BCaB4-D

Internal Validity:

: when a functional relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable exists within an experiment and all extraneous variables have ben accounted for and held constant during the experiment. is the extent to which the treatment being implemented is resulting in the desired behavior change, and is not the result of another variable not related to the treatment plan we would need to know that the experiment worked, as intended(Como era la intention) is the conclusion about how correct (valid) the relationship between two variables is

External Validity Example:

A program of antecedent environmental changes plus explicit teaching of new behavioral chains led to an increase in productivity at the Ohio office. 1 - The same program was implemented in the Florida office with similar results. 2 - A program of similar interven was used in a different industry and Chowed positive results

Tanya noticed that her husband rarely did a load of laundry or dishes. She decided to give him his favorite snack after putting in a load of laundry or dishes, as well as giving him praise, such as "Thank you, that is so helpful!" After trying this for about a month, Tanya stopped offering praise or a snack. Which design best describes Tanya's experiment? A. A withdrawal/reversal design B. A between-groups design C. An alternating treatment design D. A multiple baseline design

A. A withdrawal/reversal design

Ron is working with Derek on counting from 1-10. Progress was slow and Ron was having a hard time engaging Derek in this task. Then, he noticed Derek's interest in the music of a peer. Ron played the same song while counting from 1-10. Derek's engagement in the activities increased and he was able to complete the task. Ron had Derek try without the music again, but with no success. Ron played the song with Derek a week later and, again, Derek was able to count from 1-10. What has Ron seemingly demonstrated? A. Internal validity B. Alternating treatments C. A preference assessment D. Operant conditioning

A. Internal validity

It has been reported that Annie is spitting both at school and at home throughout the day. Sarah, Annie's BCBA is recording the instance of Annie's spitting per hour, both at home and at school. Upon looking over the data, Sarah noticed that usually spitting occurred when staff or parents were not attending to Annie. Given this information, Sarah has recommended a time-based schedule of attention of 5 minutes in both settings. What are the dependent and Independent variables, respectively? A. Rate of spitting / FI 5 minutes B. Spitting rate / NCR C. FR 5 / IRT of spitting D. NCR for attention / spitting rate

B. Spitting rate / NCR

advantage of single subject designs (changing criterion design)

Behavioral processes can be directly observed No return to baseline is necessary Allows for increase or decrease in frequency, rate or magnitude of behavior.

Where as A is verification, B is replication and the shaded box is prediction in a multiple baseline design

Behaviors on other tiers remain unchanged

Tony has been working with Andrew for a year. Andrew's screaming significantly decreased over this time. Tony has tried a variety of interventions, too. In order to better understand what part of his treatment package had the least effect on Andrew's behavior over this time, what should Tony do next? A. A parametric analysis B. A functional analysis C. A component analysis D. A descriptive analysis

C. A component analysis

Joe is working with Charlie, Frank, and Sam on attending during a seated activity. He is using the same intervention for all three clients and has received convincing evidence that the intervention used is responsible for the behavior change. Joe has been using: A. A multi-element design B. A between-subjects design C. A single-subjects design D. A DRI procedure

C. A single-subjects design

Single case or single-subject design is best at testing the effectiveness of treatments on individuals (a single participant) when the focus is on durable, consistent, and socially and/or biologically important outcomes. Group research focuses on, and is best for, testing the effectiveness of treatments at the group level (typically using a treatment and control group). In ABA, single-case subject design has an advantage over group research designs. Which is an advantage of group designs? A. Rigorous experimental control B. Reveals individual variability within the experiment C. Allows for replication of individual results D. Ability to use statistical analysis to describe the influence of the independent variable

D. Ability to use statistical analysis to describe the influence of the independent variable

The characteristics of single subject designs include all EXCEPT: A. Individuals serving as their own control B. Repeated measures C. Baseline logic (prediction, verification, replication) D. Multiple variables tested at one time

D. Multiple variables tested at one time

A. Replicating treatment effects in subsequent tiers

Multiple baseline experimental design shows experimental control by: A. Replicating treatment effects in subsequent tiers B. Returning to baseline C. Follow-up probes D. Showing no overlapping data points

B. This behavior may be irreversible

Scott is developing a sight word fluency program for his client. Scott is measuring the effectiveness of having each client write the same words five times vs. reading the words five times, using a withdraw/reversal experimental design. Scott finds similar success with both methods. Analyzing the graph, which is the most likely explanation of the results? A. Writing words is more effective than reading words B. This behavior may be irreversible C. Reading words is more effective than writing words D. Another baseline is required

A. Behaviors on other tiers remain unchanged

Where as A is verification, B is replication and the shaded box is prediction, multiple baseline experimental designs show experimental control when behavior changes only during intervention and when: A. Behaviors on other tiers remain unchanged B. Behaviors reverse to baseline condition levels C. Behavior under the intervention condition covary with baseline conditions D. Behaviors show no overlapping points

C. Frequency of head banging

Which is a dependent variable? A. Baseline condition B. Contingent videogame removal C. Frequency of head banging D. No videogame/ control condition

multiple probe design

a feature is follow-up probe

multiple baseline design

generally does not have a return-to-baseline condition. not use a return to baseline phase Replicating treatment effects in subsequent tiers compares one intervention across subjects, settings or behaviors

A single-subject or within-subject design

has the advantage of comparing each individual on performance before and after intervention. directly measure behavioral processes for each participant. are that individuals serve as their own controls (vs a control GROUP) and repeated measures (aids in understanding individual variability) lead to rigorous experimental control. Behavioral processes can be directly observed use a visual analysis, rather than a statistical comparison of group performance. is best at testing the effectiveness of treatments on individuals (a single participant) when the focus is on durable, consistent, and socially and/or biologically important outcomes. This is very different from a between-subjects design that compares the average of a control group versus an intervention group. serving as their own controls (vs a control GROUP) and repeated measures (aids in understanding individual variability) lead to rigorous experimental control

changing criterion design

has the advantage of not needing a return to baseline to demonstrate experimental control

descriptive analysis

involves observation and description of the behavior.

A withdrawal/reversal design

is a single subject design in which a baseline is recorded, intervention is put into place and then the intervention is withdrawn

baseline condition

is simply the behavioral condition prior to the application of the independent variable.

dependent variable

is the measure of behavior

Component analysis

is to assess each element of a treatment package and see what part of the treatment package was the most effective (or least effective) in the behavior change process. is used to determine which part of a treatment may be responsible for change within a behavior intervention plan find out which component of the intervention is responsible for decreasing the behavior as to extend that component to different settings

Irreversibility

is to be considered when using a reversal design.

Parametric analysis

is to determine the amount (dosage) of the independent variable needed to effectively change behavior. Individuo might use a DRO of 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 20 minutes compares differing magnitudes or amounts of the intervention

Functional analysis

is to test different functions of behavior to better understand why a behavior is occurring. This won't help Tony understand the relative effects of his treatment package, however.

restricted in aba

limited

alternating treatments design

needs to compare 2-4 treatments needs to have two treatments

Group research focuses on, and is best for,

testing the effectiveness of treatments at the group level (typically using a treatment and control group)

Independent Variable (Manipulated Variable)

the intervention, such as DRA, EXT, etc. The independent variable is NOT the time period listed on the x-axis.

Dependent Variable (Responding Variable)

the measure that you are using, such as duration, IRT, etc.

behaviors irreversibles examples

using the restroom, reading, writing and riding a bike. Once learned, you can't go back.

External validity (generalizability)

when an experiment is replicated and the results are similar, or measures of one experiment are similar to some other "external" measure. Direct replication is an attempt * replicate all components of the experiment conducted; results are analyzed would compare results to some measure outside of the current experiment, such as other parents implementing the same plan with success. You are able to utilize your results across subjects

Features of Single-Subject (Ipsative) Designs:

1) Subject serves as his/her own control. This is unique to single subject designs. Group designs will most often compare the group average score or results of a specific pro am/ intervention to either another group average score from a different intervention or no intervention (placebo). Although we say the subject serves as her or her own control, this does not 0052 ean there can be only one subject. There can, and often are, multiple subjects but each is graphed/analyzed individually, 2) Repeated measures- the independent variable is systematically applied and removed to see what the effects are on the dependent variable. Consistent and predictable changes when the independent variable is applied strengthen the believability that there is a functional relationship. 3) Steady state responding before the next phase. Because single-subject Design use comparative visual analysis, we want to literally see a consistent trend in one phase before introducing a new phase. 4) A prediction is made that the baseline would continue at the present rate no changes were made. This is also the prediction that introducing an intervention will cause the DV to change. 5) An independent variable (i.e., an intervention) is put into place. If the behavior changes only when the IV is in place, this is some verification that IV caused this change. 6) When this result can be replicated (at least once more), we can become more and more sure of the cause-effect relationship between the IV and DV. 日

Bradley, a BCBA, created an intervention for his client's "mouthing" behavior. Brad completed an FA and determined the function to be sensory/automatic, particularly during times of high stress. In the clinical setting, the intervention includes a DRI with gum chewing and a mechanical toothbrush. The treatment plan also includes escape requests for high-stress activities in addition to general sensory activities on a VI 15 schedule throughout the day. The mouthing behavior has decreased from an average duration of 35 minutes per hour to five minutes per hour. Before attempting to replicate this intervention with others, Brad should first conduct: A. A component analysis B. A comparative analysis C. A parametric analysis D. A multiple probe design in anlternate settings

A.A component analysis

Sarah didn't take out the trash, like she was supposed to for 3 weeks in a row. Sarah's mom wanted to increase Sarah's rate of behavior, so she offered her 5 dollars for every time she took out the trash. Sarah took out the trash 5 days per week after this. Her mother then stopped paying her after another month, and Sarah went back to her previous levels of trash removal. Her mother, being upset, decided to offer Sarah 5 dollars again for every time she took out the trash. This strategy seemed to work for the next 4 weeks. Sarah's mother can be reasonably sure that her payments made a difference, because of her: A. Replication B. Intervention C. Prediction D. Control condition

A.Replication

advantage of group designs

Ability to use statistical analysis to describe the influence of the independent variable

B. Allows for increase or decrease in magnitude of behavior.

Advantages of the above single-subject design include: A. A comparative analysis can be conducted. B. Allows for increase or decrease in magnitude of behavior. C. No control of direction and/or level of change is required. D. Behavior should be irreversible.

B. No return to baseline is necessary

Advantages of the above single-subject design include: A. A comparison of behaviors for a single subject and a return to baseline B. No return to baseline is necessary C. Allows for unrestricted increases in client behavior D. Useful for behaviors outside a client's repertoire

Tony is the manager of a small paper company. He is focused on increasing Tommy, Sally, Greg and Tabatha's sales. He starts by offering a bonus to those who sell 5 more pallets of paper than they did last quarter. He increases the next quarter's quota to 10 and the next to 15. Which research design does Tony appear to be implementing? A. A multiple baseline design across subjects B. A changing criterion design C. Alternating treatments design D. A parametric analysis

B. A changing criterion design

For the past week, Sarah has not taken out the trash. Sarah's mom wants to increase the frequency of Sarah's taking out the trash, and offers Sarah 5 dollars every time she takes out the trash. After 2 weeks, Sarah's mom stops paying her for a week until starting to pay her again. Daily frequency data is taken, in order to see if 5 dollars for taking out the trash will increase this behavior. Sarah's mother experiment is: A. Externally valid B. A single subject design C. A multiple baseline design D. Internally valid

B. A single subject design

Scott is a baseball coach. He wants to increase his team's batting average and has read about an innovative approach to the swing. He divides his team into two. One group continues with the current swing and the other is taught the new swing technique. Scott sees an average improvement in the "new swing" group, when compared to the "current swing" group. Completing this study with a single-subject design, instead of between subjects, would have what advantage? A. Using a statistical analysis of individual batter results B. Comparing the pre and post intervention scores for each batter C. Understanding the average results per group D. Determining whether the intervention had an effect for the control group

B. Comparing the pre and post intervention scores for each batter

Single case or single-subject design is best at testing the effectiveness of treatments on individuals (a single participant) when the focus is on durable, consistent, and socially and/or biologically important outcomes. Group research focuses on, and is best for, testing the effectiveness of treatments at the group level (typically using a treatment and control group). ABA single case/subject design has an advantage over group research designs. Which is an advantage of single subject designs? A. An ability to compare individuals in a control condition to those in an experimental condition. B. Average performances are compared. C. Behavioral processes can be directly observed D. An ability to use statistical analysis to describe a set of individuals.

C. Behavioral processes can be directly observed

Sally had been working out for two weeks, and completed a 30-minute workout session in 5 of those days. During the next two weeks, Sally called her friend after each 30-minute workout. In these 14 days, she recorded 12 days of workouts. What is the independent variable in this scenario? A. Working out for 30 minutes B. The 14 days C. Calling a friend after a workout D. Sessions

C. Calling a friend after a workout

Tom gives his son skittles every time he goes to the bathroom on his own. This has increased his son's independent toileting. Some months later, Tom is at his aunt's house, where Tom offers his niece some skittles to go to the bathroom. His niece refused to go to the bathroom on her own. With his niece, Tom seems to have tried to establish, which? A. Functional control B. Technological C. External validity D. Negative reinforcement

C. External validity

Sarah's mom noticed that the trash was not being taken out consistently; she took note of each of the ten times that she asked Sarah to take out the trash. Sarah's mom then offered Sarah 5 dollars for every time that she took out the trash. Sarah's rate of taking out the trash jumped to 5 days per week. Sarah's mom was proud of her intervention and assumed that Sarah would keep taking out the trash, as long as she paid $5/per instance. However, Sarah went off to college and her mother stopped taking data. The mother's assumption that Sarah would keep taking out the trash, if given $5 is an example of: A. Direct observation B. Replication C. Prediction D. Verification

C. Prediction

For the past two weeks, Sarah has not taken out the trash. Sarah's mom wants to increase the frequency of Sarah taking out the trash, and she offers her 5 dollars every time she does so. Sarah's mom keeps track daily, and has Sarah taken out the garbage every day for a week. If her mom then stops paying her and Sarah stops taking the garbage out, the mother has demonstrated: A. Prediction B. Replication C. Verification D. ABAB design

C. Verification

Internal Validity can be demonstrated by all EXCEPT: A. No confounding variables or extraneous factors can explain your results. B. Your intervention precedes changes in your response variables. C. You are able to utilize your results across subjects. D. Responses change after your intervention

C. You are able to utilize your results across subjects.

Sam is working with Sean who is on an FR1 schedule of reinforcement. Sam is interested in thinning Sean's schedule of reinforcement and in determining its effects. He tries to reinforce Sean with 30 seconds of play time, then 1 minute of play time and, finally, 2 minutes of play time; contingent upon correct responses. What has Sam done? A. A component analysis B. A progressive schedule C. A parametric analysis D. A thinning of the reinforcement schedule

C.A parametric analysis

Advantages of Single-Subject Designs:

Group data may not he useful to he individual subject. Single subject design will provide with information on the behavior of an individual and its change, based on an intervention. The average results for a group may be meaningless to a particular individual. Group data mask variability. When interpreting data from a single subject design if there variability in the data it will be clear and also important to question y there is variability. Why do some people in a group respond to intervention while others do not? The averaging of group designs means that the variation of individuals doesn't appear in the data. Group data do not represent real behavioral processes. Instead, they represent statistical differences between averages of each group. Instead of looking a he response-to-intervention for each person, group data assume that change has occurred, when it may not have occurred for many individuals. - Between group designs lack intrasubject replication. You can't redo ent for cach person becade you are not aware of each « ironionidosa!'s performance.

Changing criterion design

To use the changing criterion design effectively the skill must already be in the repertoire of the client (we assume that each sales team member sold some paper last quarter). The set criterion here is an exact number of extra pallets to sell. There is no incentive for selling more and no incentive for selling less.

between-subjects design

compares the average of a control group versus an intervention group. Comparing averages of one group to another using statistical analyses mask individual variability by averaging the whole group together.

progressive schedule

decreases the reinforcement schedule