - PPE assessments may result in the use of: safety glasses, goggles, face shields, fall protection, protective footwear, gloves, respirators, chemical suits, etc. Decision makers should understand that with respect to the six levels of action shown in the following hierarchy of controls the methods described in the first, second and third action levels are more effective because they: - are preventative actions that eliminate/reduce risk by design, substitution and engineering measures; - rely the least on the performance of personnel; - are less defeatable by supervisors or workers Actions described in the 4th, 5th, and 6th levels are contingent actions and rely greatly on the performance of personnel for their effectiveness.
Exposure Assessment:
The process of measuring or estimating the exposure profiles of workers, including the relevant characteristics of the exposures such as the duration and intensity.
Res Ispa Loquitur:
The term res ispa loquitur (the thing speaks for itself) is involved in accidents where the damage producing agent was under the sole control of the defendant and the accident would not have happened if the defendant would have exercised proper control
Risk retention:
This is the method of responding to risks by the body who controls them. The risks, forseen or unforseen, are controlled and financed by the company or contractor that is fulfilling the terms of the contract. There are 2 retention methods, active and passive. Active retention, sometimes referred to as self-insurance, is a deliberate management strategy after a conscious evaluation of the possible losses and costs or alternative ways of handling risks. Passive retention, on the other hand, (sometimes called non-insurance) occurs through neglect, ignorance or absence of a decision, ex. a risk has not been identified and responding to the consequences of that risk might be borne by the contractor performing the work
TLV:
Threshold Limit Values -- set by ACGIH -- airborne concentrations of chemical substances and represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, over a working lifetime, without adverse health effects.
MIL-STD is
US Military Standard
PPE:
Use protection to reduce exposure to ergonomics-related risk factors Examples: - Use padding to reduce direct contact with hard, sharp, or vibrating surfaces - Wear good fitting thermal gloves to help with cold conditions while maintaining the ability to grasp items easily
In system safety you would use which gate to connect the causitive agents "exothermic reaction"/"outside source" to end product "heat". "AND" "OR" Either Neither
"OR" OR gate because either an "exothermic reaction" OR "outside source" will cause heat
Ergonomics:
(Human Factors) also known as comfort design, functional design, and systems, is the practice of designing products, systems, or processes to take proper account of the interaction between them and the people who use them. The study of people's efficiency in their working environment. The field has seen contributions from numerous disciplines, such as psychology, engineering, biomechanics, industrial design, physiology, and anthropometry. In essence, it is the study of designing equipment, devices and processes that fit the human body and its cognitive abilities. the two terms "human factors" and "ergonomics" are essentially synonymous.
What is the lifting index for an operator to lift a 12kg weight and a recommended weight limit of 12.1? 0.526 0.992 1.008 1.901
*0.992 Lifting Index (LI) - a term that provides a relative estimate of the level of physical stress associated with a particular manual lifting task. The estimate of the level of physical stress is defined by the relationship of the weight of the load lifted and the recommended weight limit (RWL). An LI greater than 1 is considered a hazardous lift. LI = Load Weight/Recommended Weight Limit = L/RWL = L/RWL = 12/12.1 = 0.992
A generally accepted practice for use of a video display terminal is to locate the VDT slightly below the operator's horizontal line of sight (HLOS). The recommended angle suggested? 5deg below the HLOS 5-35deg below the HLOS 15-35deg below the HLOS 15-25deg below the HLOS
*15-25deg below the HLOS Although there is not complete agreement on this design principle, most references, including the NSC Accident Prevention Manual, suggest that 15deg to 25deg below the HLOS is the proper placement for video display terminals. This allows the operator to assume a normal head position that develops a slightly lowered sight or viewing angle. This means the video monitor top is placed at eye level to allow proper head and neck position.
A TLV change in the notice of intended changes becomes adopted after ___ years if no further action is taken by the ACGIH 1 2 3 Adoption requires specific action
*2 assuming no other action has taken place
Which of the following statements concerning the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is true? 1. The CPSC consists of five commissioners appointed by Congress 2. The CPSC adjudicates contested enforcement actions resulting from Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA) violations 3. Commence a proceeding for the issuance, amendment, or revocation of a consumer product safety rule 4. Maintain an injury information clearinghouse and conduct studies and investigations of incidents resulting from accidents involving consumer products 1, 2, 3, & 4 1, 3, & 4 3 & 4 1 & 2
*3 & 4 The CPSC is appointed by the president The CPSC is not involved with adjudicating contested enforcement actions The CPSC may take actions involving issuance, amendment or revocation of consumer product safety rules CPSC is required to maintain an injury information clearinghouse and when deemed necessary, conduct studies and investigations of accidents involving consumer products [Public Law 92-573, October 27, 1972]
To construct an eye in a one-half inch wire rope, how many clips are required? 3 clips with U-bolts on live end 4 clips with U-bolts on live end 3 clips with U-bolts on dead end 4 clips with U-bolts on dead end
*3 clips with U-bolts on dead end Three clips are required, and the U-bolt or U-clip always goes on the dead end. The most common method of making a loop or eye in a wire rope involves the use of cable or "Crosby" clips. The Crosby clip consists of a U-bolt and saddle and if used correctly produces an excellent connection. However, even one loose or incorrectly applied clip reduces the efficiency of the connection by as much as 50%. The U-bolt should always be installed bearing on the dead end of the rope with the saddle bearing on the long or live end of the rope. This is because the U-bolt when tightened, dents and damages the wire rope. All clips should be installed in the same manner. Additionally, the ridges or corrugation in the saddles must match the lay of the rope ex. right lay or left lay. Otherwise the live end of the rope will also be damaged resulting in broken and cut strands. The number of clips required usually ranges from 3-7 depending on material and size of wire rope. One reference is OSHA 1926.251 Hint: Never saddle a DEAD horse
Heinrich's ratio of no injury accidents to minor injuries to major injuries is 100-20-1 200-30-10 300-29-1 600-58-1
*300-29-1
It has long been recognized that human error has a substantial impact on the safety of complex systems. In aviation, shipping, and the process industry, human malfunctions play a dominant role in the progression of accidents. What percent of accidents are related to human error in the above industries? 20% - 30% 60% - 70% 70% - 80% 70% - 90%
*60% - 70%
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is The US government representative to international boards of inquiry and regulation A US non-profit organization A US industry advocate A US government organization that certifies standards
*A US non-profit organization ANSI is a 501(c)3 private, not-for-profit organization in the US. ANSI oversees the creation, promulgation and use of standards and guidelines that impact every sector of businesses. ANSI is also involved in accreditation programs related to conformance to standards - including globally-recognized programs like the ISO 9000 (quality) and ISO 14000 (environmental) management systems.
Which is the best definition of hazard? A condition, set of circumstances, or inherent property that can cause injury, illness, or death An event in which a work-related injury or illness or fatality occurred or could have occurred A set of interrelated elements that establish and support occupational safety and health objectives An estimate of the combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event or exposure, and the severity of the injury
*A condition, set of circumstances, or inherent property that can cause injury, illness, or death
System availability is defined as A measure of the degree to which an item is in an operable and committable state The hardware which maintains the higher state of productivity The average degree of reliability needed to maintain status quo Simply stated by the formula: As = An * As * Ai
*A measure of the degree to which an item is an operable and committable state
An event tree analysis is best defined as: A method for identifying various possible outcomes A system of numerical analysis A method utilizing true and false options A system of statistical analysis
*A method for identifying various possible outcomes An event tree analysis is a logic method that breaks down the possible outcomes of a single event.
A simple definition for hazard, as it applies to system safety is A source of danger Risk, peril, or jeopardy A potential to do harm A dangerous condition which can interfere with the orderly progress of an activity
*A potential to do harm simple, abbreviated version of a hazard. A more detailed definition is "a potential condition, or set of conditions, either internal and/or external to a system, which when activated by a stimulus (set of events or conditions that transforms a hazard from its potential state to one that causes harm to the system) or series of events which culminate in a loss (accident)"
To discharge a capacitor safely, which tool should be utilized? A screw driver to short circuit the terminals An approved leakage meter A properly rated bleeder resistor or capacitor discharge tool Properly rated test light or light bulb
*A properly rated bleeder resistor or capacitor discharge tool It is essential that large or high voltage capacitors be fully discharged before measurements are made, soldering is attempted, or the circuitry is touched in any way. Some of the large filter capacitors commonly found in line operated equipment store a potentially lethal charge. Capacitors (like the high voltage of the CRT in a TV or video monitor) will retain a dangerous or at least painful charge for days or longer. The main filter capacitors in the low voltage power supply should have bleeder resistors to drain their charge relatively quickly, but resistors can fail. There is no discharge path for the high voltage stored on the CRT capacitance, other than the CRT beam current and minimal reverse leakage through high voltage rectifiers. In the case of old TV sets using vacuum tube HV rectifiers, the leakage was essentially zero. They hold their charge almost indefinitely. When a capacitor is safely discharged, some capacitors, due to their ability to leak, are "dead" after being safely discharged with a "bleeder resistor" of the right value for the job. Using a resistor that is under-rated, wattage-wise, can result in the bleeder going open circuit during a discharge sequence leaving some energy. High voltage capacitors, or worse yet, high energy-high voltage capacitors require correct wattage AND correct resistance to be bled safely. Also, high microfarad low voltage capacitors can vaporize a screwdriver and spray metal into a person's eyes. (Adequate voltage margin is also essential for resistors used in high voltage circuits. Low inductance capacitors that are used in energy pulse circulatory, are often of the oil-filled high energy/high voltage type. This type can give a shock after it has been completely drained by a safe bleeding technique. Never attempt to discharge a capacitor without protective goggles shielding eyes and gloves that are NFPA 70E compliant. Using the right tools and materials for discharging the capacitor is very crucial. Discharging a capacitor simply means giving the stored electrical currents a path out of the apparatus. To discharge a small capacitor, touching the two lead terminals with the tip of screwdrivers with insulated handles should discharge; however, this is not recommended. Attach a properly rated resistor or capacitor discharge tool onto the capacitor's terminals to safely dissipate the stored electrical currents. To verify the capacitor is completely discharged, use a volt meter or test light.
The ISO 9000 series of standards set forth and describe: A regulatory framework that assures a corporation has a valid quality management system A standardized list of expectations of high quality companies for use by governing bodies A simple set of rules that can be followed by company officials to assure that employees accomplish quality work A set of management practices recognized by international consensus
*A set of management practices recognized by international consensus The ISO 9000 series of standards sets forth an internationally recognized series of standards that have been developed through a consensus process. The ISO 9000 series specifically identifies good quality management practices
The ISO 9001:2008 standard provides: A set of management system requirements that can be achieved and measured A set of specific operating methodologies that companies must implement A model organizational structure that will assure quality products and services A method for auditing organizations to measure the organizational quality level
*A set of management system requirements that can be achieved or measured ISO 9001:2008 sets forth a system of requirements that an organization must achieve to be considered conformant with the standard. The standard does not specify how the organization must achieve the requirements or what the organizational structure must be
BSI developed and published the Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001 to provide for: Organizations to fill a gap, thus providing additional revenue streams to BSI, through the sales of the standard. This will be successful until ISO publishes a similar standard. A structure for an organization to incorporate occupational safety and health into the organizational management process. The standard is designed to work in conjunction with ISO 14001 and ISO 9001. An organizational structure to incorporate occupational safety and health into the organizational management process. The standard was necessary because occupational safety and health program needs are not compatible with ISO 14001 and ISO 9001. A management structure for an organization to accomplish occupational safety and health, providing an independent verification of organizational safety programs that is not negatively influenced by the quality management system objectives.
*A structure for an organization to incorporate occupational safety and health into the organizational management process. The standard is designed to work in conjunction with ISO 14001 and ISO 9001
The International Standard for Standardization is: A worldwide federation of national standards bodies An organization created by the EU to advance the business needs of the EU A federation of international government appointed representatives that develop consensus standards for application on a worldwide basis A federation of government representatives that develop unilateral agreements for the application of business practices across international borders
*A worldwide federation of national standards bodies
The movement of a body segment in a lateral plane away from the midline of the body is: Abduction Adduction Flexion Extension
*Abduction
A quantitative risk analysis (QRA) was performed on a single process. The results of the analysis indicate that the process will fail, causing catastrophic consequences once every 10,000 years. Your plant has seven of these processes operating at all times, and your company has 11 other plants similar to this one around the country. Also, your company has three other competitors with similar numbers of facilities with very similar processes. Assuming that the results of the QRA can be extrapolated to the other similar process throughout the industry, how often should you expect a catastrophic accident in your company's industry related to this process? About once every 30 years About once every 80 years About once every 150 years About once every 180 years
*About once every 30 years The results of the QRA are associated with a single process. Your company has 84 of these processes (12 facilities x 7 processes/facility). Your company's competitors bring in another 252 such processes (84 processes x 3). This is a total of 336 such processes in the industry. That means we can expect 336 catastrophic accidents in 10,000 years, or about one accident every 30 years
One of the new principles of safety management states that certain sets of circumstances can be predicted to produce severe injuries. Which of the following does NOT apply? High energy sources Nonproductive activities Usual, nonroutine activities Accidents are by chance and cannot be predicted
*Accidents are by chance and cannot be predicted The traditional approach to safety states that once an accident occurs, the severity of injury is dictated by chance. The new principle states that certain sets of circumstances can be predicted to produce severe injuries. Essentially, we can attack severity directly instead of hoping the attach on accident frequency will also affect severity.
Which of the following defines the attributes of employee coaching? Achievement-oriented, reactive, fault-finding process Achievement-oriented, proactive, fact-finding process Achievement-oriented, reactive, fact-finding process Achievement-oriented, proactive, fault-finding process
*Achievement-oriented, proactive, fact-finding process Always proactive, not reactive A behavior based approach treats safety as an achievement oriented process not outcome based. It also uses fact-finding versus fault-finding and is proactive not reactive.
If your production facility embraces the Japanese-derived "5-s" system, which of the following will you likely see in your production areas? Very clean machines and workplaces Visually obvious locations to store portable equipment Machines and tools neatly ordered All of the above
*All of the above 5-s practice is to establish and maintain a high-quality environment in an organization. The 5-s method is based on 5 Japanese words that all start with "s" and loosely translate in English to: 1. Organize everything clearly and throw away unneeded things 2. Keep everything neat 3. Everyone must keep his or her equipment very clean 4. Everything should be stored where it belongs 5. Everyone must be disciplined to continuously maintain these activities
Change analysis is A method for understanding how an incident occurred A method for understanding how a change in a system could cause problems later on A method for understanding how a management system change will affect the system All of the above
*All of the above Change analysis is an excellent investigative tool for incident investigation as well as a proactive tool for performing risk assessments when a system change is anticipated
What is the purpose of organizations such as Underwriters' Laboratories (UL) and Factory Mutual (FM)? To perform independent product safety evaluations on products sold to consumers To certify that products sold to consumers meet a minimum level of product safety To certify that safety-related products will perform as expected All of the above
*All of the above These organizations also maintain listings of the products that they certify so that individuals with questions can request information about how the product performed in the tests that were conducted on it
System safety and occupational safety considerations are frequently not considered early in a system's design process. Why is this? Some design engineers and project managers do not consider system safety and occupational safety issues as design engineering components (ex. design intent and how to achieve design intent do not require input from system safety and occupational safety professionals) Some design engineers and project managers believe that system safety and occupational safety considerations can be addressed once a system is in operation Some design engineers and project managers perceive that involving system safety and occupational safety professionals early in the design process will slow down the design process All of the above
*All of the above Unfortunately, many project managers and design engineers have no formal training in system safety and occupational safety and are unaware of the value (and ultimate savings) that can be realized by integrating such considerations
ASSE: Association of System Safety Engineers Association for Safe and Secure Environments American Society of Safety Engineers American Safety and Security Engineers
*American Society of Safety Engineers ASSE is an organization serving its members and the public by providing information and action on occupational safety, health, and environmental issues and practices. ASSE membership is made up of professionals that work to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses, to create safer work and leisure environments and to develop safer products to enhancing the quality of life
The "systemic, documented, periodic and objective review by regulated entities of operations and practices related to meeting environmental requirements is considered: A monitoring program An environmental objective An environmental audit An environmental inspection
*An environmental audit
The planning process of the Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001 requires that: An organization or company completes a planning activity on a recurring basis with the organization or company's board of directors An organization assures daily planning of work activities to assure safe practices are reviewed and implemented An organization or company to establish processes, implement and monitor all procedures and processes and take corrective action when problems occur An organization establishes objectives and processes supporting the organization's occupational health and safety policy
*An organization establishes objectives and processes supporting the organization's occupational health and safety policy
The science of measuring the human body for differences in various physical characteristics is: Kinesiology Anthropometry Physiology Ergonomics
*Anthropometry Anthropometry refers to the measurement of the human individual. Anthropometry involves the systematic measurement of the physical properties of the human body, primarily dimensional descriptors of body size and shape. Today, anthropometry plays an important role in industrial design, clothing design, ergonomics and architecture where statistical data about the distribution of body dimensions in the population are used to optimize products. Changes in lifestyles, nutrition, and ethnic composition of populations lead to changes in the distribution of body dimensions (ex. the obesity epidemic), and require regular updating of anthropometric data collections.
ANSI: Approves standards developed sponsors, granting approval once specific standards development criteria are verified Promulgates and publishes standards that are intended to be used by local governments in the development of regulations Promulgates and publishes standards that are developed in cooperation with various sponsoring organizations Works closely with the American National Standards Verification Board to assure the standards that it develops meet the specific criteria required of ANSI standards
*Approves standards developed sponsors, granting approval once specific standards development criteria are verified ANSI does not develop standards and does not provide interpretations. Standards are developed under the direction of sponsors. Standards may be approved by ANSI only after ANSI has verified that the requirements for due process, consensus and other criteria have been met in the development process
A manufacturer must keep records relating to product safety for what period of time? As long as possible Life of product guarantee Well beyond life of the product Term of employment plus 30 years
*As long as possible Due to product liability claims, a manufacturer should keep product safety records as long as possible. Some states may have limits on time period, while other states do not and that is where lawsuits often originate. Term of employment + 30 years applies to medical & exposure records and SDSs
Within a Management Oversight Risk Tree (MORT) analysis, what is not considered part of specific control factors? Amelioration LTA Persons, object in energy path Assumed risk Unwanted energy flow
*Assumed risk Assumed risks are considered as a separate tree path
A conveyor belt that runs parallel to a walkway has smooth rods rotating beneath the belt and rods sticking out 3/4 inch past the belt edge. What is the best action to protect workers from this potential hazard? Do nothing, because 3/4 inch isn't enough for concern Place caps over the ends of each rod Paint rod ends yellow to warn of possible hazard Attach a guard the full length of the conveyor belt that covers rod ends
*Attach a guard the full length of the conveyor belt that covers rod ends OSHA says rods can protrude 1/2 the diameter of the shaft Answers A and C do not provide sufficient protection from the hazard. Answer B is a possible solution, but not enough information is given as to the size/coverage of the caps and whether they are spinning or not. Answer D may be overkill, but is the best choice available.
Your plant has a storm sewer runoff pond which is not fenced. A young child drowns in it. What type of liability is it? Negligence Attractive nuisance Homicide Manslaughter
*Attractive nuisance doctrine holds that a person is under the duty to prevent injury to children that may be attracted to something which could cause harm
Regarding collecting and verifying information all the following are correct except? Information relevant to the audit objectives, scope and criteria should be collected by appropriate sampling. Only verifiable information should be accepted as audit evidence. Audit findings do not need to be recorded. The audit team should address any new circumstances that may occur.
*Audit findings do not need to be recorded During the audit, information relevant to the audit objectives, scope and criteria, including information relating to interfaces between functions, activities and processes, should be collected by means of appropriate sampling and should be verified. Only information that is verifiable should be accepted as audit evidence. Audit evidence leading to audit findings should be recorded. If, during the collection of evidence, the audit team becomes aware of any new or changed circumstances or risks, these should be addressed by the team accordingly. NOTE 1 Guidance on sampling is given in Clause B.3 of ISO 19011
In conducting a Link Analysis, link values can be developed for a wide range of operational relationships. "Movement Links" consider all but which of the following? Eye movement Auditory, nonvoice Body movements Manual movements
*Auditory, nonvoice this is a communication link. All the other choices are movement links.
When performing a process hazard analysis, which of the following need to be included in the analysis? Off-site utilities that support the process On-site utilities that support the process All equipment associated with the covered process B & C
*B & C If on-site utilities can affect the integrity of the process and potentially cause a hazard with the process, it must be covered in the process hazard analysis, just as the process equipment itself. Off-site utilities that are not int he control of the facility would not be included; however, part of the analysis must include provisions for loss of power and other utilities.
Strict liability places the responsibility upon the manufacturer because: There is no one else you can sue The manufacturer is best able to distribute the loss if sued The manufacturer is in the best position to prevent accidents by improving the safety of the product B & C
*B & C Strict liability places the responsibility upon the manufacturer because: 1. The cost of accidental injuries caused by defective products can be passed along to the general public by means of insurance or price structure 2. IT is the manufacturer who is in the best position to prevent accidents by improving product safety by design or planning
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001 is produced by: ANSI ISO ASSE BSI
*BSI The British Standard Institute led the development of 18001 as a health and safety management system standard that is compatible with ISO 9001 and ISO 14001
Truck drivers and equipment operators are most likely to suffer from which of the following occupational disease? Carpal tunnel syndrome from repetitive forceful tasks Back disability from whole body vibration Rotator cuff tendinitis De Quervain's from gripping
*Back disability from whole body vibration
How often is calibration of sound level meters required? Monthly Quarterly Before each survey Before and after each survey
*Before and after each survey
Which of the following defines the observation of worker behaviors at random intervals and classification of these behaviors according to whether they are safe or unsafe Critical incident technique Life safety code Behavior sampling Safety orientation
*Behavior Sampling Behavior sampling or activity sampling technique involves observation of worker behaviors at random intervals by organizational experts and classification of these natural risk behaviors according to whether they are safe or unsafe. Using this technique, management can apply various components of safety program (such as safety lectures, posters, brief safety talks, safety inspections, motion picture films, supervisory training) and immediately note their influence on workers' unsafe behavior.
Three approaches for evaluating manual material handling tasks and implementing acceptable workload criteria are: anthropometric, psychological, physical physiological, cardio-vascular, psychological anthropometric, physiological, ergonomic biomechanical, physiological, psychophysical
*Biomechanical, physiological, psychophysical Biomechanical: calculation of compressive forces at the L5/S1 lumbosacral disc from internal forces of the back-extensor muscles and intra-abdominal pressure used to resist the load moments of lifting Physiological: measures the effect of tasks on body functions (ex. heart rate, oxygen updake, etc.) Psychophysical: holds all but one variable constant and allows workers to adjust the variable to their preference
Which of the following describes a loss control program designed to allow your facility to continue serving its customers even though the facility was nearly destroyed by a fire? Emergency management/emergency response Situational awareness Business interruption recovery/business continuity Inland marine preparedness
*Business interruption recovery/business continuity Business continuity planning is a key part of a loss control program. Such plans should include recovering corporate information, setting up operations, and financing temporary operations until a new facility can be commissioned. Depending upon the risk of a natural disaster, some companies purchase business interruption insurance to help finance operations.
Which of the following agencies can initiate a consumer product recall? OSHA NIOSH CPSC MSHA
*CPSC The EPA also has limited authority to initiate consumer product recalls on certain hazardous chemicals
It is generally accepted that accidents: Are all preventable Only 50% are preventable Are unexpected events that cannot be controlled Can be prevented, but where absolute prevention is not possible, take steps to reduce severity
*Can be prevented, but where absolute prevention is not possible, take steps to reduce severity Each answer is a history of accident prevention. The prevalent concept in the early 1900s was that no more than 50% of all accidents were preventable. In the 1940s, it changed to a concept that all were preventable, and finally to today's more realistic theory that not all accidents can be prevented but, in those cases where absolute prevention is not possible, steps can be taken to reduce the severity of the damage or injury
Candle power, the English standard for luminous intensity, is measured by the International System of units as: Candela Luminescence Luminance Lumens
*Candela International System of units uses 7 units as the basis for all other SI units: - meter for length - kilogram for mass - second for time - ampere for electrical current - Kelvin for temperature - candela for luminous intensity - mole for substance amount Lumens is the US measurement for luminous intensity
What agent is generally used to desorb a sample from an activated carbon tube? Chloroform Carbon disulfide Toluene Methyl chloroform
*Carbon disulfide
Once a chemical has been classified, the hazard(s) must be communicated to target audiences. The exploding chest pictogram represents which hazard class? Carcinogen Irritant Acute Toxicity Environmental Toxicity
*Carcinogen The GHS symbols have been incorporated into pictograms for use on the GHS label. Pictograms include the harmonized hazard symbols plus other graphic elements, such as borders, background patterns or colors which are intended to convey specific information. For transport, pictograms will have the background, symbol and colors currently used in the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations. For other sectors, pictograms will have a black symbol on a white background with a red diamond frame. A black frame may be used for shipments within one country. The GHS pictogram for the same hazard should not be located where a transport pictogram appears.
The best protection with dealing with hoisting and rigging equipment includes Chains, slings and ropes inspected before each job Hoisting and lifting equipment inspected daily A thorough inspection every 18 months of all chains in use The use of wire rope birdcaged for lifting, if provided with Crosby clamps every six inches
*Chains, slings and ropes inspected before each job Inspection of hoisting and rigging equipment before each job provides the greatest protection from use of defective equipment. Selection "B" is a good practice, however not as protective as choice "A". The frequency on selection "C" should be dependent on use, however in no case more than 12 months. Selection "D" is incorrect, birdcaged wire rope should be removed from service.
A technique that provides formal documentation and feedback of safety analysis performed on changes to the end product throughout the life-cycle is called: Life-cycle analysis Critical path analysis Change analysis Root cause analysis
*Change analysis is a technique that provides feedback throughout the life cycle of the product (as changes are made)
What is the most effective method to fix accountability for environmental, safety and health losses? Charge associated cost to work center Compare incident rates with like companies Require supervisor to make weekly presentations on their status Compare each work center and make an example out of the bottom 10%
*Charge associated cost to work center According to Dr. Roger Brauer in Safety and Health for Engineers, "Making safety part of a supervisor's appraisal is one means of achieving in an organization. Companies that use cost accounting to encourage safety have the lower accident rates."
In fault tree analysis, the examination of cut sets reveal some causes which can cause the system to fail in spite of many redundancies. This analysis is called: Redundancy analysis Fault tree analysis Common cause analysis Fault hazard analysis
*Common cause analysis A common cause failure results in total loss of the system (or sub-system), regardless of expected redundancy. The analysis discussed above is Common Cause Analysis
A good company safety policy will include all of the following except: Responsibility Accountability Authority Company accident history
*Company accident history A company safety policy should include: - responsibilities - accountabilities - authority - scope - intent - standards
Based on the OHSAS 18001 guidelines that all management systems should be suitable, adequate and effective, which of the following situations indicate that a management evaluation should be performed? Profits are down from preceding year ES&H director has been held by three individuals during previous 18 months Company's environmental performance has been questioned by local "green" group Company's safety performance is 40% lower than previous year
*Company's safety performance is 40% lower than previous year The purpose of adopting OHSAS 18001 Health and Safety Management System is to maintain continuous improvement. IF the management system finds a significant reduction in company safety performance, it should indicate that a comprehensive management review of the items is warranted.
The Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001 is a management system standard that is directed at reducing risk through a process of continual improvement. The standard is not a regulation or law. As such: Compliance with OH&S legal requirements is only a piece of an OH&S management system conforming to the Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001 Compliance with OH&S legal requirements is only the key factor of an OH&S management system conforming to the Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001 Compliance with OH&S legal requirements is irrelevant to an OH&S management system conforming to the Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001 Compliance with OH&S legal requirements is generally part of, but not required for an OH&S management system conforming to the Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001
*Compliance with OH&S legal requirements is only a piece of an OH&S management system conforming to the Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001 Section 4.3.2, of the standard requires that legal and other requirements be continually identified and taken into account when establishing processes, procedures and running an OH&S management system
Which action, according to current safety philosophy, would have the greatest impact on changing safety behavior? Posting a sign stating, "Wear Your Eye Protection" Turning off all machines when finished Complimenting an employee for wearing eye protection Providing a free meal for a safe month on the plant floor
*Complimenting an employee for wearing eye protection Most experts agree that there are two primary actions that influence behavior change the most, positive reinforcement and reinforcing the behavior as close to action time as possible. The first step in improving behavior in an organization is to establish an ethics program to address the organization culture issues. Safety incentive programs should be designed to influence and change behaviors. Positive Feedback/Compliments have 3 parts: 1. Soon 2. Certain (Specific) 3. Positive
The term CLI used in the professional practice of ergonomics means Composite Lifting Index Controlled Lifting Index Coordinated Lifting Indicator Coupling Lifting Index
*Composite Lifting Index CLI is the term used in the revised NIOSH Lifting Equation to denote the overall lifting index for a multi-task manual lifting job. The multi-task procedure is quite complicated and involves calculation of the Frequency-Independent Recommended Weight Limit (FIRWL), the Single-Task Recommended Weight Limit (STRWL), the Frequency-Independent Lifting Index (FILI) and the Single-Task Lifting Index (STLI) for each task
Risk analysis generally consists of all of the following steps except Estimation of the likelihood of events Construction of a fault tree Estimation of the consequences Selection of specific scenarios
*Construction of a fault tree One doesn't have to construct a fault tree to conduct a risk assessment. However, event flow should be defined. The other 3 steps are referred to ask the "RISK TRIPLET"
You are conducting a formal safety inspection of a manufacturing plant with your newly hired safety engineer. During your inspection you observe an employee, without eye protection, working at a bench installing parts. This is not a hazardous operation but it is in a posted "Eye Protection" area. Which one of the following is the best course of action? Contact the supervisor and discuss the situation Test the skills of your new safety engineer by letting him handle the situation Confront the employee and determine "Why" eye protection is not being used Note the discrepancy and do not discuss it until the outbrief when the CEO and the supervisor are both present
*Contact the supervisor and discuss the situation
When an injured person's care for his own safety was less than that reasonable for a prudent person under existing conditions, he is considered negligent and the defendant will not be held liable. This principle is known as: Privity Contributory negligence Joint tort Assumption of risk
*Contributory negligence The injured person contributed to the injury because he took less than reasonable care
Based on the results of the Process Hazard Analysis, the various procedures for the process should identify the hazards with the materials and processes as well as the accident consequences. These considerations should contain at a minimum: properties of the chemicals used; precautions to prevent exposure; any special or unique hazards that may exist and _____. Control measures for physical contact hazards Control measures to be taken if physical contact or airborne exposure occurs A Hazard Control Program Plan Engineering controls listing
*Control measures to be taken if physical contact or airborne exposure occurs
Employees are interviewed randomly to collect accident information concerning near misses, difficulties in operations, and conditions that could have resulted in death, injury, or property loss. This method is described as Behavior sampling Critical incident technique Program quality verification inspection Un-programmed process safety management
*Critical incident technique The critical incident technique asks those participating to describe any incidents that come to their attention. This technique can be useful in investigating worker-equipment relationships in past or existing systems, evaluating modifications to existing systems, or developing new systems. Safety sampling can be a successful method to verify effectiveness of a safety training program provided that the technique is adapted to the program, a sound basic accident prevention program is in place and management is familiar with the technique and it's potential.
Which of the following are GHS signal words that indicate the relative degree of severity of a hazard? Warning, Caution Danger, Warning Caution, Danger Hazardous, Dangerous
*Danger, Warning The signal word indicates the relative degree of severity a hazard. The signal words used in GHS are: "Danger" for the more severe hazards, and "Warning" for the less severe hazards. Signal words are standardized and assigned to the hazard categories within endpoints. Some lower level hazard categories do not use signal words. Only one signal word corresponding to the class of the most severe hazard should be used on each label. The GHS hazard pictograms, signal word and hazard statements should be located together on the label. The actual label format or layout is not specified in GHS. National authorities may choose to specify where information should appear on the label or allow supplier discretion.
A person who keeps, maintains, transports, or stores a dangerous creature, device or substance is liable for injury or damage, regardless of fault, even when he exercises due care. This principle is known as: Care Dangerous privity Dangerous instrumentality Res ispa loguitur
*Dangerous instrumentality If a person keeps, transports, etc. dangerous "things" they can be held liable under this principle
Excessive leaning and reaching is required to access material on the far side of a conveyor or slide in a poultry processing plant. Which of the following is the best solution? Design a diverter mechanism Create a chute Add a tilt or dumper Install stationary seating
*Design a diverter mechanism Diverters are mechanical barriers that direct the materials on a conveyor or slide to the workers. Diverters are used where excessive leaning or reaching is required to access material on the far side of a conveyor or slide. Delivering and placing parts closer to the worker minimizes reaching and bending. Maximum reach should not exceed arm's length with the torso upright. Can be adjusted to split poultry parts delivered onto either side of a conveyor, slide, or work area so that employees can work on both sides of the line.
What would be an example of an engineering control? Design the job to fit the worker Assign workers to specific jobs Implement a job rotation schedule Providing customized fitted gloves
*Design the job to fit the worker One of the best ways to prevent and control occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities is to "design out" or minimize hazards and risks. NIOSH leads a national initiative called Prevention through Design (PtD). PtD's purpose is to promote this concept and highlight its importance in all business decisions. The mission of the PtD National initiative is to prevent or reduce occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities through the inclusion of prevention considerations in all designs that impact workers. The mission can be achieved by: - Eliminating hazards and controlling risks to workers to an acceptable level "at the source" or as early as possible in the life cycle of items or workplaces - Including design, redesign and retrofit of new and existing work premises, structures, tools, facilities, equipment, machinery, products, substances, work processes and the organization of work - Enhancing the work environment through the inclusion of prevention methods in all designs that impact workers and others on the premises PtD encompasses all of the efforts to anticipate and design out hazards equipment, tools, products, new technologies, and the organization of work. The focus of PtD is on workers who execute the designs or have developed to support designing out hazards, the most reliable and effective type of prevention
The audit objectives define what is to be accomplished by the individual audit and may include which of the following? Evaluation of the ineffective monitoring of audit program outcomes Determination of the extent of non-conformity of activities, processes and products with the requirements and procedures of the management system Conformity with audit program procedures Determination of the extent of conformity of the management system to be audited, or parts of it, with audit criteria
*Determination of the extent of conformity of the management system to be audited, or parts of it, with audit criteria Each individual audit should be based on documented audit objectives, scope and criteria. These should be defined by the person managing the audit program and be consistent with the overall audit program objectives. The audit objectives define what it is to be accomplished by the individual audit and may include the following: - determination of the extent of conformity of the management system to be audited, or parts of it, with audit criteria - determination of the extent of conformity of activities, processes and products with the requirements and procedures of the management system - evaluation of the capability of the management system to ensure compliance with legal and contractual requirements and other requirements to which the organization is committed - evaluation of the effectiveness of the management system in meeting its specified objectives - identification of areas for potential improvement of the management system The audit scope should be consistent with the audit program and audit objectives. It includes such factors as physical locations, organizational units, activities and processes to be audited, as well as the time period covered by the audit. The audit criteria are used as a reference against which conformity is determined and may include applicable policies, procedures, standards, legal requirements, management system requirements, contractual requirements, sector codes of conduct or other planned arrangements.
Which of the following, according to the NSC, is not included in good accident investigation procedures? Identify basic causal factors Determine who is to blame for the accident Identify deficiencies in management system Suggest corrective action alternatives for management system
*Determine who is to blame for the accident According to the NSC, good accident investigation procedures: - provide information needed for injury rates, identify trends or problem areas, permit comparisons and satisfy workers' compensation requirements - identify, without placing blame, the basic causal factors that contributed directly or indirectly to each accident - identify deficiencies in the management system - suggest corrective action alternatives for a given accident - suggest corrective action alternatives for the management system - In reconstruction of a vehicle accident, the most important element is to consider the possibility of multiple causes
A tornado has just struck your multi-building facility where you have several hazardous processes operating. There appears to be substantial damage; however, you are unharmed. Since the coordinator of emergency management is not onsite, what are your first priorities as the acting emergency management coordinator? Safeguarding personnel at all costs while abandoning all systems Shutting down all systems and evacuating the site Determining the local emergency response incident commander and turning over incident command to that person Safeguarding personnel and safeguarding all systems, without further endangering other personnel
*Determining the local emergency response incident commander and turning over incident command to that person There should never be a question about safeguarding personnel and safeguarding the public in any situation. However, emergency planning requires organizations to consider how the organization's property, operations, and the environment can also be safeguarded in an emergency
A system safety analysis can clarify a complex process by: Making a step-by-step evaluation of each component that makes up the system Developing a conceptual model of the system Employing the use of applicable statistics A & C
*Developing a conceptual model of the system An analysis of the system can clarify a complex process by devising a chart or model that provides a comprehensive, overall view of the process by showing its principal elements and the ways in which they are interrelated.
Using the Management Grid by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton, illustrating management styles by drawing a grid with a Y axis Concern for People and an X axis Concern for Production, a 9,1 supervisor could be called a Country Club Manager Dictator Workaholic Company Man
*Dictator The 1,1 supervisor is indifferent. The 9,1 supervisor is the one who is interested more in production than the interests of their employees and thus would be labeled a Dictator or Authority-Obedience manager. A 9,9 would be considered a Team Manager, a 1,9 would be a country club manager and a 5,5 would be considered a middle-of-road manager.
Which of the following would be considered the primary talent of a Safety Professional? Out-sources as many responsibilities as possible Recognized as the boss' "right hand man" Displays continuous and flexible learning Strictly adheres to company policy guidelines
*Displays continuous and flexible learning Managers that deliver under high performance expectations of current dynamic times must be well educated and continue that education during their career. They must be unrelenting in their efforts to develop, refine and maintain their skills and competencies, which may not agree with their previous training.
What are two primary situations where biomechanics analysis should be performed? During manual lifting and to evaluate the effects of body postures During manual lifting and to evaluate the effects of work rest cycles During manual lifting and to evaluate the effects of dynamic loads During manual lifting and to evaluate the effects of static loads
*During manual lifting and to evaluate the effects of body postures Body postures are an important consideration when performing biomechanical analyses
The National Electric Code (NEC) utilizes a Class I, II, III etc. hazard identification system. Class II hazards involve: Flammable liquids Dusts Fibers Powders
*Dusts Class I - flammable liquids or gases Class II - combustible dusts Class III - fibers
Who must be trained on the methods and means necessary for energy isolation and control of hazardous energy? Area supervisor Each authorized employee Each affected employee All employees whose work operations are or may be in an area where energy control procedures may potentially be used
*Each authorized employee In the OSHA lockout/tagout (LOTO) standard (29 CFR 1910.147) an authorized employee is one who locks out or tags out the machine or equipment in order to perform servicing or maintenance. An affected employee is one whose job requires him/her to operate or use a machine or equipment on which service or maintenance is being performed under LOTO, or whose job requires him/her to work in an area in which such servicing or maintenance is being performed. Authorized employees must receive training in the recognition of hazardous energy sources, the type and magnitude of the energy available in the workplace, and methods and means necessary for energy isolation and control. Affected employees need training in the purpose and use of energy control devices. The most significant item in safe operating procedures for for equipment maintenance is ensuring that energy at the machine is zero and will remain that way during the repair. A review of 29 CFR 1910.147 is recommended if unfamiliar with OSHA's LOTO requirements.
Under Worker's Compensation Laws: Employee has to prove negligence by the employer Amount of compensation is decided by the employee and employer under arbitration Employer assumes responsibility and compensation for accidents, regardless of fault Employee may sue employer if the compensation provided is not adequate
*Employer assumes responsibility and compensation for accidents, regardless of fault under worker's comp laws, the employer assumes responsibility for all accidents and compensation to the employee, regardless of fault. The employee does not have to prove negligence and is not allowed to sue for damages beyond what is allowed to be compensated as set by state law
SSCA:
software sneak circuit analysis
What does SMART stand for? (Z10)
specific measurable actionable realistic time-oriented
Management is committed to reducing accidents and has embraced the concept of performing root cause analyses on all accidents and near misses. Currently, you estimate that about one out of every ten minor accidents is reported (minor accidents do not require professional medical intervention). Likewise, you believe that more than 4 near misses have ever been reported in 4 years. You know that getting employees to report minor accidents and near misses is fundamental to preventing accidents through root cause analysis. Which of the following is NOT suitable for encouraging employees to report accidents and near misses? Ensuring employees see operational/management system changes as a result of the root cause analysis Ensuring that the root cause analysis process will never blame employees Ensuring that employees can easily report accidents and near misses without complicated paperwork and explanations Ensuring each employee is recognized for the number of near misses he/she reports
*Ensuring each employee is recognized for the number of near misses he/she reports Employees who report accidents and never see any resulting good come from the report are not likely to go to the trouble of reporting any further accidents or near misses. The root cause analysis process MUST be blame-free or employees will not make reports. The root causes of accidents are management system weaknesses - employees who perceive the root cause analysis process as a way to "get" employees will never participate in it. If the reporting process is complicated and requires the employees to spend a lot of time with complicated forms and explanations, then employees are not likely to continue reporting accidents and near misses. Finally, peer pressure is a key reason employees do not report accidents and near misses. Recognizing employees for such things is akin to embarrassing them publicly.
The responsibility for a defective product as it moves from the manufacturer to the customer rests with the ____. Manufacturer Distributor Wholesaler Entire chain from raw material on
*Entire chain from raw material on can be held liable for a defective product
Tendinitis:
swelling of a tendon
In reviewing designs for product safety, the foremost environmental consideration(s) must be directed to the affect of: Environmental conditions on product operations Product operations on the environment Product disposal on the environment Environment
*Environment The environment must be considered in designs for product safety because the ambient environment (temperature, humidity, corrosivity) will affect the condition and operation of the product; the operation of the product (noise, particles, toxic vapors, liquid effluent) would, without proper controls, pollute the environment; and product disposal, should it contain hazardous materials (mercury, lead, beryllium) has the potential to contaminate soil and groundwater.
What illness would you associate with a framing carpenter? Dequevain's disease Epicondylitis Carpal Tunnel syndrome Raynaud's syndrome
*Epicondylitis = tennis elbow = carpenter's elbow
Tenosynovitis:
swelling of the sheath surrounding a tendon MSD Body Part Effected: Hands, wrists Symptoms: Pain, swelling Possible Causes: Repetitive or forceful hand and wrist motions Workers Affected: Core making, poultry processing, meat packing
The ANSI/AIHA Z10, Americal National Standard for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems purpose is to: Establish performance criteria for management acceptance of risk to employees and the public Establish a tool for continual improvement of occupational safety and health performance Establish a tool to assist organizations with regulatory compliance Establish a minimum level of performance for organization health and safety programs in the international environment
*Establish a tool for continual improvement of occupational safety and health performance
In determining the probability of a cause/effect relationship between an illness and an agent in the workplace, the first consideration must be to: Examine the interplay between the physical environment and biological effects Examine dose relationships in terms of time and place Establish that a disease condition does exist Determine toxicity of chemical agent
*Establish that a disease condition does exist The first consideration in determining the probability of a cause/effect relationship between an illness and an agent in the workplace is to establish that a disease condition does exist or that the particular manifestations of the disease are the result of exposure to a specific harmful agent
De Quervain's Disease:
swelling of the tendon sheath of the thumb MSD Body Part Affected: Thumb Symptoms: Pain at the base of the thumb Possible Causes: Twisting & gripping Workers Affected: Butchers, housekeepers, packers, seamstresses, cutters
THERP:
technique for human error rate prediction
What is the key to effective safety management? Compliance with OSHA standards Establishing accountability Engineering control of workplace hazards Safety Committees
*Establishing accountability management must hold supervisors accountable for the unsafe acts committed by the employees they supervise
Risk is defined as
the combination of the severity of a defined exposure with its frequency of occurrence. The technique that effectively decreases a project's schedule risk without increasing the overall risk is to incorporate slack time into the project's critical path schedule early in project planning.
Risk is
the effect of uncertainty on objectives
You happen to be in the building at the time of an industrial fire emergency. The fire department has been notified, the building alarm has activated, and you are attempting to extinguish the incipient fire with a nearby 20-pound dry chemical fire extinguisher in accordance with your training. You are unsuccessful. You should Evacuate and await the fire department Search for another fire extinguisher and make another attempt to extinguish the fire to provide time for the fire department to arrive Remain near the fire to prevent evacuating people from inadvertently entering the danger area Enter the fire and smoke area to search for trapped people
*Evacuate and await the fire department Holding paramount the safety and health of people requires you to hold paramount your own safety. Even though the other 3 answers imply you are holding paramount the safety and health of people, each of the other 3 disregards your own safety
In the case of short term spills, in-place protection is used when? Evacuating the public would cause lesser risks Evacuating the public would cause greater risks Is not recommended Is not feasible of short term spills
*Evacuating the public would cause greater risks or when an evacuation cannot be performed. (1993 Emergency Response Handbook)
A technique which is a bottom-up, deductive technique that explores different responses to "challenges" is called: Event tree analysis Fault tree analysis Logic analysis Bottom-up assessment
*Event tree analysis
This analysis considers initiating events, their consequences through consideration of system failure and success alternatives. It is called: Event tree analysis Fault tree analysis Cause consequence analysis Event/causal analysis
*Event tree analysis is an analytical tool that can be used to organize, characterize, and quantify accidents in methodical order; considering success and failure states
Every person has a legal duty to exercise due care for the safety of others and to avoid injury to others if possible; this principle is called: Exercise of due care Slight care Non gross negligence Great care
*Exercise of due care is the principle that every person has a legal duty to exercise due care for the safety of others and to avoid injury to others if possible.
Two ways to modify insurance rates based on modifying the manual rate to reflect the insured's safety record are the prospective experience rating and the restrospective rating. Which of the following identifies the restrospective rating? Past experience Experience during policy period Projected losses manual premiums are not modified
*Experience during policy period Because past experience modifies future rates, this plan is known as prospective experience rating to distinguish it from restrospective experience rating, which further modifies the manual rate to reflect experience during the policy year.
An example of an inductive analysis technique would be fault tree logic tree FMECA event tree
*FMECA = bottom up analysis
The most correct statement concerning the Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) is FMECA is an extension of FMEA FMECA is a tool of the nuclear industry FMECA is a quality tool, not a system safety tool FMECA is reliability, not hazard based
*FMECA is an extension of FMEA The FMECA is generally considered to be a reliability-based analysis. The process provides an exhaustive search for component failure that will affect system operations. The search may uncover failures that will cause hazards or damage, but its main objective is to determine the system reliability. The method enlargement to include the "Criticality" or critical ranking of components results in the FMECA. The FMECA searches for parts or components that will contribute to the system failure and ranks them by their probability to cause a hazard or ability to affect the system safety. The nuclear industry discourages use of the term FMECA in favor of FMEA because of the nuclear specific use of the term "Criticality", which refers to the amount of radioactive material necessary to sustain a chain reaction (Critical Mass). Quality generally means the same thing as Safety
What is the design that attempts to ensure that a failure will leave the product unaffected or will covert it to a state in which no injury or damage will occur? Fail-safe Fail-secure Fail-operations Fail-proof
*Fail-safe According to Willie Hammer, Product Safety Management and Engineering, there are three fail-safe designs: A. Fail-passive arrangements reduce the system to is lowest energy level B. Fail-active design maintains an energized condition that keeps the system in a safe mode until a corrective or overriding action occurs or an alternate system is activated C. Fail-operational arrangements allow functions to continue safely until corrective action is possible. An example of a fail-active device would be a battery-operated smoke detector that chirps when it is time to replace the battery.
Risk Management is
the process by which assessed risks are mitigated, minimized, or controlled through engineering, management, or operational means. This involves the optimal allocation of available resources in support of safety, performance, cost, and schedule.
The hazard analysis method that tabulates the ways in which equipment and components can fail, and the effects of these failures on a system, process, or plant is called? Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) Management Oversight & Risk Tree (MORT)
*Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) The Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) tabulates the ways in which equipment and components can fail, and the effects of these failures on a system, process, or plant. Failure modes describe the ways in which equipment can fail (such as open, closed, on, off, leaks, etc.). The analyst lists all of the components of the system under review and all the failure modes for these components. The FMEA identifies the individual failure modes that can either cause or contribute to an accident. This method of analysis does not address multiple failures. An FMEA analysis should produce a qualitative, systematic, list of equipment and components, a list of associated failure modes, and a list of the effects of the failure modes on the system. The list of effects should include a worst-case estimate of the consequences of each failure mode. The information produced by an FMEA analysis can be used to support recommendations for increased equipment and component reliability that would improve safety.
Residual Risk is
the risk remaining after preventative measures have been taken. No matter how effective the preventive actions, residual risk will always be present if a facility of operation continues to exist.
A method that tabulates each system or unit of equipment, along with its failure, the effect of each failure on the system or unit, and the degree of risk posed by the individual failure is called: Failure effects analysis Failure modes and effects analysis Fault tree analysis Failure hazard analysis
*Failure modes and effects analysis defined above as applied in Process Safety. Note that there are extensive inductive versions of FMEA, such as Failure Modes and Effects Critality Analysis (FMEACA) which is utilized within aerospace reliability analysis. Criticality is an attempt to define the System Safety related risk associated with the specific failure.
Unnacceptable Risk is
the risk that cannot be tolerated
Physiology:
the scientific study of the normal function in living systems. A sub-discipline of biology, its focus is in how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system
The technique in which the failure or malfunction of each component is considered and the effects of the failure traced throughout the system is identified with: Failure modes effects analysis Fault hazard analysis Fault tree analysis THERP
*Failure modes effects analysis is an analytical technique in which the failure or malfunction of each component is considered, including the mode of failures. The effects of the failure are traced through the entire system and its effects on the system performance is evaluated. Failure modes effects analysis is very similar to failure hazard analysis, except it is performed for every component in the system without regard for outcome.
Which of the following defines a system safety technique that selects an undesired event whose possibility or probability is to be determined and then reviews system requirements, functions, and designs to determine how the top or initial event could occur? Fault Tree Analysis Boolean algebra Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)
*Fault Tree Analysis = top down analysis This is a description of Fault Tree Analysis, which uses deductive analysis involving reasoning from the general to the specific. Most other safety analysis use inductive reasoning and progress from a specific item to the general overall failure.
Push buttons are
to be operated by the pressure of either finger or hand and operate similar to a switch
TQM:
total quality management
TSE:
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
Which of the following methods is a deductive analysis technique that allows the analyst to determine the combinations of failures that are necessary to achieve an event defined as the top or undesired event? Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Risk Management Plan (RMP)
*Fault Tree Analysis Key word: Deductive FTA is a deductive analysis technique that allows the analyst to determine the combinations of failures that are necessary to achieve an event defined as the top or undesired event. FTA is well suited for the analysis of highly redundant systems. The fault tree is a graphic model that displays the various combinations of equipment/component failures and human errors that can give rise to the top event. The FTA provides a means to qualitatively or quantitatively identify the frequency of the top event. It is a deductive technique that employs Boolean Logic (the use of AND and OR gate logic) to relate the top event to a combination of basic events that must occur in order for the top event to happen. The fault tree, once constructed, can be quantified by using the failure rate data for the basic events (ex. those events at the bottom of the tree). A quantified fault tree projects the rate of occurrence for the top event.
The technique that selects the undesired outcome and all possible modes of happenings is the: Failure modes effects analysis Fault tree analysis Fault hazard analysis THERP
*Fault Tree analysis In the fault tree method, an undesired event is selected and all possible happenings that can contribute to the event are diagrammed in the form of a tree. The branches of the tree are continued until independent events are reached. Probabilities are determined for the independent events and after simplifying the tree, both the probability of the undesired event and the most likely chain of events leading up to it can be computed
The system safety technique that starts with an undesired event and analyzes the way the undesired event occurs is: Event tree Fault tree Pert Job safety analysis
*Fault tree starts with the undesired event AKA the FAULT
A system safety technique that starts with an undesired event and an analysis of how that event can occur is called: Fault tree analysis Boolean algebra Preliminary hazard analysis A & C
*Fault tree analysis starts with an undesired event and analyses its antecedents
The manufacturer of any product faces an environment in which: Fault without negligence exists Present court rulings favor the company Product liability is not a significant financial burden Product liability claims are generally decreasing
*Fault without negligence exists Legal history shows a movement from "buyer beware" to "seller beware"
A chemical with a molecular weight of 88 evaporates from a chemical process. Where would it most likely accumulate? Floor Ceiling Neither A nor B, it will mix uniformly Insufficient Information
*Floor For gases, density is proportional to molecular weight. Air is approximately MW=30. Therefore the gas should sink.
Any foreseeable act that places a rescuer in the same danger as an injured person the rescuer is attempting to aid is considered negligence by the person who committed the initial act. This principle is called: Foreseeability Foreseeability applied to rescue Foreseeability for safety Inherent danger
*Foreseeability applied to rescue allows damages to rescuer if someone could have foreseen that their actions were going to cause an incident where aid would be needed
Which of the following is the best statement related to audit documentation? Checklists must always be used. Forms to record supporting evidence must be documented. Audit sampling plans are generally not documented. Chain of custody is not a legal form of documentation.
*Forms to record supporting evidence must be documented The audit team members should collect and review the information relevant to their audit assignments and prepare work documents, as necessary, for reference and for recording audit evidence. Such work documents may include the following: - checklists - audit sampling plans - forms for recording information, such as supporting evidence, audit findings and records of meetings The use of checklists and forms should not restrict the extent of audit activities, which can change as a result of information collected during audit. Note: Guidance on preparing work documents is given in Clause B.4. Work documents, including records resulting from their use, should be retained at least until audit completion, or as specified in the audit plan. Retention of documents after audit completion is described in 6.6 of ISO 19011. Those documents involving confidential or proprietary information should be suitably safeguarded at all times by audit team members.
FOIA is Federal Occupational Injury Administration Federal Occupational Illness Administration Federal Occupational Injury/Illness Act Freedom of Information Act
*Freedom of Information Act allows the public to obtain information created or maintained by agencies of the federal government. Though there are restrictions on the type of information that can be distributed, if a member of the public can define the information that he/she wants, then the relevant agency is obligated to address the request. FOIA requests from agencies are frequently an excellent way to obtain internal memos, directives, and other information that would not normally be published, but may provide valuable information.
At one time it was considered that a plaintiff could not recover damages unless injury was due to physical contact. This principle has been modified or repudiated over the years to permit a plaintiff to collect damages for neurological or emotional disturbances that occurred without physical injury. This principle is known as: Fright without physical contact Privity without contact Strict liability Tort
*Fright without physical contact allow for damages in cases where there was emotional or similar damage and no physical injury was made
VDT:
video display terminal = monitor
A company's CEO and general manager ask the safety director where in the organizational structure is the best place for the safety function. The preferred placement of the safety function is Personnel Support Operations General Manager staff
*General Manager staff Several different answers could be acceptable. According to the NSC, the safety professional advises and guides management, supervisors, foreman employees and such departments as purchasing, engineering and personnel on all matters pertaining to safety. Formulating, administering, monitoring, evaluating and improving the incident prevention program are additional responsibilities. The general safety and health professional belief is that the safety and health effort should report to a function with power and ability control and correct problems, specifically, the General Manager. Root causes of mishaps can exist in any of the elements in a company, as can the interrelated causes of accidents. The best place for safety expertise, however, is in a staff function reporting to the senior executive.
The degree of care that must be exercised by common carriers, such as airlines, bus companies, and railroads, is defined as: Reasonable care Great care Slight care Care
*Great care Great care must be exercised by common carriers. Great care is that high degree of care that a very prudent and cautious person would undertake for the safety of others
An early form of preliminary hazard analysis was known as: Fault hazard analysis Primitive hazard analysis Gross hazard analysis Naked man analysis
*Gross hazard analysis now referred to as preliminary hazard analysis
Knobs:
without click stops are suitable for fine and precise regulation over a wide range
Guides and observers (ex. regulators or other interested parties) may accompany the audit team. Which of the following best describes the roles of these parties? Guides are appointed by the auditor Observers can assist the auditors with suggestions Guides ensure that rules concerning location safety and security procedures are known to audit team members Observers cannot be denied from taking part in audit activities
*Guides ensure that rules concerning location safety and security procedures are known to audit team members They should not influence or interfere with the conduct of the audit. If this cannot be assured, the audit team leader should have the right to deny observers from taking part in certain audit activities. For observers, any obligations in relation to health and safety, security and confidentiality should be managed between the audit client and the auditee. Guides, appointed by the auditee, should assist the audit team and act on the request of the audit team leader. Their responsibilities should include the following: - assisting the auditors in identifying individuals to participate in interviews and confirming timings; - arranging access to specific locations of the auditee; - ensuring that rules concerning location safety and security procedures are known and respected by the audit team members and observers The role of the guide may also include the following: - witnessing the audit on behalf of the auditee; - providing clarification or assisting in collecting information
The specific PHA (process hazard analysis) technique that brings together a multi-disciplinary team, usually five to seven people, to brainstorm and identify the consequences of deviations from design intent for various operations and uses specific guide words is called: Process hazard analysis Preliminary hazard analysis HAZOP analysis HAZWOPER analysis
*HAZOP analysis The hazard and operability study or analysis applies the use of specific guide words, such as NO, MORE, LESS, REVERSE, etc. which are applied to parameters like: Flow, Pressure, and Temperature to systematically identify hazards throughout the process
A process hazard analysis (PHA) will be conducted at your facility. The covered process for which this PHA is being conducted is actually being revalidated - the initial PHA for this process was performed about 3 years ago, and a HAZOP methodology was used then. The PHA leader has decided that a what-if/checklist methodology will be used for this PHA. You always thought that any PHA required performing a HAZOP. When you ask the facility's senior process safety engineer about this, what will you likely be told? HAZOP is the only accepted method for conducting any PHA HAZOP is only one of several methods (including what-if/checklist) that OSHA specifies for conducting PHAs A HAZOP is only required by OSHA to conduct the process's initial PHA. The what-if/checklist mehod may be used for revalidating/updating the process's PHA A what-if/checklist methodology should have been used for the first PHA and a HAZOP is only used for a covered process that processes one or more highly hazardous chemicals.
*HAZOP is only one of several methods (including what-if/checklist) that OSHA specifies for conducting PHAs Fault tree analysis, failure mode and effects analysis, what-if, checklist, and what-if/checklist are the specifically permitted methods. More info can be found in Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures, 2nd Edition published by the Center for Chemical Process Safety (a division of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers) 29 CFR 1910.119(e)(2)
Back belts (braces) used for support: Are recommended by NIOSH and required by OSHA if back strain is possible Are considered a form of PPE for prevention of back injuries Have not been shown to lessen the risk of back injury among uninjured workers Must be provided at no cost to employees who request them
*Have not been shown to lessen the risk of back injury among uninjured workers The use of lifting belts for professional material handling does not seem to be an effective way of preventing overexertion injuries. When preparing to lift or lower a load, we instinctively develop intra-abdominal pressure within the trunk cavity. The pressure is believed to help support the curvature of the spine during the lifting or lowering effort. An external wrapping around the abdominal region might help to maintain the internal pressure because it makes the walls of the pressure column stiffer. A large number of studies have been performed, summarized, and reviewed by McGill (1999)m Lavender et al (1998), and Thoumier et al (1998). Their conclusions neither summarily support nor condemn the wearing of support belts in industrial jobs.
Employee motivation or change, a primary behavior model, does not include which of the following? Specifying objectives and goals Having the ES&H department write procedures Giving reinforcement and feedback Gaining commitment from employees and management
*Having the ES&H department write procedures The Organization Behavior Model (OBM) approach to employee motivation or change includes specifying objectives and goals, giving reinforcement and feedback and gaining commitment from employees and management. Goals are frequently incorrectly developed, which makes them likely to fail. They must be attainable and employees must believe they are relevant and worthwhile.
What is a neutral or irrelevant event effect in an experiment that is intended to produce the same reaction in a participant as if the event were of importance called? Simple effect Placebo effect Hawthorne effect Theory of negative reward
*Hawthorne effect An unplanned change in persons taking part in an experiment who know this is called the Hawthorne Effect. It was first recognized in a study of worker productivity in the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric Company. A physical change was made to the work area, however the factor that caused the change, was the perception that management was trying to improve the work area. Example: Experiment - Adjusted lighting and production increased. Later, they adjusted lighting the other way and production also increased. Lighting adjustments didn't increase production, the thought that someone was attempting to increase production increased production
A process of examining a system, design or operation to discover inherent hazards, characterizing them as to the level of risk and identifying risk-reduction alternatives is called: Failure modes and effects analysis Job safety analysis Fault tree analysis Hazard analysis
*Hazard analysis
If A = {5,6} and B = {1,2,3,5}, then A + B =
{1,2,3,5,6} The union of A & B is the set whose numbers are members of either A or B. Note that 4 does not appear in either set and is therefore not a member. "Union" is denoted by a plus sign "Intersection" is denoted by multiplication "OR" is also used to denote "union" "AND" is also used to denote "intersection"
Process variations occur because of equipment failures, human errors, and process upsets such as localized chemical reactions. The analysis methodology that implements a systematic way to examine how process variations affect a system is called? Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Checklist Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
*Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) The Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) analysis methodology is a systematic way to examine how process variation affect a system. Process variations occur as a result of equipment failures, human errors, and process upsets such as localized chemical reactions. The technique can be used for systems with continuous processes as well as batch processes. The use of HAZOP analysis methodology requires detailed information about the design and operation of the process. The HAZOP methodology is most effective during the design phase of a process or for existing processes. In the HAZOP analysis, a hazard evaluation team composed of experts from different areas systematically examines every part of the process to discover how processes design deviations can occur. The hazard evaluation team leader systematically guides the team through the process design, using a fixed set of guide words. These guide words are applied at crucial points or nodes of the process. The guide words include no, more, less, as well as, part of, reverse, and other than. They are combined with a condition, such as flow or pressure, to define the deviation. For example, "What is the effect of low flow on the process?" Typical deviations include leaks or ruptures, loss of containment, ignition sources, and chemical reactions. The HAZOP analysis should identify hazards and operating problems, and enable the HAZOP team to recommend design or procedural changes that will improve the safety of the process. The results of the HAZOP analysis are documented in a tabular format with a separate table for each segment of the process under study. Ex. Chemical and petroleum industries; Team of experts
Which of the following key label elements are standardized under the GHS? Product identifier, supplier identifier, chemical identity Hazard pictograms, signal words, hazard statements Precautionary information, product identifier, hazard statements Signal words, chemical identity, hazard pictogram
*Hazard pictograms, signal words, hazard statements The GHS Working Group identified about 35 different types of information currently required on labels by different systems. To harmonize, key information elements needed to be identified. Additional harmonization may occur on other elements in time, in particular for precautionary statements. The elements are identified below (*STANDARDIZED): Product Identifier Supplier Identifier Chemical Identity *Hazard Pictograms *Signal Words *Hazard Statements Precautionary Information
In responding to a spill of hazardous materials, which of the following is not a good source of information for prompt hazard recognition? MSDSs Hazardous waste manifest Manufacturer label Symbolic labels
*Hazardous waste manifest does not contain hazard information
After establishing the required management systems, to become formally registered as compliant with the ISO-9000 or ISO-14000 standards, a company must: Certify in writing to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that the company complies with the relevant standards Hire an ISO-certified third-party registrar to perform an external audit of the company's facilities at which point the third-party registrar will certify to the ISO that the company complies with the relevant standards (if the company is compliant) Hire an ISO-trained auditor to perform an external audit of the company's facilities at which point the external auditor will certify that the company complies with the relevant standards (if the company is compliant) Simply maintain compliance with the relevant ISO standards and submit an annual certification fee to ISO
*Hire an ISO-certified third-party registrar to perform an external audit of the company's facilities at which point the third-party registrar will certify to the ISO that the company complies with the relevant standards (if the company is compliant) A registrar formally certified by ISO as a registrar must be retrained for the audit and subsequent certification to ISO that the company meets ISO requirements
A clause in a contract in which one party agrees to assume liabilities, losses, or expenses of another is known as a: Deductible clause Hold harmless agreement Exemption Assumption of risk clause
*Hold harmless agreement
An agreement or contract in which one party agrees to hold the other free from the responsibility for any liability or damage that might arise out of the transaction involved is called a Strict liability Hold harmless agreement Negligence Exclusive remedy
*Hold harmless agreement A hold harmless (indemnity) agreement is used between two parties to establish that the indemnitee is protected from any unforeseen liabilities, losses, claims or damages during their involvement in an activity. A hold harmless agreement is developed to prevent law suits by assigning liability in a contract. Hold harmless means that if there is a problem and a suit later, one party shields or "holds harmless" the other. A hold harmless clause is a statement in a legal contract stating that an individual or organization is not liable for any injuries or damages caused to the individual signing the contract. An individual may be asked to sign a hold harmless agreement when undertaking an activity that involves risk for which the enabling entity does not want to be legally or financially responsible.
The least likely term which describes designing the job to fit the worker is: human factors human engineering ergonomics human systems
*Human systems Ergonomics, human factors, human engineering, biomechanics and engineering anthropometry are terms common to the objective leading to designing a work station, display, or job, to fit the worker and avoid unnecessary environmental stresses. The desired results of this design is a decrease of injury/illness and an increase in productivity.
What is the primary function of a loss control system? Assess risk, establish effective risk control measures, and elimination of risk Establish effective risk control measures for hazardous conditions, establish effective control measures, elimination of risk Identify hazardous conditions, assess their risks, and establish effective risk control measures Assure compliance with applicable regulatory requirements and eliminate the residual risk
*Identify hazardous conditions, assess their risks, and establish effective risk control measures As described in Assurance Technologies, a loss control system must be able to identify the hazardous conditions as well as understand the real risks associated with those hazardous conditions. A loss control system is incomplete if it solely identifies hazardous conditions and does not take action to understand the risks. Effective risk control measures are relative to the risks associated with the hazardous conditions. Cannot eliminate risk
What is primary function of a loss control system? Assess risk, establish effective risk control measures, and elimination of risk Establish effective risk control measures for hazardous conditions, establish effective control measures, elimination of risk. Identify hazardous conditions, assess their risks, and establish effective risk control measures. Assure compliance with applicable regulatory requirements and eliminate residual risk
*Identify hazardous conditions, assess their risks, and establish effective risk control measures. Cannot ever eliminate risk! As described in Assurance Technologies, a loss control system must be able to identify the hazardous conditions as well as understand the real risks associated with those hazardous conditions. A loss control system is incomplete if it solely identifies hazardous conditions and does not take action to understand the risks. Therefore, the actions taken are relative to the risks associated with the hazardous conditions.
EH&S Audits are not designed to Identify weak performers in plant manager roles Ensure legal and corporate program compliance Advise top management of compliance status Identify strengths and weaknesses of the facility's EH&S program
*Identify weak performers in plant manager roles In addition, a compliance assurance plan is generated
Implied warranty involves: Statement Implication Negligence Tort
*Implication An implied warranty revolves around the implications of a manufacturer or dealer that a product is suitable
The implication by a manufacturer or dealer, that the product is suitable for a specific purpose by: (I) placing it on sale for that purpose, (2) advertising that it will satisfy that purpose, or (3) indicating in operating instructions that it will accomplish that purpose is best described by which term? Intended use Implied warranty Expressed warranty Warranty
*Implied warranty is an implication by the manufacturer or dealer that a product is suitable for a particular purpose, will satisfy that purpose, or will accomplish that purpose
Workers compensation represents a significant business expense for employers. To a large extent, employers can influence their cost of this coverage by: Obtaining a low rate prospective experience rating plan Improving their experience modification rate Obtaining a low rate restrospective experience rating plan Negotiate with life underwriters
*Improving their experience modification rate One of the objectives of the Workers' Compensation system is to encourage safety in the workplace. A credit rating is awarded for better than average injury/illness accident prevention OR a debit rating charged against the premium for one that is worse than average. Injury rates and the experience modification are used to estimate charges. By lowering the experience modification rate one can lower their insurance premium.
Workplace Electrical Safety Standard are the most often utilized in the industry to perform arc flash hazard analysis. These calculations are based upon: Potential Energy Incident Energy Hazardous Energy Absorbed Energy
*Incident Energy NFPA 70E Standard The arc flash boundary for systems 50 V and greater shall be the distance at which the incident energy equals 5 J/cm^2 (1.2 cal/cm^2). Determining accurate onset to second degree burn energy and its significance in computing the arc flash boundary is focused on the prevention of injury to the skin of a human who might be exposed to an arc-flash. Different formulas have been proposed to calculate incident energy at an assumed working distance, and the arc flash boundary in order to determine arc rated PPE for Qualified Electrical Workers. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard P1584 Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations [1584 IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations. IEEE Industry Applications Society. September 2002] and formulas provided in Annex D of NFPA 70E CSA Z462 [CSA Z462 Workplace electrical safety Standards. 2012.] Workplace Electrical Safety Standard are the most often utilized in the industry to perform arc flash hazard analysis. The formulas are based on incident energy testing performed and calculations conducted for selected range of prospective fault currents, system voltages, physical configurations, etc. The FPB is the distance at which incident energy is 1.2 cal/cm^2, which is the amount of heat needed to cause second-degree burns. Limited Approach Boundary: Entered only by qualified persons or unqualified persons that have been advised and are escorted by a qualified person Restricted Approach Boundary: Entered only by qualified persons required to use shock protection techniques and PPE Flash Protection Boundary: Linear distance to prevent any more than 2nd degree burns from a potential arc-flash (typically 4 ft) The purpose of incident energy calculations is to determine the appropriate PPE that will limit the possible thermal energy exposure to the critical body parts, such as face and chest areas. Usually, the calculations give the heat-exposure in calories/cm^2 or Joules/cm^2. Once you know the heat exposure level, you can choose the protective clothing to best protect your employees. NFPA 70E Standard
The term incident encompasses first-aid cases, recordable cases, restricted workday cases, lost-workday cases, permanent disability cases, near misses and property damage cases. Which of the following represents an indirect cost? Incident review Workers' compensation premiums Ambulance Service Drug Testing
*Incident review Direct Cost Categories: 1. Workers' Compensation - Ex. WC premiums 2. Medical Bills - Ex. Treatment by physician, nurse, hospital costs 3. Medical Treatment Supplies - Ex. Bandages, splints, antiseptic 4. Ambulatory Service - Ex. Established fees 5. Drug Testing - Ex. Fees for off-site testing 6. Job Accommodations - Ex. Equipment or tool redesign or replacement; ergonomically designed chairs, keyboards 7. New Equipment - Ex. Cost of new equipment/parts purchased as a result of an incident Indirect Cost Categories: 1. Healthcare Professional - Ex. Consultation with the victim; treatment time; recordkeeping and filing; follow-up consultation(s) 2. Injured Worker - Ex. All time spent away from the job attributable to the incident. One way to determine this is to ask the nurse of supervisor. Be sure to include travel time to/from the nurse's office, waiting time, treatment and follow-up, and time spent visiting the offsite doctor's office. - Ex. An important, yet often overlooked contribution to indirect cost estimates is the percent reduction in efficiency due to restricted work. Often, an injured worker can return to the job at 100 percent; occasionally, however, the worker is only able to work at 90 percent until fully recovered. Once the percentage of restricted work has been determined, it can be incorporated into the direct cost summary. Example: Hourly rate = $10; cumulative time lost due to incident = 2 hours. This yields an initial $20 indirect cost. Ex. Restricted work efficiency level = 90% for 8 hrs. Since $10 x .9 yields work at a level for only $9/hr, there is a $1/hr indirect loss for each hour worked at the restricted level. Therefore, that $1/hr x 8 hrs yields an additional $8 loss, which should be added to the original $20 calculation; thus, the ultimate indirect cost is $28. 3. Supervisor - Ex. Consultation with the victim; recordkeeping and filing; follow-up consultation; disciplinary action 4. Return to Work - Ex. Consultation, work process modification 5. Lost Production/Productivity - Ex. Lost production represents the expected income that would have been received from maintaining production/service that was lost and is attributable to the incident. Often, this cost amounts to the highest of all indirect costs. Also consider the lost productivity of witnesses and colleagues in discussing and investigating the incident. 6. Incident Review - Ex. Sum hourly rates of the incident investigation team, multiply by the average time needed to complete a thorough investigation for each cost category. 7. Human Resources - Ex. Managing the case back to 100-percent duty, consultation, recordkeeping and filing. 8. Cost to Hire - Ex. The cost in terms of all necessary activities to bring in a replacement employee to work while the injured employee recovers 9. Manager - Ex. Consultation with the victim; recordkeeping and filing; follow-up consultation; disciplinary action 10. Process Delays/Interruptions - Ex. Represents lost income expected or lost personnel productivity when a process is delayed or interrupted as the result of an incident 11. Security - Ex. Since security is not involved in all cases, one must first determine the percentage of involvement. - Ex. Assume 900 cases occur and security is involved in 10 percent (or 90) of them. 90 cases x 1 hour of time devoted x $10/hr = $900 for all cases worked on. If security contributes $900 to the total, the cost for 900 cases = $900/900 = $1 contribution/case 12. Training - Ex. Include new or retraining efforts, instructor costs, paperwork, recordkeeping and tracking. For new/retrained employees on a new job, one can also perform an efficiency analysis similar to that of an injured worker (see above). 13. Legal - Ex. Calculate same as security costs
Which of the following best describes Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? Elbow and shoulder swelling and inflammation Inflammation of ligaments in the wrist Raynaud's Syndrome of hand and wrist Numbness of the lower legs
*Inflammation of ligaments in the wrist According to NIOSH, CTS occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the palm of the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist. The median nerve controls sensations to the palm side of the thumb and fingers (although not the little finger), as well as impulses to some small muscles in the hand that allow the fingers and thumb to move. The carpal tunnel - a narrow, rigid passageway of ligament and bones at the base of the hand - houses the median nerve and tendons. Sometimes, thickening from irritated tendons or other swelling narrows the tunnel and causes the median nerve to be compressed. The result may be pain, numbness, or weakness in the hand and wrist, radiating up the arm. This injury is common among repetitive motion workers. The median nerve is compressed resulting in numbness, tingling and sometimes pain in the fingers and wrist. Symptoms usually start gradually, with frequent burning, tingling, or itching numbness in the palm of the land and the fingers, especially the thumb and the index and middle fingers. Some carpal tunnel sufferers say their fingers feel useless and swollen, even though little or no swelling is apparent. The symptoms often first appear in one or both hands during the night, since many people sleep with flexed wrists. A person with CTS may wake up feeling the need to "shake out" the hand or wrist. As symptoms worsen, people might feel tingling during the day. Decreased grip strength may make it difficult to form a fist, grasp small objects, or perform other manual tasks. In chronic and/or untreated cases, the muscles at the base of the thumb may waste away. Some people are unable to tell between hot and cold by touch.
Auditing is characterized by reliance on many principles. Adherence to these principles is a prerequisite for providing audit conclusions that are relevant and sufficient and for enabling auditors, working independently from one another, to reach similar conclusions in similar circumstances. Which of the following are included in these principles? Integrity, confidentiality, due professional care. Confidentiality, conformity, liability. Fair representation, subjective observation, performance in a partial manner. Evidence based, interdependence, biased.
*Integrity, confidentiality, due professional care. Te guidance given in Clauses 5 to 7 of ISO 19011 is based on the 6 principles outlined below: 1. Integrity: The foundation of professionalism. Auditors and the person managing an audit program should: - perform their work with honesty, diligence, and responsibility; - observe and comply with any applicable legal requirements; - demonstrate their competence while performing their work; - perform their work in an impartial manner, ex. remain fair and unbiased in all their dealings; be sensitive to any influences that may be exerted on their judgement while carrying out an audit 2. Fair Presentation: the obligation to report truthfully and accurately. Audit findings, audit conclusions and audit reports should reflect truthfully and accurately the audit activities. Significant obstacles encountered during the audit and unresolved diverging opinions between the audit team and the auditee should be reported. The communication should be truthful, accurate, objective, timely, clear and complete. 3. Due Professional Care: the application of diligence and judgement in auditing. Auditors should exercise due care in accordance with the importance of the task they perform, and the confidence placed in them by the audit client and other interested parties. An important factor in carrying out their work with due professional care is having the ability to make reasoned judgments in all audit situations. 4. Confidentiality: security of information. Auditors should exercise discretion in the use and protection of information acquired in the course of their duties. Audit information should not be used inappropriately for personal gain by the auditor or the audit client, or in a manner detrimental to the legitimate interests of the auditee. This concept includes the proper handling of sensitive or confidential information. 5. Independence: the basis for the impartiality for the audit and objectivity of the audit conclusions. Auditors should be independent of the activity being audited wherever practicable, and should in all cases act in a manner that is free from bias and conflict of interest. For internal audits, auditors should be independent from the operating managers of the function being audited. Auditors should maintain objectivity throughout the audit process to ensure that the audit findings and conclusions are based only on the audit evidence. For small organizations, it may not be possible for internal auditors to be fully independent of the activity being audited, but every effort should be made to remove bias and encourage objectivity. 6. Evidence-based approach: the rational method for reaching reliable and reproducible audit conclusions in a systematic audit process. Audit evidence should be verifiable. It will in general be based on samples of the information available, since an audit is conducted during a finite period of time and with finite resources. An appropriate use of sampling should be applied, since this is closely related to the confidence that can be placed in the audit.
There are a number of management standards published by ISO. ISO is an acronym for:
*International Organization for Standardization non-governmental organization
What functions do corporate safety groups normally not perform? Safety policy development Safety procedure development Corporate safety manual Investigate plant accidents
*Investigate plant accidents
ANSI: Serves as the Head of ISO and chairs the IEC Is not involved in international standards, as it is a US based organization Provides oversight for all ISO standards development Is the US representative to ISO and IEC
*Is the US representative to ISO and IEC ANSI is the US representative of the two major non-treaty international standards organizations, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) [via the US National Committee USNC]
A key advantage of Boolean algebra is considered to be: It is superfluous It is deceptively simple It can utilize AND/OR/NOT connectors A calculator is not needed
*It can utilize AND/OR/NOT connectors widely used to develop probabilities involving AND/OR/NOT etc. type situations
Why is it a good idea to have a formal safety and health statement of policy? Safety and health should be of primary concern to everybody It is the starting point for all activities in the safety and health program It expresses management's attitude toward safety and health It publicizes the safety and health function
*It expresses management's attitude toward safety and health The formal safety and health statement of policy is an endorsement of top management's commitment and support. It is management's expression of the direction to be followed.
In developing a safe maintenance guide for robotic workstations, which method, useful for predicting potential injury situations, would apply to: Determining which hazards are present in each step of a task in the work zone and is there a control in place against them? SADT JSA FTA FMECA
*JSA Job safety analysis is a procedure to make a job (robotic workstations) safe by breaking down the robot technician's job into different tasks that are done, identifying the hazards or potential injuries of each task and develop solutions to eliminate or control the exposure.
A procedure to make a job safe by identifying hazards in each step of the job and developing measures to counteract those hazards is: Time and motion Fault tree Job safety analysis Probabilistic risk assessment
*Job safety analysis
When an injury is caused by two or more persons, each of which failed in a legal duty, they are in: fault contributory fault contributory negligence joint tort liability
*Joint tort liability
What is the best design for continuous input with prevision for operator control? Toggle switch Knob Limit switch Push button
*Knob
Under which category do the following activities belong? A major construction project management team implemented a series of toolbox safety meetings held at the beginning of each shift; housekeeping initiatives; barricade performance for elevated areas; and management walk-through audits to demonstrate leadership and commitment. Union organizing inhibitors Leading indicators Lagging indicators Cost indicators
*Leading indicators According to authors Marlowe and Skrabak (2007), the selection of leading indicators is largely judgmental and only time will tell whether the indicators selected are the right ones. It seems logical to suggest that the leading indicators selected should relate directly to opportunities to reduce risk by improving those safety management processes that analysis indicates need improvement, on a prioritized basis. In safety-related literature, the most commonly identified lagging indicators are accidents and cost trends, and sometimes near misses. Toolbox safety meetings held at the beginning of each shift; housekeeping; barricade performance for elevated areas; and management walking around to show leadership and commitment are generally considered examples of leading indicators.
The human body is More capable of coping with heat loss than heat gain Less capable of coping with heat loss than heat gain Equally capable of coping with heat loss or heat gain Unaffected by environments with potential of heat loss or gain
*Less capable of coping with heat loss than heat gain Warm-blooded The human body is designed to work optimally at a temperature of 98.6degF +/- 1.8degF. Exposure to cold temps, air temps less than 61degF, can reduce manual dexterity. While adaptive mechanisms (ex. sweating and acclimation) are crucial during heat stress exposures, the physiological adaptations to cold stress have less dramatic effects. The first physiological response to cold stress is to conserve body heat by reducing blood circulation through the skin, effectively making the skin an insulating layer. The second physiological response is boosting the body's metabolism though shivering, a sign of significant cold stress.
What is the first thing to do when a water sample comes into a lab? Smell it Take pH Log it in Analyze it
*Log it in
In evaluating software related errors, most errors occur during: Data handling User interface Logic development Computational
*Logic development 21.29% Input/output errors account for 14.74% Computational errors account for 8.34% User interface errors account for 7.7% Routine-to-routine interface errors account for 5.62%
Which system has as its primary functions to identify hazardous conditions, assess their risk, and establish effective risk control measures? Risk Control Risk Management Loss Control Loss Management
*Loss Control
Any action which reduces losses incurred, by definition, is Loss control Loss transfer Risk management Loss reduction
*Loss reduction Loss reduction means any action which reduces the losses incurred. The reduction may be by decrease of they physical destruction (as by reducing the amount of material burned or the number or persons injured) or by reducing the operational loss from a given amount of destruction (as having standby equipment or more effective medical care for the injured). It includes the concepts of loss prevention and control as well as the concept of risk avoidance - the refusal to accept a given risk. Planning actions are not generally considered part of loss reduction. The four steps required in an effective loss control program are problem identification, selection of corrective measures, implementation and feedback and control. There are 5 stages in risk analysis and management: identification, estimation, evaluation, response and monitoring. Ex. Sprinkler systems, seat belts
If the identify of the material in a pipe were unknown, one could determine the hazard of the piped material by referring to all of the following except: MSDS process diagrams SOPs Other employees familiar with the process
*MSDS can only be used if the identity is already known
Disorders that affect the muscles, nerves, blood vessels, ligaments and tendons are called: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) Cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) Soft tissue diseases (STDs)
*MSDs MSDs affect the muscles, nerves, blood vessels, ligaments and tendons. Workers in many different industries and occupations can be exposed to risk factors at work, such as lifting heavy items, bending, reaching overhead, pushing and pulling heavy loads, working in awkward body postures and performing the same or similar tasks repetitively. Exposure to these known risk factors for MSDs increases a worker's risk of injury. MSDs are very difficult to define within traditional disease classifications. These disorders have received many names, such as: - Repetitive motion injuries - Repetitive strain injuries - Cumulative trauma disorders - Occupational cervicobrachial disorders - Overuse syndrome - Regional musculoskeletal disorders - Soft tissue disorders Most of the names do not accurately describe the disorders. For example, the term "repetitive strain injuries" suggests that repetition causes these disorders, but awkward postures also contribute. These terms are used synonymously, however, MSD term is used in current literature. Work-related MSDs can be prevented. Ergonomics - fitting a job to a person - helps lessen muscle fatigue, increases productivity and reduces the number and severity of work-related MSDs. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) defines MSDs to include cases where the nature of the injury or illness is pinched nerve; herniated disc; meniscus tear; sprains, strains, tears; hernia (traumatic and nontraumatic); pain, swelling, and numbness; carpal or tarsal tunnel syndrome; Raynaud's syndrome or phenomenon; MS system and connective tissue diseases and disorders, when the event or exposure leading to the injury or illness is overexertion and bodily reaction, unspecified; overexertion involving outside sources; repetitive motion involving microtasks; other and multiple exertions or bodily reactions; and rubbed, abraded, or jarred by vibration. The risk of MSD injury depends on work positions and postures, how often the task is performed, the level of required effort and how long the task lasts. To reduce the change of injury, work tasks should be designed to limit exposure to ergonomic risk factors. Engineering controls are the most desirable, where possible. Administrative or work practice controls may be appropriate in some cases where engineering controls cannot be implemented or when different procedures are needed after implementation of the new engineering controls. PP solutions have only limited effectiveness when dealing with ergonomic hazards.
Of the following, the least likely reason to perform a health and safety audit is Determine if codes, laws and regulations are being complied with Assess the over-all program and its conformance to accepted safety and health practices Determine if company policies, procedure, and standards are being met Make sure company is prepared for an OSHA inspection
*Make sure company is prepared for an OSHA inspection The purpose of an effective health and safety audit is to conduct a systematic, objective analysis of a company's health and safety practices that is directed toward well defined goals, namely; regulatory compliance, accident-injury/illness risk control, program activities, record analysis and company policies. Following the audit, a report is prepared in which a written assessment is made along with recommendations to improve health and safety management of any significant risks that were identified
Which of the following is a key objective for the staff safety professional? Making every effort to ensure that management retains responsibility for safety Making every effort to be personally acquainted with line employees Making every effort to retain direct responsibility for the corporate safety function Making every effort to directly investigate all accidents and near misses
*Making every effort to ensure that management retains responsibility for safety staff safety professionals should ensure that the fundamental principles of loss control are followed by the company. In this case, the fundamental loss control principle of fixing accountability for line safety performance is facilitated by answer A
A company's health and safety management program's audit reveals that the program has failed to accomplish the stated objective of accident prevention. Accident rates are very poor, as are morale and discipline. Varying standards exist through the company and supervisors openly defy management authority. What is the best explanation for the safety program management failure? Safety director neglects to establish an effective program Top management fails to support the accident prevention effort Management at all levels fails to manage, lead and direct the workforce Procedures to identify correct and safe methods for job accomplishment are ignored
*Management at all levels fails to manage, lead and direct the workforce Safety and the responsibility for achieving it rest with management, primarily with the organization's CEO, but in a shared manner with all other managers. There has always been disagreement in management circles about just how to accomplish safety, but there has always been agreement that management of safety, like all other functions, has to start at the top, and be supported by subordinate executives and managers. Supervisors, foreman and workers develop their attitudes about the importance of safety and health from both formal and informal clues. Management of the safety and health effort is both an art and a science; the director of Health & Safety is merely the functional steward. When safety is effective, the entire management team deserves credit. Likewise, when it fails the entire team shares the blame. Good leadership characteristics include building responsibility, educating, setting expectations and encouraging choices.
Safety Program evaluation can be defined as An exercise designed to placate management An audit to highlight deficiencies Measure of the effectiveness of safety programs Method to get rid of unsafe supervisors
*Measure of the effectiveness of safety programs A safety program evaluation is defined as as systematic method of measuring the effectiveness of a planned group of activities aimed at improving workplace safety. It is important to note that most evaluation programs look at both the good and bad aspects of the program (ex. a balanced evaluation)
Which of the following pass through the carpal tunnel? Medial nerve and radial artery Ulnar nerve and ulnar artery Ulnar nerve and flexor tendons Median nerve and flexor tendons
*Median nerve and flexor tendons The carpal tunnel or carpal canal is the passageway on the palmar side of the wrist that connects the forearm to the middle compartment of the palm. The tunnel consists of bones and connective tissue. Several tendons and the median nerve pass through it.
Potential disadvantage of matrix management include all the following except: Power struggles Increased costs Groupitis Meeting attendance
*Meeting attendance Matrix management has the potential to include power struggles, which may result from the two-boss system. Team members may become too focused on themselves and develop "groupitis", losing sight of important program goals. The matrix often creates increased cost as overhead rises.
Which of the following is the least likely reason that would support a product liability claim? Defective design Defective manufacture Product instructions are poor Misuse by the consumer
*Misuse by the consumer Using a product for which it was not designed, manufactured, or marketed (misuse by the customer) reduces the potential for a successful product liability claim
According to Federick Herzberg's work, which of the following factors is a hygiene factor, as opposed to a motivational factor? Money Recognition Responsibility Achievement
*Money Frederick Herzberg in his book "Work and the Nature of Man" develops a motivation-hygiene theory. The theory attempts to explain how persons are satisfied by certain intrinsic job factors while being motivated by other extrinsic factors that are quite peripheral to the job being performed. Satisfaction is influenced by: - Money - Status - Relationships with Boss - Company policies - Work rules - Working Conditions Motivation is influenced by: - Achievement - Recognition - Enjoyment of work - Possibility of promotion - Responsibility - Chance for growth Hygiene = satisfaction factor (physical) Motivation factor (non-physical)
Which of the following factors does not affect how individuals behave pertaining to workplace safety? Attitudes toward safety Views regarding team effort Recognition for personal efforts Moral standards
*Moral standards The safety culture is a group's attitude that everyone in the group will try to behave in a way that protects the safety of each other. Recognition will reinforce their trust in the culture. An important factor in developing a safety program is to incorporate concepts of job enrichment, participation and employee-centered leadership. Management will most likely support a proactive safety effort when prevention of losses relates to achievement of company objectives.
From a statistical standpoint grab sampling is ____ continuous sampling when trying to verify compliance with OSHA an 8-hr TWA standard Simpler than More difficult than About as difficult as Treated in exactly the same way as
*More difficult than The preferred method is to take a full shift sample
Convincing someone to perform desired behaviors or actions is a part of psychology known as Attitude Motivation Judgement Discipline
*Motivation According to Dr. Roger Brauer in Safety and Health for Engineers, this is the definition of motivation. This includes such areas as overcoming personal deficiencies, increasing safety awareness.
An AND gate implies division addition multiplication introspection
*Multiplication
An analysis technique that involves envisioning a primitive or unprotected system and systematically evaluating the effect of adding various controls is called: HAZOP study Job safety analysis Naked man Gross hazard analysis
*Naked man this technique appears to be primarily a brainstorming approach designed to detect gaps and areas of overlapping protection to aid in identifying the most cost-effect control measures
No proof of negligence is required since it involves acts or the omission of acts of which no careful person would have been guilty. This statements defines which of the following terms? Negligence per se Negligence Proof per se Res ispa loguitur
*Negligence per se As the terms imply, no reasonable person would have done it
As a safety professional, you are concerned with professional liability. Your company has insurance for the errors and omissions of its employees. Does this insurance actually cover you for your errors and omissions made as an employee of this company? Yes, completely Yes, partially No Safety professionals are not subject to such liability
*No The insurance policy owned by your company protects the company specifically, and does not cover you at all. If your company is sued as a result of errors and omissions of your work, your company and your company's insurance company are strictly looking out after their own best interests. It is likely that the company's insurance will be sufficient to resolve any claims; however, if the company settles a case for more than the insurance is required to pay, a plaintiff could sue you personally to recover additional damages
Which of these circumstances would you expect to have the highest likelihood of producing a severe injury? Routine, planned work Production work Low energy sources Non-routine work
*Non-routine work Experience has shown that severe injuries occur in non-routine work, non-production work, high energy work, or construction
The closed loop system known as The Behavioral Based Safety Process includes identifying critical behaviors, problem solving to develop an Action Plan, measuring performance and evaluating for acceptable progress. Identify the final step required to finish the loop. Nothing more is required; the loop is complete Management must become involved in the process Employee committees are formed to define penalties for non-improvement Accident and injury data is collected for inclusion into performance reports
*Nothing more is required; the loop is complete According to "The Behavior-Based Safety Process" by Krause, Hidley and Hodson, the process is as shown below. If improvement progresses at an acceptable rate, then the process is working. If the improvement rate is unacceptable, the existing Action Plan must be modified. The behavioral approach uses operational definitions, measurements and feedback on safety-related issues, along with goal setting as key components to improve safety.
The technique of probabilistic risk assessments was developed by what industry? Electronics Transportation Retailing Nuclear power
*Nuclear power Many of the techniques in PRA were applied and developed by the Nuclear Power industry in the 1970s. The techniques were developed to estimate failure rates, develop maintenance schedules, assess population safety, etc.
The best example of a proactive approach is which of the following? Analysis of past injury/illness to identify trends Use of a medical history questionnaire to identify workers with preexisting conditions Implement a strength testing protocol to select workers based on physical demands of the job Observations and use of employee symptom surveys to identify problem jobs and tasks
*Observations and use of employee symptom surveys to identify problem jobs and tasks Both reactive and proactive worksite analysis approaches are used when identifying existing or potential ergonomic hazards and conditions. Reactive worksite analysis by definition means analysis of past incidences while proactive means identification of problem jobs and tasks before injury or illness has occurred. Reviewing past injury records is an example of a passive or reactive approach as you are analyzing incidences which have already occurred. Observations and symptom surveys are used to identify workers who might be in pain but who have not yet reported an injury. Ergonomics interventions can be implemented before an injury occurs. Medical histories and strength testing are often used to screen workers who might be at risk of injury but there is little data to show these techniques are effective.
A manufacturer is not required to warn prospective users of products whose use involves an obvious peril, especially those that are well known to the general public. This principle is known as: Obvious peril Inherent danger Foreseeability Responsibility
*Obvious peril
Speech interference levels can be determined which one of the following instruments? Sound level meters Impact noise analyzers Octave band analyzers Noise dosimeters
*Octave band analyzers Speech occurs in the 500-2000 hz range. To identify the noise levels in this frequency range requires an octave band analyzer
BSI developed and published the Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems Standard 18001 because: Of 'customer' requests for a management standard that addresses occupational health and safety Of 'customer' concerns that the ISO management system standards were inadequate BSI is responsible for assuring that UK has business standards necessary for global competition ANSI/AIHA had developed an American standard (ANSI/AIHA Z10)
*Of 'customer' requests for a management standard that addresses occupational health and safety BSI has stated its intention to withdraw the standard if an Internal Standard is published covering the subject matter. Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems standard 18001 is produced by BSI. BSI led the development of 18001 as a health and safety management system standard that is compatible with ISO 9001 and ISO 14001.
CRM is a technique to properly use all of the operations professionals on a team to reliably meet mission objectives. It is derived from efforts to make aircraft cockpit crews more team-oriented versus the highly authoritarian environments in which cockpit crews formally found themselves. Of the following, which dynamic human environment is the best candidate for applying the principles of CRM? Offsite incident command staff-onsite incident command staff during an emergency Trainer-trainees during a class Employee-supervisor during a performance appraisal Passengers-flight attendants during a flight
*Offsite incident command staff-onsite incident command staff during an emergency Incident command could greatly benefit from applying the principles of CRM. In this environment, all of the incident command professionals have the same goal; however, culture, work habits, and other non-relevant issues can cloud the efficient exchange of information to meet the mission objectives
Which of the following is the BEST method for conducting interviews associated with an incident investigation? One interviewer and one witness in a room with audio recording Three interviewers and one witness in a room One interviewer and three witnesses in a room One interviewer and one witness in a room
*One interviewer and one witness in a room Audio and video recording should always be avoided as this will typically make the witness nervous and less likely to be fully open. Having three interviewers is intimidating to the witness. Interviewing multiple witnesses at the same time should be avoided since frequently, a dominant person will speak for the group. The other witnesses with information will reason with themselves that other witnesses in the room have better information - particularly if the information is contradictory
Of the following, which is the least effective way for a manager to maximize his/her safety program? Written safety policies Supervisory safety training Audit of safety program One-on-one meetings
*One-on-one meetings Common elements to maximize a safety program include: written policies supervisor training auditing investigation of all hazards and accidents formation of safety committees
As a manager, how would you discipline a minor rule infraction? Oral reprimand Written reprimand Ignore it Suspension
*Oral reprimand most logical way to deal with a minor rule infraction for the first offense
Which of the following is a management tool that displays graphically the network of relationships between program objectives and the tasks, time, and resources required for their achievement? MORT PERT CPA PET
*PERT = Program evaluation and review technique
All of the following are steps in Chemical Risk Analysis except? Identification of risk Dose-response Exposure assessment PPE required
*PPE required Risk analysis classically involves risk identification, quantifications, dose-response development and exposure assessment.
To identify the "vital few", whether customers, customer needs, product features, or inputs, this principle helps assure that resources and attention are concentrated where they will do the most good. Hystograph Principle Juran Principle Pareto Principle KISS Principle
*Pareto Principle The Pareto Principle, sometimes referred to as the 80-20 rule, indicates that 80% of the problems come from 20% of the operations. It is also true that 20% of corrective actions and risk reduction actions can mitigate 80% of the risk, when the risk is understood.
Which of the following is considered a direct cost when defining hidden costs of an accident? Time lost from work by injured Time lost by fellow workers Payment and benefits for lost time Loss of production
*Payment and benefits for lost time The direct costs are medical and compensation. The indirect or hidden costs are: time lost from work by the injured, loss in earning power, economic loss to the injured family, lost time by fellow workers, loss of efficiency due to break-up of crew, lost time by supervision, cost of breaking in a new worker, damage to tools and equipment, time damaged equipment is out of service, soiled work, loss of production, spoilage, failure to fill orders, overhead costs and miscellaneous.
Which of the following is the highest safety priority for the typical employee? Dictated safety standards Generic safety statement - "BE SAFE" Perceived control over the risk Individual examples that violate safety standards
*Perceived control over the risk Motivation in safety is highly situation-specific, which means that situational or behavior-specific campaigns (ex. "don't drive and drive") are more likely to have an impact than general campaigns (ex. "BE SAFE"). However, behavior change is likely to be short lived if it is unsupported or sustained by intrinsic beliefs. People are motivated to take risks, as well as to avoid risks, provided they perceive they have personal control over the risk.
During a semi-annual inspection, what is the best chain inspection method? Check links with a caliper and compare at least 10 links Check for cracks in end links Compare twist on end sections Perform a detailed link-by-link inspection of the entire chain
*Perform a detailed link-by-link inspection of the entire chain Chain inspections should be done visually in an attempt to detect any elongation or other defect. This is best accomplished with a link-by-link inspection. Overall measurements or caliper readings of a section are often misleading because not all links will be affected or damaged.
The Z10 is a management system standard compatible and harmonized with quality (ISO 9000 series) and environmental management systems (ISO 14000 series). Which of the following best describes these standards? Specification Standards Compliance Standards Performance Standards Regulatory Standards
*Performance Standards The drafters of these standards set out to ensure that it could be easily integrated into any management systems an organization has in place. This flexibility is characteristic of a Performance Oriented Standard. Z10 adopts from and is in harmony with the International Labor Organization's Guidelines on Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems, ILO-OSH 2001
The purpose of this analysis is to provide a technique to model systems components at a wide range of abstract levels. This analysis can be defined in purely mathematical terms, and is in such form that the analysis can be automated. Fault tree analysis Petri network analysis Digraph analysis Event tree analysis
*Petri network analysis can be used to model an entire system, subsystem, or components at a wide range of abstract levels through conceptual, top level and detailed designs
The operational relationships between people and/or physical components usually can be expressed in terms of "Link" values. All but one of the following are versions of "Link" types. Communication links Physical links Movement links Control links
*Physical links not a version of a link between people and/or physical components
To reduce eye strain while transporting data from a paper to a computer, it is best to: Place the paper next to the computer screen Place the paper above the computer screen Place paper on the desk Place the paper below the computer screen
*Place the paper next to the computer screen The name for eye problems caused by computer use is computer vision syndrome (CVS). CVS is not one specific eye problem. Instead, the term encompasses a whole range of eyestrain and pain experienced by computer users. Working at a computer requires that the eyes continually focus, move back and forth, and align with what you are seeing. Working at a computer gets even more difficult as you get older. That's because the lens of your eye becomes less flexible. The ability to focus on near and far objects starts to diminish after about age 40 - a condition called presbyopia. To reduce eyestrain, papers should be placed next to the computer screen at eye level
The basic approach, according to many management systems, includes 4 sequential steps Plan, organize, develop, evaluate Plan, organize, implement, control Analyze, design, develop, implement Analyze, design, implement, evaluate
*Plan, organize, implement, control Many management experts use such terms as "planning, organizing, leading and controlling the use of resources" or "Planning, organizing, activating, and controlling".
Management and Safety Systems built on the principles and process developed by quality pioneer Edward Deming are known as Act-Do-Plan-Check Plan-Do-Check-Act Plan-Act-Do-Check Check-Plan-Do-Act
*Plan-Do-Check-Act Both Quality and EHS management systems are built on the well-known Plan-Do-Check-Act process. Briefly stated, the purpose of standards is to provide organizations with an effective tool for continuous improvement in their occupational health and safety management systems to reduce risk of occupational injuries, illnesses and fatalities.
In workers compensation cases for hearing loss the term high fence is often used. High fence also varies by state. What is the meaning of the term high fence? Point the worker must reach Point of 100% hearing impairment Point of 0% hearing impairment Point of 50% hearing impairment
*Point of 100% hearing impairment = hearing loss Varies by state law
What is one disadvantage of having an internal safety program evaluation group? Evaluation staff knows plant workers Less obtrusive audit Potentially less objective Harder to work with
*Potentially less objective One main drawback of an internal safety program audit group is the fact that they are less likely to be totally objective due to personal knowledge
The integration of hazard analysis and risk assessment methods early in the design and redesign processes and taking the actions necessary so that the risks of injury or damage are at an acceptable level is termed: Severity Prevention through design Hazard through design Hierarchy of controls
*Prevention through design Safety through design is defined as the integration of hazard analysis and risk assessment methods early in the design and redesigns processes and taking the actions necessary so that risks of injury or damage are at an acceptable level. This concept encompasses facilities, hardware, equipment, tools, materials, layout and configuration, energy controls, environmental concerns and products.
The ANSI/AIHA Z10, American National Standard for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems provides a system of: Detailed specifications to be implemented in each organization adopting the standard Strict auditing specifications for management system certifications A template for occupational safety and health consultants to use in establishing consulting businesses Principles with broad applicability to different organizations
*Principles with broad applicability to different organizations Management system standards must be capable of being used by a wide variety of different organizations, as such, they are performance based, not prescriptive
Risk is a combination of: Frequency of episodes of an adverse event and probability of occurrence of the adverse event. Probability that an adverse event will occur and consequences of the adverse event. Probability that a hazardous condition exists and consequences of the hazard. Exposure and consequences to a hazard.
*Probability that an adverse event will occur and consequences of the adverse event. Risk is defined as the probability that a substance or situation will produce harm under specified conditions. Risk is a combination of 2 factors: 1. the probability that an adverse vent will occur and 2. the consequences of the adverse event. Risk encompasses impacts on public health and the environment, and arises from exposure and hazard. Risk does not exist if exposure to a harmful substance or situation does not or will not occur. Hazard is determined by whether a particular substance or situation hast he potential to cause harmful effects. Risk is the probability of a specific outcome, generally adverse, given a particular set of conditions. (ANSI Z10-2012)
What is JSA? Procedure of reviewing methods, hazards, and safety A type of job description A private company Joint Safety Authority
*Procedure of reviewing methods, hazards, and safety Job Safety Analysis written procedure for reviewing job methods, uncovering hazards, and recommending safe procedures
The objective of the ANSI/AIHA Z10, American National Standard for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems is which of the following? Provide a framework of auditing tools to measure the level of success of an organizations occupation safety and health programs Set forth a strict set of practices and processes that must be implemented that will allow an organization to be certified as having an occupation safety and health management system Provide organizations with a model to allow them to integrate occupational health and safety management into their overall business management system Establish a framework for organizations to manage occupation health and safety irrespective of the success or failure of the business
*Provide organizations with a model to allow them to integrate occupational health and safety management into their overall business management system
The term defines the following: the relationship between the plaintiff's injuries and the defendant's failure to exercise a legal duty, such as reasonable care Privity Proximate cause Foreseeability Care
*Proximate cause defines the relationship between the injury and the responsible party (because they did not exercise reasonable level of care or other reasonable standard).
A postural analysis system sensitive to musculoskeletal risk in a variety of jobs that is based on body segment specific ratings within specific movement planes, using a scoring system for muscle activity including static, dynamic, rapidly changing or unstable postures, and provide a benchmark for urgency of action is called? Rapid Upper Limb Assessment Rodger's Muscle Fatigue Assessment Strain Index Rapid Entire Body Assessment
*Rapid Entire Body Assessment The purpose of REBA is to develop a postural analysis system sensitive to musculoskeletal risk in a variety of jobs that is based on body segment specific ratings within specific movement planes, using a scoring system for muscle activity including static, dynamic, rapidly changing or unstable postures, and provide a benchmark for urgency of action.
Which disease is characterized by white fingers and numbness? Siderosis Raynaud's Syndrome Lead poisoning Tetanus
*Raynaud's Syndrome A combination of cold and vibration often causes Raynaud's phenomenon or traumatic vasospastic disease. This is a condition, usually of the fingers and hands, characterized by pallor caused by a greatly diminished blood supply resulting from spasm of the blood vessel walls. In addition to white fingers, the victim may also experience numbness of the affected area. The disease is most prevalent among those who work with vibrating machinery in the cold. Typical occupations are chain saw operators, jackhammer operators, tamping tool operators, etc.
The factors which makes the greatest impact on whether an employee will or will not work safely are Strength and endurance Recognition, attitude and team spirit Emotional, moral and physical factors Experience and workplace design
*Recognition, attitude and team spirit Many behavior-based safety experts agree that the most critical factors are team spirit, recognition and attitude. The major factors in work discontent are company policy, interpersonal relationships and supervision. The best way to reduce injuries and property damage in the future is to systematically reinforce positive employee actions and behavior. The safety culture is a group's attitude that everyone in the group will try to behave in a way that protects the safety of each other. Recognition will reinforce their trust in the culture. An important factor in developing a safety program is to incorporate concepts of job enrichment, participation and employee-centered leadership. Management will most likely support a proactive safety effort when prevention of losses relates to achievement of company objectives.
The preferred course for a company's management to meet the consequent risk of product liability is: Regulation of risk through careful statement of conditions of sale and delivery Transfer of risk through the underwriting of product liability insurance Reduction of risk through the introduction of effective quality assurance Acceptance of risk through passivity
*Reduction of risk through the introduction of effective quality assurance The management of a company must consider what ways or combinations of ways are available to meet the consequent risk of product liability. Of the four fundamentally different risk alternatives that the company's management can take, the reduction of the existing risk through introduction or improvement of quality assurance will give better conditions for regulation and transfer of risk
Which of the following is not one of the major provisions of the consensus standard incorporating best practices in OHSMS? Application of a prescribed hierarchy of controls to achieve acceptable risk levels Design reviews Regulatory compliance Management of change systems
*Regulatory compliance The ASSE/ANSI Z10-2012, OHSMS consensus standard applicable to organizations of all sizes. The standard provides safety professionals and senior management with a well-conceived, state of the art concept and action outline to improve safety & health management systems. In crafting Z10, the intent was not only to achieve significant safety and health benefits through its application, but also to impact favorably on productivity, financial performance, quality and other business goals. There is no provision specifically dedicated to regulatory compliance. The key provisions pertain to risk assessment and prioritization, applying a prescribed hierarchy of controls to achieve acceptable levels of risk by designing reviews, managing change systems; having safety specifications in procurement systems; and conducting safety audits.
The term psychophysical is most related to: Isotonic dynamic muscle force development Relationship between sensations and physical stimuli The study of how our emotions impact our health Study of biological indicators such as heart rate and energy expenditure
*Relationship between sensations and physical stimuli Psychophysical methods are used to study acceptable weights for manual lifting. The worker can adjust the weight of the lift to match his or her own personal feelings of fatigue or perception of what can be sustained for several hours.
The principle that "occurrence of an accident is sufficient proof that negligence existed" is described best by which term? Res ispa loguitur Negligence per se Liability Strict liability
*Res ispa loguitur If the accident occurred there must have been negligence
Dealing with the uncertainty and unpredictability of personal injury, property or damage loss, business interruption and liability is identified with: Casualty insurance Loss prevention Risk management Loss control management
*Risk management risk management is the decision-making process whose objective is to identify the proper mix of loss control, risk retention and risk transfer that the organization should use in dealing with its risks of personal injury, property loss or damage and damage and liability including the expense and revenue losses associated with these exposures
Which is a financial method for reducing the costs of accidents in an organization? Risk transfer Risk projection Financial risk management Hierarchy of loss controls
*Risk transfer Several control techniques available are for treating loss exposures. The two categories for reducing the costs of accidents in an organization: prevention (loss control) and financial (cost reduction). Loss control techniques include engineering, administrative controls and PPE to deal with losses. Engineering controls include building a ventilation system to reduce explosive vapor levels, whereas administrative controls might limit exposures to toxic materials. Issuing PPE such as respirators is the last line of defense against hazards in the workplace. Sprinkler systems and distance to a means of egress are examples of loss reduction not loss prevention. A company might try to avoid the loss altogether. Organizations can reduce exposure by substitution. Instead of mixing methylene chloride as a solvent ingredient in a commercial aerosol product a company count substitute a "safer" solvent to reduce the likelihood of a worker being exposed. Risk transfer assigns liability to another party, rather than run the risk of the loss itself. If methylene chloride mixing could not be accomplished safely in the plant, the company may choose to have the product shipped to a contractor who would mix the ingredient. If the contractor's workers are overcome by vapors from the solvent mixing, then the contractor would typically hold the liability. Another form of risk transfer is insurance. Insurance is designed to permit the company to shift the financial consequences of the risk to an insurance company. By paying the insurance company's premiums, the organization can expect specified benefits in the event of loss. With large numbers of insureds, insurance companies can more accurately estimate its own losses. Organizations may retain their loss exposures without dealing with them. This may be a result of ignorance or choice. Organizations that retain their own exposures may ignore them, or attempt to reduce them or they may, in fact, self-insure. Ignoring the risks may make the owners more confident, but dealing with the risks will make them more prepared for loss. Self-insurance is simply no insurance; the company retains the loss exposure. It should only be undertaken by companies with the financial resources necessary to absorb potential losses. (Friend & Kohn, 2007) Identification techniques include individual consultation and group discussion. Individual consultations are one-on-one meetings and are arranged as a preliminary exercise to initially identify the risks. This process involves key participants in the project in question. The purpose of this stage is to allow the interviewee to contemplate what he/she thinks are the main risks attached to either, the project as a whole, or as individual stages of the project or both. As the participants are from different disciplines, their viewpoints about the project are influenced by the specialized nature of their field. Group discussion is a process by which potential sources of risk are identified with a clear set of rules and a timetable. This technique should be carried out with the project team. One person should be the coordinator who chairs the meetings. The discussion process should have two distinct stages, a creative state and an assessment stage. The creative stage permits any one member of the team, one at a time to 'throw' in potential risks or sources of risk. Individual team members are not restricted to their own knowledge domain and outlandish ideas are encouraged. The assessment stage then follows. Estimation includes interviewing and brain-storming with personal and corporate experience. The analysis, and/or estimation, stage is more extensive in nature than in the identification stage. All the ideas are analyzed individually and a final draft of the risks is assembled. The idea of the analysis stage is to categorize or rank the risks by using the one-on-one situation in interviewing, or the group discussions from brain-storming. Therefore, the end result from this stage is to prioritize the risks so as to know which of them are to be forwarded to the quantitative analysis. At this point, this threshold level or cut-off point must also be decided. The notion being the risks below this level, and thus those not to be analyzed quantitatively, are covered by project contingent reserves. The ones above would not be, hence requiring further analysis. Personal and Corporate experience. If there are employees with experience, then this property should be utilized. Experience enables the main risks in a project to be identified. Obviously, one looks at the more senior officers to excel in this department. However, there is always a chance that certain risks never encountered before are overlooked. If the project is not equivalent to a previous project, than the policies of the company, or engineering judgment decides on a contingency percentage. Factors of safety are used extensively in the construction industry and is based on this method. Response strategies include: Risk avoidance Risk transfer Risk retention Risk reduction
Barrier analysis is utilized within the following accident investigation techniques? Sequential time plotting Critical incident technique Root cause analysis and management oversight and risk tree Event analysis
*Root cause analysis and management oversight risk tree Root cause analysis utilizes Barrier Analysis as one technique to help develop information concerning event flow. Management Oversight and Risk Tree also applies Barrier Analysis when evaluating energy flow.
An analytical technique called 5-Whys is used to identify: Root causes of incidents Human behavior characteristics Behavior-based safety rules Human errors
*Root causes of incidents 5-Whys is a qualitative analytical technique to identify the root causes of an incident sequence. Once the causal factors (discreet human errors and equipment malfunctions that led to the loss of an event) are known, a 5-whys analysis can be performed on each causal factor to determine "why" the causal factor was allowed to exist
In what ways should safety be managed differently from other company functions? Cannot set goals Personal contacts are more important Budget support is not there Safety is not managed differently
*Safety is not managed differently The more the safety program's goals and management style are understood the more support there will be for the program
What hand tool is most often misused? Wrench Pliers Screwdriver Hammer
*Screwdriver The 2 most common hazards associated with the use of hand tools are misuse and improper maintenance. Misuse occurs when a hand tool is used for something other than its intended purpose. Improper maintenance allows hand tools to deteriorate into an unsafe condition. According to the NSC, the screwdriver is perhaps the most misused and abused tool in the workplace. Misuse can compromise the integrity of the tool by breaking the handle, bending the shaft or dulling the tip, making workers susceptible to hand injury when the tool is used correctly. To prevent injury and keep screwdrivers in shape, the NSC recommends: - Do not use a screwdriver as a punch, wedge, pinch bar or pry - Keep the tip clean and sharp to permit a solid grip on the tip of the screw - Keep the handle of the screwdriver clean and intact to allow for a solid grip - Never hold the piece you are working on in your hand. Always lay it on a workbench or place it in a vice - Carry screwdrivers in toolboxes or work belts - never in your pocket. In wood and sheet metal, make a pilot hole for the screw. - Never use a screwdriver during electrical work unless it is properly insulated
You are a practicing ASP certificate holder. You submit a safety plan you have reviewed to a client. A year later, you notice that the client has made some changes to the safety plan (without your knowledge) and has removed the cover sheet from the original plan you approved and stapled it into the modified plan. What should you do? Hire an attorney and sue the client Remove the cover page from the safety plan, and complain to the client Send a formal letter to the client explaining your concern and your expectation that the modified safety plan should again be reviewed by a safety professional and that the cover page with your signature on it should be destroyed Ignore the issue assuming that the changes were insignificant to warrant further discussion
*Send a formal letter to the client explaining your concern and your expectation that the modified safety plan should again be reviewed by a safety professional and that the cover page with your signature on it should be destroyed It is likely that the client made what he or she perceived were minor changes to the safety plan, and it is also likely that you had failed to tell the client what changes were allowed (without further review) and what changes would require subsequent review. A polite letter apologizing for any oversights on your part while clearly identifying the problem and suitable resolutions is the best way to handle this conflict
In 1931, Heinrich significantly changed the thinking of safety professionals. He: Shifted the emphasis from conditions to actions Suggested the use of JSA to analyze accidents Applied forensic science to accident analysis Proposed monetary penalties for accidents
*Shifted the emphasis from conditions to actions In the early 1900s, employers concentrated mor eon inspection of the workplace. Heinrich suggested that more emphasis be placed on the actions of employees.
A process hazard analysis of potentially catastrophic processes: Should be done only if applicable under the OSHA Process Safety Standard Should be performed only by licensed professionals Should be done whether or not the process is applicable, under the OSHA Process Safety Standard A & B
*Should be done whether or not the process is applicable, under the OSHA Process Safety Standard A process hazard analysis should be performed if there is knowledge that potential exists for a catastrophic release from a process, whether or not the process is applicable under the OSHA Process Safety Standard. Performing the process hazard analysis is not only a best practice but also a potential OSHA General Duty Clause requirement, especially if an incident does occur and the analysis was never performed. Answer B is not correct since there is not a license for processionals to conduct process hazard analyses.
State compensation boards are a LOW FENCE for hearing loss disability claims because: Of inaccuracies in audiograms Small hearing losses aren't disabling To avoid litigation later on To lower worker's compensation costs
*Small hearing losses aren't disabling Low fence means that they set minimum dB loss before a worker is eligible for compensation. This also is done to account for presbycusis (the natural hearing loss due to aging)
A technique which is used to determine an unintended energy route, which can allow an undesired function to occur, prevent desired functions from occurring, or adversely affect the timing of functions is called: Time-loss analysis Sneak circuit analysis Common cause analysis Energy flow analysis
*Sneak circuit analysis A technique that investigates unintended energy routes
The purpose of this analysis is to discover program logic that could cause undesired program outputs or inputs, or incorrect sequencing/timing. This analysis is called: Software logic analysis Software hazard analysis Software sneak circuit analysis Software criticality analysis
*Software sneak circuit analysis When software controls a safety critical event, an SSCA can help detect the condition that could result in a catastrophic event if the cause is related to the inadvertently enabled condition
For double-handled pinching, gripping, or cutting tools: Select a tool with handles that are Designed with grip span that is at least 1/2 inch when fully closed Spring loaded to return the handles to the open position Select a tool with finger grooves on the handle Bent handles when the force is applied vertically
*Spring loaded to return the handles to the open position Tools used for power require high force. Tools used for precision or accuracy require low force. - For double-handled tools (plier-like) used for power tasks: select a tool with a grip span that is at least 2 inches when fully closed and no more than 3.5 inches when fully open. When continuous force is required, consider using a clamp, a grip, or locking pliers. - For double-handled tools (plier-like) used for precision tasks: select a tool with a grip span that is not less than 1 inch when fully closed and no more than 3 inches when fully open. - For double-handled pinching, gripping, or cutting tools: select a tool with handles that are spring-loaded to return the handles to the open position. - Select a tool without sharp edges or finger grooves on the handle. - Tools with bent handles are better than those with straight handles when the force is applied horizontally (in the same direction as your straight forearm and wrist) - Tools with straight handles are better than those with bent handles when the force is applied vertically - Select a tool that can be used with your dominant hand or with either hand DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2004-164. Easy Ergonomics: A Guide to Selecting Non-Powered Hand Tools.
To reduce the change of injury, work tasks should be designed to limit exposure to ergonomic risk factors. Which of the following represents an administrative control? Using diverging conveyors off a main line so that tasks are less repetitive Use padding to reduce direct contact with hard, sharp, or vibrating surfaces Staff "floaters" to provide periodic breaks between scheduled breaks Install diverters on conveyors to direct materials toward the worker to eliminate excessive leaning or reaching
*Staff "floaters" to provide periodic breaks between scheduled breaks
Which plant leader most influences organizational line management to accept accountability for safety performance? Supervisor Staff safety professional Facility manager Site engineer
*Staff safety professional The role of staff safety professional is to consult and influence. Since safety should be built into line performance, a key role of a safety professional is to influence line management to accept accountability for safety performance. Key word - influences
Workers Compensation is determined by: Federal law Casualty insurance companies State law Unions
*State law Workers' Compensation is required by state law as are its benefits. Although the laws and benefits may vary between the 50 states that have Workers' Compensation, there is agreement on its basic principles.
Which of these terms refers to someone identified with a group or category with oversimplified attributes associated with that person/group? Selective perception Stereotype Halo Effect Projection
*Stereotype According to "Management" by John R. Schermerhorn, Jr., this is the definition of stereotype.
The growing concept that a manufacturer of a product is liable for injuries due to defects, without a necessity for a plaintiff to show negligence or fault is known as: Care Liability Strict Liability Tort
*Strict Liability
Under what doctrine does one not need to prove negligence on the part of the manufacturer, but only that an injury was attributed to a defect or to an unreasonably dangerous condition? Implied consent Implied warranty Negligence Strict liability
*Strict liability doctrine holds that the seller is liable for any and all defective or hazardous products
Which of the following best defines a management system audit under ISO19011? Systemic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the audit criteria are fulfilled. Systemic and independent examination of data, statements, records, operations and performances (financial or otherwise) of an enterprise for any unstated purpose. Examination of financial statements and formulation of an opinion on the effectiveness of a company's internal control over financial reporting. Enables organizations to develop their environmental performance through a process of continuous improvement.
*Systemic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the audit criteria are fulfilled. ISO 19011 defines a management system audit as follows: "Systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the audit criteria are fulfilled." (ISO 19011:2011 3.1) Selection B is incorrect as audits must be for a stated purpose. Selection C is the definition of an integrated audit US audits of publicly traded companies are governed by rules laid down by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), which was established by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Such an audit is called an integrated audit, where auditors, in addition to an opinion on the financial statements, must also express an opinion on the effectiveness of a company's internal control over financial reporting, in accordance with PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5. Selection D identifies an environmental management system which enables organizations to develop their environmental performance through a process of continuous improvement. ISO 19011 Designed to provide recommendations for Quality and Environmental Management Systems Audits.
Which of the following is not an accident investigation technique? STEP MORT RCA THERP
*THERP is not an accident investigation technique. One of the older and more widely used methods of evaluating human performance, THERP is the Technique for Human Error Rate Predication, and was developed by A.D. Swain during the 1960s.
An express warranty from a manufacturer, implies or states: That a product is suitable for a specific use That a product will perform in a specific manner That you can return the product within 30 days That a product will perform for at least 30 days
*That a product will perform in a specific manner An express warranty is a written or oral statement that a product will perform in a specific manner
The ISO Quality Management Standards are found in which series of standards? The 6000 series The 9000 series The 14000 series The 18000 series
*The 9000 series The ISO Quality Management Standards are found in the ISO 9000 series. ISO 9001, Quality Management Systems - Requirements is the best known. The ISO 14000 series covers Environmental Management. 18000 series is not in the ISO standards. OSHAS 18001 and 18002 are Occupational Safety and Health Management Standards generally considered to have originated from England
The ANSI Z10 standard is The American National Standard Criteria for Accepted Practices in Safety, Health, and Environmental Training The American National Standard for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems The American National Standard version of the ISO 14001, Environmental Management Systems The American National Standard equivalent of the ISO 9001, Quality Management Systems
*The American National Standard for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems Z10 is the equivalent to the British Standards Institute, BS OHSAS 18001
Which of the following is not a design parameter that could affect performance with foot controls? Whether the controls require a thrust with or without ankle action The location of the fulcrum (if the pedal is high enough) The color and brightness of the foot control pedal The load or force that is required to activate the foot pedal
*The color and brightness of the foot control pedal Hand controls are far more widely used than foot controls. Generally, the feet are slower and less accurate. Although color may help an operator identify the correct foot pedal in some cases, the color would not affect the performance. Another factor would be the placement of the control relative to the user.
Organizations allocate costs into various categories to aid decision making. Often, these costs are determined as a percent or ratio of manufacturing costs. Examples include raw materials, direct labor, indirect materials, selling costs, distribution costs, and other costs. In calculating return on investment of ergonomic controls, a key expense used to determine the cost-benefit of controls is Direct costs of accidents inflated over time to determine present value of future workers' compensation injury dollars The cost of capital associated with purchase and installation of controls Depreciation costs and pretax operating expenses after controls are implemented Profit and quality loss as a result of increased absenteeism and poor employee morale
*The cost of capital associated with purchase and installation of controls While all are important, the cost of capital (interest lost from the initial investment) is often ignored. Knowledgeable financial managers will consider the cost of capital when calculating their desired return on investment of capital expenditure. The challenge of the practitioner is to keep this in mind when determining cost-benefit of controls and, when possible, to quantify productivity efficiency and productivity enhancements to help support action plans
Which is the most correct statement concerning the affliction of frostbite? Frostbite causes uncontrolled shivering Frostbitten skin is soft, puffy and darker than normal The first symptoms of frostbite area "pins and needles" sensations, followed by numbness Frostbite is characterized by irregular heartbeat and respiration
*The first symptoms of frostbite area "pins and needles" sensations, followed by numbness Frostbitten skin is hard, pale, cold and has no feeling. When the skin is thawed, it becomes red and very painful. Severe cases may blister and become gangrenous, resulting in hard frozen skin, sometimes all the way to the bone. Other answers are symptoms of hypothermia
Which of the following components is fundamental in evaluating the success of any management program? A clear presentation of the program results The clear definition of the goals and priorities necessary to manage the program The unit cost of the program results The measurement of the program results against accepted criteria
*The measurement of the program results against accepted criteria Whether the management program is an operations, maintenance, or safety program, the fundamental component necessary toe valuate the success of the program is the comparison of the results against the accepted criteria. Other items are useful, but success is based on achieving the desired results
When you are interviewing a person associated with a recent high-consequence incident, what fundamental law of human behavior must you consider at all times? The person being interviewed will tell you what he or she views is in his or her best interests The person being interviewed can be subpoenaed to provide you any information you think he or she is hiding The person being interviewed will lie to you if you hit upon critical information The person being interviewed will only cooperate in the presence of an attorney or other representative
*The person being interviewed will tell you what he/she views is in his/her best interests Though the other items may be true from time to time, when conducting an incident investigation, remember that the person being interviewed will likely describe things that he/she perceives is in his/her best interest to discuss. This means that if the person being interviewed believes that the incident investigation is in his/her best interests, the interviewer will likely obtain the information sought. If the person being interviewed believes that job reprisals, legal action, or other adverse things will occur, the quality of the information obtained during an interview will likely be degraded
In assessing risk, one of the analytical techniques used by systems safety is called hazard risk. It is: A means used to identify and measure the hazard A way to measure potential hazard conditions in the operational phase A method for calculating the effect of a hazard if allowed to become an accident The product of hazard severity and hazard possibility of occurrence
*The product of hazard severity and hazard possibility of occurrence Risk assessment techniques use mainly system-oriented inductive and deductive analyses. The system safety analytical technique called hazard risk is the product of hazard severity and hazard possibility of occurrence. The other system safety analytical techniques are named hazard identification, operation phase and hazard effects
ANSI oversees the development of national standards affecting businesses in the US. ANSI's standards development process focuses on: The selection of key experts for standards committees to assure scientifically sound standards are promulgated The use of European Union approved methods to achieve global dominance of key industries The use of consensus and broad based public involvement to achieve balanced and high quality standards The use of standards to further the business interests of ANSI member companies
*The use of consensus and broad based public involvement to achieve balanced and high quality standards ANSI oversees the development of standards affecting businesses in the US. ANSI's standards development process focuses on the use of consensus and broad based public involvement to achieve balanced and high quality standards. The ANSI standards development process is designed to withstand scrutiny.
The A-weighted sound level measurement is the preferred scale of measure because: It distinguishes intermittent and impact noise The weighting is related to effects of noise on the ear It filters high frequency background noise It can assess temperature and pressure
*The weighting is related to the effects of noise on the ear
Compression of nerves and blood vessels between clavicle and first and second ribs is a disease known as Polymorphous Light Eruption Pneumothorax Atelectasis Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
*Thoracic Outlet Syndrome result of compression of nerves and blood vessels between clavicle and the first and second ribs at the brachial plexus. It can be caused by typing, keying, carrying heavy loads or keeping the head, arms and/or shoulders in an unnatural position
The basic premise of this technique is that for every accident there is a natural course line; that is, with no outside intervention, each accident sequence would eventually end. This technique is known as: Course line plotting Sequential step plotting Time-loss analysis Root cause analysis
*Time-loss analysis is the technique that is based on the premise of a natural course line for accidents
Why would the following types of analyses be routinely conducted? 1. Vibration analysis 2. Lubricant analysis 3. Thermographic analysis To determine how rotating equipment failed To determine whether additional maintenance is needed on rotating equipment To predict the day when rotating equipment will fail To evaluate the overhaul of rotating equipment
*To determine whether additional maintenance is needed on rotating equipment Though any of these could be true, these types of condition monitoring tasks are typically associated with reliability-centered maintenance and help maintenance professionals determine when more extensive maintenance is needed on rotating equipment
Given that incident investigations require resources (time and money), what would be an efficient method to maximize your company's ability to harvest as much information from each incident investigation that is conducted? Perform a formal incident investigation one very incident regardless of complexity and consequence. Perform a formal incident investigation on every complex incident and on every incident with a high consequence. Trend all incidents; perform a formal incident investigation on every complex incident, on every incident with a high consequence, and on other incidents that show a trend. Perform a formal investigation on a randomly selected set of incidents.
*Trend all incidents; perform a formal incident investigation on every complex incident, on every incident with a high consequence, and on other incidents that show a trend The key is trending. An incident can be as minor as a process upset leading to 5 seconds of downtime to a safety-related fatality due to a highly complex sequence of events. No company can afford to investigate every incident unless there is a method for choosing the incidents that will yield the most information and the most opportunity for improving. In some cases, regardless of the complexity, a formal investigation will be commissioned. More frequently, however, a company will want to trend incidents and only perform a formal incident investigation when the trend indicates that there is a higher-than acceptable potential for a repeat. Trending applies to near misses, as well
The National Response Center (NRC) is operated by: DOE USCG OSHA SARA III
*USCG = U.S. Coast Guard
The risk value for a given hazardous event in a measurement that combines all but the following variables Frequency of process Unanticipated loss Exposed systems Likelihood
*Unanticipated loss
Which is not part of the risk assessment system defined within MORT? Safety Program Review Hazard analysis process Unwanted energy flow Information systems
*Unwanted energy flow not considered under specific control factors and not part of the risk assessment system defined within MORT
A cooperative nursing home patient that weighs 150 lbs cannot bear his own weight and needs to be moved. Which is the best method to eliminate manual lifting? Use a stand and pivot technique Use a friction reducing device Use a lateral sliding aid Use a portable lift device
*Use a portable lift device OSHA Publication 3182(2009) Guidelines for Nursing Homes Ergonomics for the Prevention of Muscular Skeletal Disorders
The purpose of a start-up review is to: confirm the integrity of the process in accordance with design specifications; ensure that training has been completed; assure that the appropriate procedures are in place; and ____. Ensure the specifications are appropriate Verify that a Preliminary Hazard Analysis has been performed Ensure that quality controls are adequate Verify that a Process Hazard Analysis has been performed
*Verify that a Process Hazard Analysis has been performed A start-up review is to verify that a Process Hazard Analysis has been performed for new facilities and that recommendations have been implemented prior to start-up
The procurement/acquisition process is frequently overlooked as the stakeholder in the design of systems. At which point in the design process should representatives from procurement be integrated into the design team? At the very beginning When the system's design intents are well understood (preliminary design review is complete) When the system's component specifications are established (critical design review is complete) When the system is ready to be released for bid or fulfillment
*When the system's design intents are well understood (preliminary design review is complete) Though bringing in representatives from procurement at the very beginning may provide some design insight, the best time to integrate procurement into the design process is when the actual design intent of the system is well understood. At this point, procurement can provide insight on specific component specifications and vendors that can provide the required components and services
As the facility safety professional, you have become acquainted with 2 line employees that want to learn more about occupational safety in their own work environments beyond what is typically provided to them in their standard training courses. Which of the following is the best way to encourage their continued interest in safety? Work with the employees and their supervisors to develop mutually agreeable written individual development plans outlining new training goals and safety-related responsibilities Work with their supervisors to send them to advanced occupational safety training Work with the employees and their supervisors to permit them to accompany you for a week Work with their supervisors to assign these employees as safety coordinators in their respective operations
*Work with the employees and their supervisors to develop mutually agreeable written individual development plans outlining new training goals and safety-related responsibilities Individual development plans (IDPs) are agreements between employees and their managers to help increase the employees' satisfaction with their jobs. IDPs should include measurable performance goals for attending training, demonstrating new skills, and achieving more diverse job responsibilities.
The analysis technique used to determine the upper bounds on a hazardous event without regard to the probability of occurrence of the particular event is called Naked man Worst-case analysis Upper bound analysis Credibility analysis
*Worst-case analysis considers the most severe consequence that might reasonably be expected to arise
A worker can perform a certain task in 16 hrs. The part of the task the worker can do in X hours is 16/X X/16 16-X 16X
*X/16 In one hour, the worker can do 1/16 of the total task
The industry where system safety techniques first were widely used was the: aerospace industry computer industry hazardous waste industry steel industry
*aerospace industry The aerospace industry developed the basic format of system safety. The government contracts issued to these companies required that systems safety be addressed in a quantitative manner. Military specifications have been written concerning system safety
AIHA is the: american industrial hygiene association american international hygiene association agency international for hygiene and assessment agency industrial and health audits (from ISO)
*american industrial hygiene association AIHA is an international, membership organization serving professionals that practice industrial hygiene. AIHA is the sponsor of the ANSI/AIHA Z10, American National Standard for Occupational Health and Management Systems
"Due Diligence" is commonly used to describe evaluation of: air pollution control equipment business property transactions commercial hazardous waste management facilities prior to waste shipments the integrity of landfill and surface impoundment liners
*business property transactions/transfers as a natural extension of business due diligence with respect to asset values, accounts receivable, etc. Due diligence is often accomplished through the mechanism of an environmental site assessment, also known as a property transfer assessment. Such investigations attempt to discover and estimate the risks, liabilities, and costs of various environmental impacts associated with current conditions and past activities at the site.
Total quality management (TQM) is an overall commitment to continuously improve quality performance at all levels. All of the following concepts apply except: empowerment improvement central thinking auditing
*central thinking acting as one voice is a concept of TQM, not central thinking
An instantaneous exposure excursion to ammonia ranging up to 250 ppm should: be of no concern not be considered when the TWA is calculated considered an unacceptable event be regarded as a measurement artifact
*considered an unacceptable event an excursion of this magnitude for a fast acting irritant would be considered unacceptable. for more info see ACGIH TLV pamphlet
Your company CEO feels he has too many people reporting directly to him, including you (the Safety Director). He has asked your opinion about where int he organizational structure to best place the safety function: personnel support operations continue reporting to the CEO
*continue reporting to the CEO Safety should report to a function with power and the control to correct problems.
The primary reason for accident investigation is to punish wrong doers provide OSHA with facts prepare insurance forms to recover loss correct the conditions that caused the accident
*correct the conditions that caused the accident and identify the reason
A generic process of evaluating competing courses of action by examining the dollar costs of certain abatement actions versus the dollar value of the benefits received is called prime cost assessment cost analysis cost-benefit analysis risk management
*cost-benefit analysis
The ratio of a project input cost to an impact measure when the latter is assigned a dollar value, ex. dollars spent compared to dollars saved by preventing a fatal injury is called cost-benefit ratio cost-benefit analysis cost-effectiveness ratio cost-effectiveness analysis
*cost-benefit ratio ratio of dollars spent to dollars saved
A ratio of a project or countermeasure input cost to a project or countermeasure impact measure, that is, dollars spent per accident prevented, is called: input/output analysis cost-effectiveness ratio cost-benefit ratio cost-countermeasure analysis
*cost-effectiveness ratio can be thought of as the ratio of dollars spent to impact of spending those dollars
The analysis technique where individuals are interviewed about accidents, near misses, and hazardous conditions is known as: event tree fault tree critical incident system safety analysis
*critical incident
Systems safety techniques employ the use of four categories of analysis. Fault tree analysis is an example of which of the following: Deductive analysis Inductive analysis Qualitative hazard analysis Quantitative hazard analysis
*deductive analysis deductive analysis starts with a general topic, or hazardous event, and logically determines its specific causes
To increase the reliability of a process, which of the following methods would least likely be used? design parallel components design complementary components design redundancy into the system design series components
*design complimentary components parallel and series design as well as redundancy are all appropriate methods for increasing the reliability of a system
A safety program begins by developing a policy statement assuring compliance with all OSHA standards soliciting support of the facilities department training all employees
*developing a policy statement Management must develop a policy statement that clearly defines managements support and the role each member of the organization must take
What kind of industrial hazard can lead to an accident resulting in either death OR an accident with no severe lasting effects? chemical mechanical electrical ionizing radiation
*electrical depending on a number of conditions (ex. skin thickness, surface moisture, part of body involved, duration of current flow through the victim, etc.), an electric shock can result in either death or no lasting effect except for body burns that generally heal
A material harmful to an organism in the early stages of development before birth, at a concentration that has no adverse effect on the pregnant female is called: embryotoxin mutagin nystagen teratotoxin
*embryotoxin
The most critical step in any safety program evaluation is the development of: evaluation protocol checklist time with plant people walk through survey evaluation team leader
*evaluation protocol checklist An evaluation will rise and fall on the quality of the evaluation protocol/checklist. The protocol determines the areas to be examined, the level of detail, in general, the questions to be asked
A technique which defines a primary chain of events that led to the accident can be organized chronologically from left to right across the middle of a bulletin board is known as: time and event plotting event and causal factors charts event tree analysis fault tree analysis
*event and causal factors charts is a technique that organizes (charts) events chronologically to help determine accident causation
A statement by a manufacturer or dealer, either in writing or orally, that a product is suitable for a specific purpose, will perform in a specific way, or contains specific safeguards is known as: warranty implied warranty expressed warranty res ipsa loquitur
*expressed warranty statement that implies that a product will perform in some manner or in a specific way
The effects of the failure are traced through the system and the ultimate effect on task performance is evaluated. This process is called: failure effects analysis fault hazard analysis failure modes and effects analysis critical item
*failure modes and effects analysis The effects of the failure are traced through the system and the ultimate effect on task performance is evaluated.
A formalized deductive technique that works backward from a defined accident to identify and graphically display the condition of failures and operational errors that led to the accident is called: fault tree analysis failure modes and effects analysis fault hazard analysis event tree analysis
*fault tree analysis "top down" analysis FMEA - "bottom up" technique, where failures are identified that can possibly lead to the "top event", the accident
What is the most critical period in crisis management? first 24 hours first week first month first year
*first 24 hours Management's function is to explain problem, control rumors and control panic
One of the current principles of safety management states the key to effective line safety performance is having management procedures that: fix accountability for accidents identify and correct unsafe acts or conditions improve worker attitude through education and training engineer the hazard out of operations
*fix accountability for accidents fixing accountability is based on the belief that a line manager will achieve results only in those areas in which he is being measured. It has long been felt by professional safety practitioners that the lack of procedures for fixing accountability is safety's greatest failing.
In organizing and implementing a successful safety and loss control program, it is essential that you: obtain adequate funding get top management support and participation acquire an environmental health and safety staff promulgate a formal safety policy and program to support it
*get top management support and participation An effective safety program must begin at the top. Only top management can assign the responsibility for safety and loss control and ensure its performance. Also, it's top management who can implement the controls of the workplace environment along with worker operations that will control accidents
In doing a Risk Assessment for your hazard analysis, what is the most appropriate definition of risk? hazard severity x hazard probability psychometric hazard perception anthropologic perception of hazard hazard fault
*hazard severity x hazard probability psychometric hazard perception & anthropologic perception of hazard are social risk parameters that have little value in system safety
The NFPA 704 diamond has 4 classes of materials by position and color on the diamond. The classes are: Health hazard, flammability, reactivity, and specific hazards Toxicity, ignitability, corrosivity, and reactivity explosivity, health, flammability, and specific hazards health hazards, flammability, reactivity, and corrosivity
*health hazard, flammability, reactivity, and specific hazards health hazard - blue flammability - red reactivity - yellow specific hazards - white
HMIS labels contain which of the following information? health, fire, reactivity, toxicity health, fire, reactivity, PPE toxicity, fire, reactivity, PPE health, fire, reactivity, special precautions
*health, fire, reactivity, PPE HMIS uses a standard label for communicating hazards
The main reason for safety inspections is to identify unsafe acts determine compliance with OSHA standards prepare for insurance audits identify and correct workplace hazards
*identify and correct workplace hazards
The primary reason for conducting an accident investigation is to: reduce the cost for workers' compensation find and fix the blame identify the cause and take actions to prevent recurrence prepare reports needed for litigation
*identify the cause and take actions to prevent recurrence
Safety professionals use accident investigations to: prepare for OSHA inspections collect accident performance data identify the hazards that caused the accident prepare defense for litigation
*identify the hazards that caused the accident so that it can be corrected. Although the information obtained during an accident investigation may provide useful data, this is not the primary reason for the investigation
What is a disadvantage of having an external group evaluate the safety program? more objective fresh perspective image as "critics" non-prejudicial
*image as "critics"
A worker's hand has been exposed to liquid nitrogen. What is the correct first aid? immerse hand in ice water immerse hand in warm water immerse hand in hot water keep hand in ice
*immerse hand in warm water Per the "Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations", the hand should be placed in warm water of approximately 115degF (p. 81). The treatment is for frostbite.
Eyes are sometimes affected by extremely small amounts of irritant, causing them to redden and water. An irritant of this type is called lachrymator epiphora dyspnea erythema
*lachrymator can be thought of a material that causes your eyes to produce tears = eye irritants
The least likely reason accidents generally occur is a result of: personality factors environmental factors physical limitations lack of a safety policy or program
*lack of a safety policy or program Accident causation is very diverse, but generally each accident is a result of a combination of factors
In product safety, the safety professional must give consideration to the design parameters involving malfunctions, operator errors, environmental differences and: safety margins ergonomics loss minimization structure failure
*loss minimization The design factors that must be considered include: - minimizing loss - malfunctions - operator error - environmental conditions Minimizing loss is a provision of protective methods which can be applied to product safety for the purpose of containment and damage minimization. Examples include bumpers, seat belts, explosion barriers and other forms of energy absorbing mechanisms or personal protective safety devices
One function of management is to set goals and objectives. One way to do this is: performance review management by objectives (MBO) zero-based budgeting objective oriented outlook (OOO)
*management by objectives (MBO) is a well-recognized method to set goals and measure the results
The degree of safety achieved in a system depends directly on: good design practices employing systems safety techniques management emphasis meeting set objectives
*management emphasis Government and contractors will apply management emphasis to safety during the system acquisition process and throughout the life cycle of each system, making sure mishap risk is understood and risk reduction is always considered in the management review process
What is the most important factor in accident prevention? written program training safety engineers management support
*management support
"Kaizen" is a Japanese-oriented method designed explicitly to improve: loss performance environmental compliance employee health manufacturing efficiency
*manufacturing efficiency Kaizen is a manufacturing/production system where continuous manufacturing improvement is made in small, incremental steps. Embracing kaizen requires a culture of sustained continuous improvement focusing on eliminating waste in all systems and processes of an organization
The design, development and delivery of a new product can be called: system engineering manufacturing system production cycle designing for manufacturing
*manufacturing system The system incorporates accidental loss consideration involving system integration of Man/Machine/Environment (occupational safety) with subsystems pre-production safety and quality reviews (product safety)
The elements of a contract include all of the following except: competent parties subject matter mutuality of agreement monetary duty
*monetary duty The elements of a contract include: - competent parties - subject matter - legal consideration - mutuality of agreement - mutuality of obligation
A process to identify hazards and recommend risk reduction alternatives in procedurally controlled activities during all phases of intended use is called: preliminary hazard analysis risk assessment operating and support hazard analysis fault tree analysis
*operating and support hazard analysis
A standard that specifies an objective to be obtained but does not require a specific method is called a design standard performance standard vertical standard horizontal standard
*performance standard sets the objective to be obtained but leaves the details of how to achieve the objective up to the company or organization
The first consideration when you are the first person approaching an active spill is: stop the spill contain the spill move the drum personnel safety
*personnel safety for themselves and others. They are to determine what needs to be done to protect people.
The following are types of glove materials except: nitrile neoprene PVC polynitrile
*polynitrile
Incident investigations are required as part of the OSHA Process Safety Standard. Key elements of the Incident Investigation Program Requirements include the following EXCEPT near misses prompt investigation within 24 hrs incidents which did or could result in catastrophe incident report and recommendations
*prompt investigation within 24 hrs The investigation must be conducted within 48 hrs, not 24. The other answers are all part of the Incident Investigation Program. Also included in the program is a system to address the report recommendations, a review of the incident report, and recommendations with affected personnel.
Trigger finger:
a particular type of tenosynovitis in which the tendon becomes nearly locked, which pulls the finger toward the palm with a jerky movement MSD Body Part Effected: Fingers Symptoms: Difficulty moving finger; snapping and jerking movements Possible Causes: Repeatedly using the index fingers Workers Affected: Meat packers, poultry workers, carpenters, electronic assemblers
Acceptable Risk is
a residual risk level achieved after risk reduction measures have been applied. It is a risk level that is accepted for a given task (hazardous situation) or hazard. The terms "acceptable risk" and "tolerable risk" are considered to the synonymous
The main objective of the Consumer Product Safety Commission is protect consumers against unreasonable risks enforce regulations increase consumer awareness decrease consumer costs
*protect consumers against unreasonable risks in products
Common law requires employers to: provide a workplace free of hazards compensate employees for workplace injuries provide a workplace that is reasonably safe applies to employees NOT employers
*provide a workplace that is reasonably safe
When assessing the reliability of a system, all of the following are considered appropriate except part usage functional requirements environmental requirements reliability bonding
*reliability bonding
Political and socioeconomic factors are not important considerations in which of the following processes? risk communication risk assessment risk management risk acceptability
*risk assessment is the scientific discipline involved in characterizing and quantifying the magnitude of potential harm to human health from the use and/or presence of a particular agent in the environment. Unlike risk management, risk assessment does not take into account economic impact
Which of the following is not an element of risk assessment? hazard identification exposure assessment risk communication dose-response assessment
*risk communication Risk communication is the process of informing the public in an understandable and effective manner of the potential harm from a given exposure situation and/or particular agent. Hazard identification, dose-response assessment, and exposure assessment are all elements of risk assessment as outlined by NAS (National Academy of Sciences)
The process of determining safety goals, allowing supervisors a chance to perform, providing assistance along the way and rewarding them accordingly to their progress is known as: management by expression safety by objectives OSHA star program motivation-hygiene theory
*safety by objectives
An in-depth method that may be used to evaluate a safety program is a safety program audit safety inspection job-task survey safety check
*safety program audit The audit should provide insight into the effectiveness of the program and identify where improvements can be made. ASSE provides an outstanding safety audit process to evaluate and rate: Organization & Administration, Industrial Hazard Control, Fire Control & Industrial Hygiene, Supervisory Participation, Motivation and Training, and Accident Investigation, Statistics & Reporting Procedures
A Gantt Chart is used in manufacturing to: show product development schedule indicate competitor's products show management structure
*schedule Gantt Charts show how long each production process should take and when it should take place. It is widely used in project scheduling
Kinesiology:
a scientific study of human or non-human body movement. Kinesiology addresses physiological, biomechanical, and psychological mechanisms of movement. Applications of kinesiology to human health (ex. human Kinesiology) include biomechanics and orthopedics; strength and conditioning; sport psychology; methods of rehabilitation, such as physical and occupational therapy; and sport and exercise. Studies of human and animal motion include measures from motion tracking systems, electrophysiology of muscle and brain activity, various methods for monitoring physiological function, and other behavioral and cognitive research techniques.
Hierarchy of controls:
a systematic way of thinking and acting, considering steps in a ranked and sequential order, to choose the most effective means of eliminating or reducing hazards and risks that derive from them. An example is the requirement of suppliers of services to attest that processes have been applied to identify and analyze hazards and to reduce risks deriving from those hazards to an acceptable level. There is precedent for having suppliers attest that risk analyses have been completed. Manufacturers of equipment to be used in the European Union are required by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards to certify that they have met applicable standards, including ISO 12100-1 and ISO 14121
Tort:
a wrongful act or failure to exercise due care that results in damage or injury in the broadest sense
A single item of hardware, the failure of which would lead directly to loss of life, vehicle or mission is called: critical hardware item risk item single failure point failure event
*single failure point
A command post established for managing a hazardous chemical spill should contain at a minimum all of the following EXCEPT: two radios spill clean-up equipment phone facility MSDSs
*spill clean-up equipment A command post is set up away from the spill area, therefore the spill cleanup equipment needs to be at the spill scene, not at the command post
Which of the following allows the engineer to understand the sources of variation in a process, and hence manipulate and control these sources to decrease variations in the product? statistical analysis statistical process control statistical variability analysis process control assessment
*statistical process control can be utilized for any process that is well defined, documented, and stabilized over time. It is extremely versatile in its ability to identify variation and out-of-control situations
What does a "Bird Cage" in a wire rope usually signify? repeated bending over sheaves jumping a sheave fatigue sudden release of tension and rebound
*sudden release of tension and rebound
The OSH Act places responsibility for compliance on the employee the employer employee and employer manufacturer
*the employer
A product safety factor is defined as: the extra margin of safety over intended use the product "Safeness" the product's cost factor override amount of product liability insurance needed
*the extra margin of safety over intended use
Responsibility for safety in day to day operations belongs to: the assigned safety engineer top management the line supervisor operations management
*the line supervisor the line supervisor or foreman is the key person who plays an important role as the link between management and the worker. The worker follows his/her orders and is responsible for their work quality and quantity
Accepted Risk is
accepted risk has 2 parts: 1. risk that is knowingly understood and accepted by the system developer or user and 2. risk that is not known or understood and is accepted by default.
A registered (licensed) engineer is required to seal engineering plans before the plans can be released for construction. When a safety professional reviews these plans, to whom should the safety professional direct plan-related safety questions? the engineer who sealed the plans the builder the project manager the CSP's supervisor
*the project manager if necessary, the project manager can require the engineer to consider the safety professional's questions and make changes, if necessary
The skill of prompt hazard recognition is so important because: it allows quick spill clean-up the responder can protect themselves and others it allows plant management to understand the situation communication with the media is most efficient
*the responder can protect themselves and others
The reported concentration of a quality control sample derived from prior characterizations of the sample is called: target value theoretical value maximum value measurement value
*theoretical value AKA theoretical amount quality control sample OR calibration standard
A graphical presentation showing changes in frequencies, percentages, or proportions over time is called? trend chart model PERT chart frequency chart
*trend chart
What is a bathtub curve? new product innovation cycle bathtub outline typical failure rate analyses for products atypical failure rate
*typical failure rate analyses for products
Mitigation is
an action taken to reduce the risk presented by a hazard, by modifying the hazard in order to decrease the mishap probability and/or the mishap severity. Mitigation is generally accomplished through design measures, use of safety devices, warning devices, training, or procedures. It is also referred to as hazard mitigation and risk mitigation.
Evaluate the following to predict which set of circumstances will produce severe injuries if they are not identified and controlled: routine work tasks unusual and/or non routine work tasks supervised assembly operations mass-producing machine shop
*unusual and/or non routine work tasks A number of recent studies have shown that severe injuries are fairly predictable in certain situations. One of these involve unusual, non routine work. This includes the job that happens occasionally, a one-of-a-kind situation. Non routine work may arise in factory operations but, normal controls that apply to routine work have little effect in the non routine situation
A standard applying to a particular industry with specifications that relate to individual operations is termed a: design standard performance standard vertical standard horizontal standard
*vertical standard pertains only to a particular industry (ex. OSHA requirements for pulp, paper and paperboard mills)
What does a "3" in the health section of a HMIS label mean? poison moderate health hazard-use reasonable precautions non-hazardous very hazardous to health-avoid all routes of exposure
*very hazardous to health-avoid all routes of exposure HMIS is commonly used to identify chemicals. The rating scale is 0-4, 0 being the least hazardous and 4 being the most hazardous. Materials are rated for reactivity, flammability, and health hazards
A hammer is
an impact tool used to drive items into material by way of manual or powered force and is a common source of injury according to NSC. All hammers should have securely fitted handle suited to the type of head being used, the council notes. The handle, regardless of what it is made of, should be oil-free, shaped to fit the hand, and the correct size and length for the task. When using a hammer, protective eyewear should always be used to guard against flying chips, nails, or scales
Risk Acceptance is
an informed decision to take a particular risk
Mishap is
an unplanned event or series of events resulting in death, injury, occupational illness, damage to or loss of equipment or property, or damage to the environment.
An engineering firm has performed a quantitative analysis on the reliability of your company's product. You are reviewing the analysis and see that the engineering company has determined that there are two key components contributing to failures of the product. The product fails when either Component A or Component B fails. Component A has a failure probability of 0.105 and Component B has a failure probability of 0.080. What is the overall probability of failure of your company's product?
0.177 When the failures are additive (as in this OR logic), the formula to determine the failure probability is (PA + PB) - (PA*PB)
The Attractive Nuisance Doctrine:
applies to the law of torts, in the United States. It states that a landowner may be held liable for injuries to children trespassing on the land if the injury is caused by an object on the land that is likely to attract children. A backyard swimming pool for example.
Risk avoidance:
avoiding risk can be as simple as a contractor not placing a bid or even the owner not proceeding with the project funding. Other ways are: tendering at a very high bid, placing conditions on the bid and not bidding on the high-risk portion of the contract
epicondylitis:
carpenter's elbow = tennis elbow
CVS
computer vision syndrome
Raynaud's syndrome:
constriction of the blood vessels in the hand; usually due to vibrations AKA White Finger MSD Body Part Effected: Fingers, hands Symptoms: Numbness, tingling; ashen skin; loss of feeling and control Possible Causes: Exposure to vibration Workers Affected: Chain saw, pneumatic hammer, and gasoline powered tool operators
Toggle switches are
easily seen and reliable in operation. They should preferably have only two positions, "on and off"
HMIS:
hazardous material information system
Presbycusis:
hearing impairment in old age
HLOS:
horizontal line of sight
MSD Risk Factors:
1. Excessive Force - Ex. heavy lifting, pushing or pulling heavy loads, manually pouring materials, or maintaining control of equipment or tools 2. Repetition 3. Awkward postures - Ex. Using positions that place stress on the body, such as prolonged or repetitive reaching above shoulder height, kneeling, squatting, leaning over a counter, using a knife with wrists bent, or twisting the torso while lifting. 4. Static postures 5. Quick motions 6. Compression or contact stress - Ex. Pressing the body or part of the body (such as the hand) against hard or sharp edges, or using the hand as a hammer 7. Vibration - Ex. Both whole body and hand-arm, can cause a number of health effects. Hand-arm vibrations can damage small capillaries that supply nutrients and can make hand tools more difficult to control. Hand-arm vibration may cause a worker to lose feeling in the hands and arms resulting in increased force exertion to control hand-powered tools (ex. hammer drills, portable grinders, chainsaws) in much the same way gloves limit feeling in the hands. The effects of vibration can damage the body and greatly increase the force which must be exerted for a task. 8. Cold temperatures - Ex. In combination with any one of the other risk factors, may also increase the potential for MSDs to develop. For example, many of the operations in meatpacking and poultry processing occur with a chilled product or in a cold environment. 9. Combined exposure to several risk factors - Ex. May place workers at a higher risk for MDSs than does exposure to any one risk factor
(Under OSHA's VVP) The major elements of an effective management system include:
1. Management Leadership - Establish clear safety and health goals for the program and define the actions needed to achieve those goals. - Designate one or more individuals with overall responsibility for implementing and maintaining the program. - Provide sufficient resources to ensure effective program implementation. 2. Worker Participation - Consult with workers in developing and implementing the program and involve them in updating and evaluating the program. - Include workers in workplace inspections and incident investigations. - Encourage workers to report concerns such as hazards, injuries, illnesses and near misses. - Protect the rights of workers who participate in the program. 3. Hazard Identification and Assessment - Identify, assess and document workplace hazards by soliciting input from workers, inspecting the workplace and reviewing available information on hazards. - Investigate injuries and illnesses to identify hazards that may have caused them. - Inform workers of hazards in their workplace.
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS):
inflammation of the tendons in the wrist that affects the median nerve MSD Body Part Affected: Fingers, wrists Symptoms: Tingling, numbness, severe pain; loss of strength, sensation in the thumbs, index, or middle or half of the ring fingers Possible Causes: Repetitive and forceful manual tasks without time to recover Workers Affected: Meat and poultry and garment workers, upholsterers, assemblers, VDT operations, cashiers
Foreseeability:
involves the liability for actions that a normal person would have known exist and would have taken precautions to prevent
What is ISO 14000 series?
is a series of environmental management standards developed and published by the ISO for organizations. The ISO 14000 standards provide a guideline or framework for organizations that need to systematize and improve their environmental management efforts
Strict Liability:
is the concept whereby the plaintiff need not show negligence or fault to prove liability
Negligence:
is the failure to exercise a reasonable amount of care or to carry out a legal duty so that injury or property damage occurs to another. An example would be you were a landlord and did not provide adequate security and the renter was robbed.
Given the fact that the probabilities of "heat", "fuel", and "oxygen" are each 1x10^-2, what is the overall probability of a fire?
1x10^-6 multiply because AND
In assessing risk, the hazard possibility of occurrence is assigned ____ categories.
5 5 - frequency (likely to occur frequently) 4 - probable (will occur several times in life of item) 3 - occasional (likely to occur during life of item) 2 - remote (unlikely, but possible to occur during lifetime of item) 1 - improbable (so unlikely it can be assumed a hazard will not be experienced)
Hazard:
A condition, set of circumstances or inherent property that can cause injury, illness or death
Hazard:
A condition, set of circumstances, or inherent property that can cause injury, illness, or death
Record:
A document showing or stating results achieved or providing information or data of activities performed.
As low as reasonably practical (ALARP) is
level or mishap risk that has been established and is considered as low as reasonably possible and still acceptable. It is based on a set of predefined ALARP conditions and is considered acceptable.
Obvious Peril:
A manufacturer or distributor would not have to label a large blade hunting knife because the product involves an obvious peril, sometimes called an obvious hazard that is well known to the public
MBO:
management by objectives
Acceptable Risk:
A risk that has been reduced to a level that can be tolerated by the organization having regard to its legal obligations and its own policy.
Rodger's Muscle Fatigue Assessment provides a
method of evaluating the physiological demands of a task against published criteria of acceptable levels of oxygen consumption for whole body or upper bodywork. A strain index to provide a relatively simple risk assessment method designed to evaluate a job's level of risk for developing a disorder of the distal upper extremities such as hands, wrists, forearms, and elbows
Abduction:
movement away from the central axis of the body - away from the median plane Away from the Body
Flexion:
movement that decreases the angle between two adjacent bones
Extension:
movement that increases the angle between two adjacent bones
Adduction:
movement toward the central axis or midline; the opposite of abduction ADDing arms to the body
OOO:
objective oriented outlook
Audit:
A systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining information and data (audit evidence) and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which defined audit criteria are fulfilled. Internal audits, sometimes called first party audits, are conducted by the organization itself, or on its behalf, for management review and other internal purposes (ex. to confirm the effectiveness of the management system). Internal audits can form the basis for an organization's self-declaration of conformity. In many cases, particularly in small organizations, independence can be demonstrated by the freedom from responsibility for the activity being audited or freedom from bias and conflict of interest. External audits include second and third-party audits. Second party audits are conducted by parties having an interest in the organization, such as customers, or by other persons on their behalf. Third party audits are conducted by independent auditing organizations, such as regulators or those providing certification. Combined audit is when two or more management systems of different disciplines (ex. quality, environmental, occupational health and safety) are audited together. Joint audit is when two or more auditing organizations cooperate to audit a single auditee.
Prevention Action:
Action taken to reduce the likelihood an underlying system deficiency or hazard will occur or recur on another similar process. Fix a potential problem.
Prevention through design:
Addressing occupational safety and health needs in design and redesign processes to prevent or minimize work-related hazards and risks associated with construction, manufacture, use, maintenance, and disposal of facilities, materials, equipment and processes.
ACGIH:
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
ASSE:
American Society of Safety Engineers
Risk:
An estimate of the combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event or exposure(s) and the severity of injury or illness that may be caused by the event or exposures.
Incident:
An event in which a work-related injury or illness (regardless of severity) or fatality occurred or could have occurred. This includes close calls and near misses.
Incident:
An event in which a work-related injury or illness or fatality occurred or could have occurred
A HAZMAT team is:
An organized group of employees, who are expected to handle and control leaks or spills of hazardous substances OSHA's Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response ruling, 29 CFR 1910.120(d)(3), defines "hazardous materials response (HAZMAT) team" as above.
Pliers are
often misused as general-purpose tools. Their use should be limited to operations for which they were designed: gripping and cutting (never for loosening or tightening nuts). Always use wrenches on nuts and bolt heads, never use a pliers. There are many types of pliers. The most commonly used are the 6-inch combination slip-joint pliers. The slip-joint permits the jaws to be opened wider at the hinge pin for gripping large diameter objects. Some combination pliers are made with a side-cutter arrangement for cutting wire.
Limit switches are
operated by the motion of a machine part or presence of an object. They are used for controlling machinery as part of a control system, as a safety interlocks, or to count objects passing a point
BSI:
British Standards Institution
BLS:
Bureau of Labor Statistics
SMART "M" - Measurable - means
Establish concrete criteria to measure progress on attaining each objective to help you stay the course, reason target dates, and experience achievement that spurs continued effort required to reach objectives. To determine if an object is measurable, ask questions such as: how much? How many? How will I know it is accomplished?
Probability is
The likelihood of a hazard causing an incident or exposure that could result in harm or damage for a selected unit of time, events, population, items or activities being considered.
Acceptable Risk is
that part of identified mishap risk that is allowed to persist without taking further engineering or management action to eliminate or reduce the risk, based on knowledge and decision making. The system user is consciously exposed to this risk. A risk level achieved after risk reduction measures have been applied. It is a risk level that is accepted for a given task (hazardous situation) or hazard. For the purpose of this standard, the terms "acceptable risk" and "tolerable risk" are considered to be synonymous.
Severity is
the extent of harm or damage that could result from a hazard related incident or exposures
Risk Communcation is
the interactive process of exchanging risk information and opinions among stakeholders.
Loss Control is
the proactive measures taken to prevent or reduce loss evolving from accident, injury, illness and property damage. The aim of the loss control is to reduce the frequency and severity of losses. Loss control is directly related to human resource management, engineering and risk management practices.
Risk analysis is
the process of identifying safety risk. This involves identifying hazards that present mishap risk with an assessment of the risk.
Risk Tolerance is
an organization's readiness to bear the risk after risk treatment in order to achieve its objectives
The ISO standard that covers environmental management is? 9000 10000 12000 14000
*14000 ISO 9000 "quality management" and ISO14000 "environmental management" families are among ISO's most widely known standards ever. ISO 9000 has become an international reference for quality requirements in business to business dealings, and ISO 14000 looks set to achieve at least as much, if not more, in helping organizations to meet their environmental challenges, There are similarities between environmental, health and safety programs and quality assurance programs. They serve common underlying objectives, share common success and failure measures and use common approaches to achieve objectives. The ISO 9000 family addresses "quality management". This means what the organization does to fulfill: - Customer's quality requirements - Applicability regulatory requirements, while aiming to enhance customer satisfaction Continual improvement of its performance in pursuit of these objectives The ISO 14000 family addresses "environmental management" meaning what the organization does to: minimize harmful effects on the environment caused by its activities, and to achieve continual improvement of its environmental performance.
A successful management system, according to OHSAS 18001, should be based on all the following except: A generic occupational health and safety policy Identification of occupational health and safety risks, along with legal requirements Objectives, targets, and programs that ensure continual improvements Management activities that control occupational health and safety risks
*A generic occupational health and safety policy OHSAS 18001 is an Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series for health and safety management systems. It is intended to help an organization to control occupational health and safety risks. It was developed in response to widespread demand for a recognized standard against which to be certified and assessed. OHSAS 18001 will measure managements systems with regards to several dimensions. The extent of application will depend on such factors as the organization's occupational health and safety policy, the nature of its activities, and conditions under which it operates. A successful management system should be based on these factors: - An occupational health and safety policy is appropriate for the company - Identification of occupational health and safety risks is documented, along with legal requirements - Objectives, targets, and programs ensure continual improvements - Management activities control occupational health and safety risks - Monitoring of occupational health and safety system performance is constant - Continual reviews, evaluation, and system improvement are conducted
An accident including a company vehicle that impacted an overpass support structure involved a company's driver. All company vehicle records are requested by the NTSB. According to 49CFR, what must be provided? Only the records deem necessary by safety supervisor Records not required All information requested by NTSB Only records insurance company deems necessary
*All information requested by NTSB According to 49CFR831, "The Safety Board may issue a subpoena, enforceable in Federal district court, to obtain testimony or other evidence. Authorized representatives of the Board may question any person having knowledge relevant to an accident/incident, study, or special investigation. Authorized representatives of the Board also have exclusive authority, on behalf of the Board, to decide the way in which any testing will be conducted, including decisions on the person that will conduct the test, the type of test that will be conducted, and any individual who will witness the test."
Should an inspector wish to acquire some structural details for the comprehensive survey, including floor loading at a building site, he/she should Ask the plant superintendent to relay information from posted floor loading signs in the facility Have OHST evaluate conditions during upcoming plant visit Consult published building plans or have a structural engineer conduct a structural analysis Obtain a floor load handbook and evaluate any suspicious conditions during plant visit
*Consult published building plans or have a structural engineer conduct a structural analysis Accurate data is a must when evaluating floor loading in an industrial environment. If data is not readily available from reliable sources, the best choice is to have a competent engineer perform a structural analysis. OSHA at 1910.22 states "In every building or other structure, or part thereof, used for mercantile, business, industrial, or storage purposes, the loads approved by the building official shall be marked on the plates of approved design which shall be supplied and securely affixed by the owner of the building, or his duly authorized agent, in a conspicuous place in each space to which they relate." "It shall be unlawful to place, or cause, or permit to be placed, on any floor or roof of a building or other structure a load greater than that for which such floor or roof is approved by the building official."
The first action to be considered in the hierarchy of control is: Training Elimination of the hazard Personal Protective Equipment Substitution with something less hazardous
*Elimination of the hazard Risks are reduced to an acceptable level through the application of the hierarchy of controls. A hierarchy of controls provides a systematic way of thinking, considering steps in a ranked and sequential order, to choose the most effective means of eliminating or reducing hazards and their associated risks. Acknowledging that premise that risk reduction measures should be considered and taken in a prescribed order represents an important step in the evolution of the practice of safety. These methods are to be applied when new facilities, equipment and processes are acquired; when existing facilities, equipment and processes are altered; and when incidents are investigated. In applying a hierarchy of controls, the desired outcome of actions taken is to achieve an acceptable risk level. Acceptable risk is that risk for which the probability of a hazards-related incident or exposure occurring and the severity of harm or damage that could result are as low as reasonably practical and tolerable in the situation being considered. That definition requires several factors be taken into consideration: - avoiding, eliminating or reducing the probability of a hazards-related incident or exposure occurring - reducing the severity of harm or damage that may result of an incident or exposure occurs - the feasibility and effectiveness of risk-reduction measures to be taken, and their costs in relation to the amount of risk reduction to be achieved.
What is a warning sign's primary purpose? Information for supervisor Information for employees Employees' hazard recognition and comprehension Company protection from OSHA citations and lawsuits
*Employees' hazard recognition and comprehension 1910.145 (extracted) The word "sign" refers to a surface on prepared for the warning of, or safety instructions of, industrial workers or members of the public who may be exposed to hazards. Excluded from this definition, however, are new releases, displays commonly known as safety posters, and bulletins used for employee education. The wording of any sign should be easily read and concise. The sign should contain sufficient information to be easily understood. The wording should make a positive, rather than negative suggestion and should be accurate in fact. "Major message" means that portion of a tag's inscription that is more specific than the signal word and that indicates the specific hazardous condition or the instruction to be communicated to the employee. Examples include: "High Voltage" "Close Clearance" "Do Not Start" "Do Not Use" or a corresponding pictograph used with a written text or alone. "Signal Word" means that portion of a tag's inscription that contains the word or words that are intended to capture employee's immediate attention.
Which principle involves the "Fellow Servant Rule"? Employer must establish a "two-man" rule Employees will not be responsible for each other Rules will be established for more than one worker Employer will not be responsible for injuries caused by another worker
*Employer will not be responsible for injuries caused by another worker The Fellow Servant Rule was a defense which, prior to the enactment of workers' compensation laws, could be used by an employer to protect him/herself when sued by an employee for damages from injury caused by one or more fellow employees Assumption of Risk worker knew he/she was involved in a risky or hazardous occupation Contributory Negligence worker contributed to his/her injury. These were two other pre-workers' compensation defenses for employers The principle of foresee ability deals with liability for actions that result in injury or damage when hazards were foreseeable. Foresee ability is a fundamental legal principle used in product liability cases. Note: Current disgruntled employees cause the most workplace violence
When attempting to change safety-related workplace behaviors, the following are all basic steps in the process except: Identify critical behaviors Establish a behavior-based safety program Conduct measurement through observation Give performance feedback
*Establish a behavior-based safety program According to the NSC, the 3 basic steps of the behavior based safety process are: 1. Identify Critical Behaviors Employers write, in observable terms, what employees should do to properly perform their jobs. The safety and health professional can list a few critical behaviors or a complete inventory, depending on the scope and results desired. 2. Conduct Measurement Through Observation Trained observers watch the workplace to determine if listed behaviors are performed safely or unsafely. The total number of observed behaviors is divided into the number of safe behaviors to obtain a percentage figure for safe behaviors. 3. Give Performance Feedback The percentage figure for safe behaviors is shown on a graph displayed in the workplace. At regular intervals, behaviors are again observed and new safe behavior figures are added to the graph. Studies show this critical feedback will improve safety behaviors. Praise and recognition from managers or peer pressure can be effective ways to encourage and reinforce safe behaviors. Once data is collected the data analysis includes: - closing the improvement loop - identifying and correcting equipment and design barriers - establishing procedures and solutions instead of temporary corrections
To adjust Worker's Compensation Insurance Rates, a company must use: Experience Modification Rate Incident Rate Worker's Compensation Mod Rate Accident Rate
*Experience Modification Rate The insurance industry uses EMR for workers' compensation insurance as a means of determining equitable premiums. These rating systems consider the average incident losses for a given firm's type of work and amount of payroll and predict the dollar amount of expected losses due to work-related injuries and illnesses. Modification rates charged by private carriers are usually affected by risks beyond the insured's control, products produced or services provided and potential for catastrophic accidents.
In a parallel component arrangement, the failure of one, two, or three components would not result in output failure (all four components must fail to produce output failure). Assuming the failure rate is the same for all components, which of the following formulas should be used for computing the probability of failure for this system? (C^2)-(F^4) C1+C2+C3+C4 F(e^(-t/m)) F1xF2xF3xF4
*F1xF2xF3xF4 All must fail for system to fail, means x not + Since the components are in parallel, the configuration indicates an "AND" gate situation, that is C1 and C2 and C3 and C4 must fail before the output fails. The symbol for an "AND" gate is "*" which indicates multiplication, this leads to the correct answer. Multiply the failure rates of each component. F1xF2xF3xF4, or since the failure rates are all the same, F^4 Note: When dealing in probability of failure the general rules are: - Parallel construction indicates "AND" = multiply - Series construction indicates "OR" = addition
Only a small percentage of car accidents are the result of mechanical failure. How can a company best control the major cause of driver error? Conducting monthly safety meetings Requiring substance abuse testing of all drivers Hiring only drivers under 40 years of age Implementing a program of driver selection, training, and supervision
*Implementing a program of driver selection, training, and supervision According to the NSC, "Companies can control driver error by introducing a program of driver selection, training and supervision, while vehicle failure can be reduced by implementing a PM program."
Which of the following is not a characteristic of integrated performance assurance, safety and health, and quality assurance programs? Require common intangible asset control Serve common underlying objectives Share common success and failure measures Use common approach to achieve objectives
*Require common intangible asset control Although industry generally separates, the compliance, SH&E and quality programs, these functions have many similarities, including: - Serving common underlying objectives, such as performance assurance or risk management - Using a common approach to achieve objectives, such as activity-specific evaluation or planning and oversight - Sharing common success and failure measures, such as cost, schedule, violations or liabilities - The first step in establishing a good corporate quality plan is to determine customer requirements.
The risk remaining after preventative measures have been taken is called: Acceptable risk Tolerable risk Unacceptable risk Residual risk
*Residual risk In ANSI Z10, risk is defined as an estimate of the combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event or exposure(s), and the severity of injury or illness that may be caused by the event or exposures. According to ANSI/ASSE/ISO Guide 73 (Z690.1-2011) Vocabulary for Risk Management, risk is simply the effect of uncertainty on objectives. Risk tolerance is an organization's readiness to bear the risk after risk treatment in order to achieve its objectives. Risk acceptance is an informed decision to take a particular risk. Acceptable risk is a residual risk level achieved after risk reduction measures have been applied. It is a risk level that is accepted for a given task (hazardous situation) or hazard. The terms "acceptable risk" and "tolerable risk" are considered to the synonymous. Residual risk is defined as the risk remaining after preventative measures have been taken. No matter how effective the preventive actions, residual risk will always be present if a facility of operation continues to exist.
In order to select a system from among three potential safety design candidates, a Safety & Health consultant must recognize system failure will result in a loss, regardless of choice. An elementary design for each system showing probability of failure is shown below using standard "fault tree" symbols. Which system has the lowest overall failure probability? System "A" Failure: 2x10^-3 AND 5x10^-4 System "B" Failure: 7x10^-7 OR 3x10^-7 System "C" Failure: 1x10^-6 System A has a lower probability, and offers redundancy System B has a lower probability, but has 2 potential single point failures System C is the simplest and has lowest probability The probability is the same for all 3 systems
*The probability is the same for all 3 systems round/arched top = multiply = AND = all systems must fail for system to fail = parallel system pointed top = add = OR = if one system fails, the whole system fails = series system Since the severity and probability for each system is the same, the loss risk is also the same. Given this situation, the selection process would consider overall system cost, deliverability, quality, longevity, human factors, etc.
What type of manager utilizes an external reward and punishment system to affect performance? Theory X Theory Y MBO TQM
*Theory X The Theory X manager (according to Douglas McGregor's Theory) holds that people must be motivated to work by external reward and punishment because they are unmotivated toward work. A Theory Y manager assumes all workers are basically interested and motivated to work and therefore have a reduced need for an external reward system. Management by Objectives (MBO) is a process of joint objective setting between a superior and subordinate. It is also known as Management by Results. The managers meet the following performance objectives: - Target a key result to be accomplished - Identify a date for achieving results - Offer a realistic (measurable) and attainable challenge - Are as specific and quantitative as possible A Total Quality Management (TQM) manager functions and directs operations with an organization-wide commitment to continuous work improvement, product quality and totally meeting customer needs, by applying them to all operation aspect. Under TQM an employee's initiative to work safely is achieved by instilling a commitment to quality teamwork and continual improvement. These managers include the line manager who is responsible for activities making direct contributions to the production of the organizations product, the staff manager who has special technical expertise to advise and support the line manager and function managers that are responsible for a support area such as finance, marketing, personnel, etc. Safety Professionals can have line authority if they work under the plant manager in an operational extension (extended) capacity.
If a potential toxic hazard release is identified during a Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) of a new process, what is the best procedure to determine how to protect against the hazard in case of a release or to determine if the hazard is present in work area? Conduct a site analysis and take air samples Determine effects of local meteorological conditions Review design with engineering department Use a computerized Process Flow Sheet for initial evaluation of hazard releases
*Use a computerized Process Flow Sheet for initial evaluation of hazard releases According to the NSC "Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene", a simple Process Flow Sheet should be drawn to show how and where each toxic material is introduced and how it can be introduced into the work area. This could include evaluating the meteorological conditions and reviewing the process with the engineering staff. After the process is online, safety managers should sample the area to identify any actual releases.
ANSI/ASSE Z10-2012
American National Standard for Occupational Health & Safety Management Systems This voluntary consensus standard was published by the American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) following American National Standards Institute (ANSI) requirements. It provides management systems requirements and guidelines for improving occupational health and safety. Experts from labor, government, professional organizations, and industry formulated the standard after extensive examination of current national and international standards, guidelines, and practices. For more info: asse.org
SMART "A" - Actionable - means
Create related objectives and actions you can achieve. The objective should be transferable into actionable tasks people can accomplish. Set challenging and purposeful objectives that are realistic.
ILO-OSH 2001:
International Labor Organization Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems The ILO, a UN agency that brings together governments, employers, and workers of its member states, has developed voluntary guidelines on safety and health management systems. The guidelines are designed as an "instrument for the development of a sustainable safety culture within the enterprise and beyond." The key elements of the guidelines are built on the concept of continuous improvement. For more info: ilo.org
What is ISO?
International Organization for Standardization
OHSMS:
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems A set of interrelated elements that establish and support occupational safety and health objectives
OHSAS 18001:2007:
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems Specification - British Standard This standard specifies requirements for an occupational health and safety management system, to enable an organization to control its risks and improve its performance. The Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series (OHSAS) Project Group, an international association of government agencies, private industries, and consulting organizations first published the standard in 1999. Since then, there have been 16,000 certifications to the standard in over 80 countries. The 2007 edition reflects lessons learned from users and increases its compatibility with other international SHMS standards and guidelines. A companion document, OHSAS 18002:2000, serves as a guide to implmeneting OHSAS 18001. For more info: bsi-global.com
OBM:
Organization Behavior Model
The management term "span of control" refers to:
The breadth of a manager's expertise *The number of subordinates a manager can supervise The number of projects a manager can supervise The number of organizations a manager can supervise The well-known principle of "span of control" is defined as recognizing that a manager cannot effectively supervise more than a half dozen subordinate managers.
Risk assessment is
The process of determining risks to health attributable to environmental or other hazards. This involves evaluating the identified hazard causal factors and then characterizing the risk as the product of the hazard severity times the hazard probability. Processes used to evaluate the level of risk associated with hazards and system issues. - Assure Management commitment, involvement and direction (an absolute) - Select a risk assessment team, including employees with knowledge of jobs and tasks - Establish the analysis parameters - Select a risk assessment technique - Identify the hazards - Consider failure modes - Assess the severity of consequences determine the occurrence probability, prominently taking into consideration the exposures - Define the initial risk - Make risk acceptance or non-acceptant decisions with employee involvement - If needed, select and implement hazard avoidance, elimination, reduction and control measures - Address the residual risk - Document the results - Follow-up on the actions taken
Hazard is
any real or potential condition that can cause injury, illness, or death to personnel; damage to or loss of a system, equipment, or property; or damage to the environment. A potentially unsafe condition resulting from failures, malfunctions, external events, errors, or a combination thereof. A condition, set of circumstances, or inherent property that can cause injury, illness or death.
Safety is
freedom from those conditions that can cause death, injury, occupational illness, damage to or loss of equipment or property, or damage to the environment. The ability of a system to exclude certain undesired events (ex. mishaps) during stated operation under stated conditions for a stated time. The ability of a system or product to operate with a known and accepted level of mishap risk. A built-in system characteristic.