CH. 6

conflict theory of deviance

even with broad agreement about violation of laws/social norms, the powerful are treated differently: less likely to be criticized, investigated, or prosecuted, etc.

rehabilitative sanctions

focus on invidual; specific circumstances and conditions affecting that perpetrator; organic social sanctions

social integration

how well you are integrated into your community or social group

conformist

individual who accepts both the goals and strategies to achieve them that are considered socially acceptable

rebel

individual who rejects both traditional goals and traditional means and wants to alter or destroy the social institutions from which he/she is being alienated from

ritualist

individual who rejects socially defined goals but not the means

conflict theory relevance to Inside Job

judicial system wary to punish such powerful banks & execs because they could have detrimental affect on economy if they stand against judicial power

punitive social sanctions

making perpetrator suffer & understand boundaries of acceptable behavior; personal details don't matter; mechanical social sanctions

premodern social cohesion

mechanical sanctions, sameness of parts, similarty of function

formal social sanctions

mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior

social control

mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals

stigma

negative social label that not only changes others' behavior toward a person but also alters that person's own self-concept and social identity

white-collar crime

offence committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other institution

Emile Durkheim

offered functionalist theory of causes of suicide

retreatists

one who rejects both socially acceptable means and goals by completely retreating from, or not participating in, society

modern social cohesion

organic sanctions, interdependence of parts, specialization of functions

corporate crime

particular type of white-collar crime committed by officers of a corporation

social disorganization relevance to Inside Job

people who were making money were so far removed from what it meant: people's livelihoods, jobs, etc.

deterrence theory

philosophy of criminal justice arising from the notion that crime results from a rational calculation of its costs & benefits

functions of mechanical sanctions

reinforce boundaries of acceptable behavior & unite collectivity (same feelings of revenge guilt, etc)

anomie

sense of aimlessness that arises when we can no longer reasonable expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness

3 spheres of social institution

sleep, work, play

social cohesion

social bonds; how well people relate to each other and get along on a day-to-day basis

organic solidarity

social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of parts

mechanical/segmental solidarity

social cohesion based on sameness

innovator

social deviant who accepts socially acceptable goals but rejects socially acceptable means to achieve them

5 theories of deviance

social disorganization anomie/strain cultural transmission labeling conflict theory

social disorganization theory of deviance

study of what happens when group is placed in new social setting...lack of attachment, bonds, commitment, etc. -found this is NOT TRUE...people make new bonds quickly

secondary deviance

subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label and people's expectations of you

anomic suicide

suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient social regulation

fatalistic suicide

suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation

altruistic suicide

suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration

egoistic suicide

suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group

primary deviance

the first act of rule breaking that may incur a label of "deviant" and thus influence how people think about and act towards you

social regulation

the number of rules guiding your daily life and, more specifically, what you can expect from the world on a day-to-day basis

broken windows theory of deviance

theory explaining how social context and social cues impact whether individuals act deviantly; specifically, whether local, informal social norms allow deviant acts

informal social sanctions

usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership; the unspoken rules of social life

crime

violation of laws enacted by society

recidivism

when an individual who has been involved with the criminal justice system reverts back to their criminal behavior

differential opportunity theory

when faced with two options: law-abiding life or law-breaking one, people choose the option with the greater economic return

Robert Merton

developed strain theory as a functionalist perspective account of social deviance

cultural transmission theory of deviance

deviant behavior is learned through association

structural strain theory of deviance

dominant values/goals & legitimate means to pursue/achieve them --> people can either accept or reject them

Howard S. Becker

applied labeling theory to the question of deviance begins

Erving Goffman

applied social interactionist theory to the dynamics of total institutions

restitutive social sanctions

attempt to restore status quo that existed prior to offense or event

street crime trend

began increasing through 1960s & 1980s, peaked in early 1990s, then began decreasing

labeling theory

belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self-identity

street crime

crime committed in public and often associated with violance, gangs, poverty

functional view of deviance

-deviance is essential part of all social groups -promotes social stability

conflict view of deviance

-deviance reflects interests of powerful individuals and groups -members of powerless groups are more likely to receive negative sanctions for same behavior

interactionalist view of deviance

-focuses on how deviance is learned from associates and through social networks -deviance reflects symbolic messages about areas/groups -created by stereoptypes and images of social groups

collective conscience

Durkheim's definition: common faith or set of social norms by which a society and its members abide

strain theory

Robert Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all of its members equal ability to to achieve socially acceptable goals

panopticon

a circular building composed of an inner ring and outer ring designed to serve as a prison in which the guards, housed in the inner ring, can observe the prisoners without the detainees knowing whether they are being watched

total institutions

an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life; no barriers between usual spheres of daily life and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same authority

social deviance

any transgression of socially established norms