Behavioral Sciences 2, Needs, Motivation and Attitude

Describe the socio-cultural factors that influence our consumption of food.

Eating during occasions, time of day, desire to eat certain foods, food appeal, food availability.

Briefly describe Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

Emphasizes an individual's motivation in the continuous quest for self-actualization. The lower needs requiring fulfillment before those at higher levels can be achieved, with self-actualization being fulfillment of one's highest potential.

Describe the cognitive approach to motivation.

Focuses on our rational and decision making capacity.

What are the basic needs according to maslow?

Physiologic and saftey needs.

What froms the base of maslow's hierarchy of need?

Physiological needs (food, water, oxygen, sleep.)

What level come before self esteem in maslow's pyramid?

Social needs: need for love, acceptance, belonging, intimacy.

True or False: behavior can influence our attitudes.

True. strong social pressures can weaken our attitude to behavior connection, cause our attitudes to follow our behavior.

Describe the last stage of the Elaboration Likelihood Model.

When attitude change occurs. Central: deep processing may result in a long lasting attitude change. Peripheral: attitude may change but likely only temporary.

Describe the Elaboration Likelihood Model

attempts to explain how attitudes are formed and changed. 3 stages information processed down two possible paths: central and peripheral.

Describe target characteristics.

characteristics of the listener receiving the message.

What is at the top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

self-actualization (reaching ones maximum potential, desire to accomplish everyone one can do, become the most one can be.)

what is the 4th level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

self-esterm: need feel confident, sense of achievement, recognition and competence of skill.

What are 3 components of attitude?

- Affective (emotional): we may feel or have emotions about a certain object, topic, subject (I'm scared of spiders) - Behavioral: how we act or behave towards object/subject (I will avoid spiders and scream when I see one) - Cognitive: form thoughts/beliefs and have knowledge about subject/topic that will influence and shape our attitude (I believe/think spiders are dangerous) *ABC model

Describe the sociocultural factors that influence drug consumption.

Curiosity, drug is a novelty, need to rebel, poor control, stress management, low self esteem, relief, poverty.

Describe motivation

Desire to do something; stimuli to action.

Describe the evolutionary approach to motivation.

Focuses on the role instincts play in motivation. What do humans do to survive? What is learned vs instinct?

Describe the Elaboration Likelihood Model for Persuasion (ELM).

Focuses on the why and how of persuasion. 2 roots in which information is processed: 1. Central Root: degree of attitude change depends upon the quality of the arguments. 2. Peripheral Root: looks at superficial and nonverbal cues. (Attractiveness, expertise, status of persuader)

Describe the second stage of the Elaboration Likelihood Model.

Message/Source Characteristics: Central Route: when motivated to listen, pay attention to quality of message, leads to deep processing of the info. Peripheral Route: pay less attention to message, more attention to superficial characteristics, leads to shallow processing of info.

Describe the Prototype Willingness Model (PWM).

Our behavior is a function of 6 things: 1. Function of our past behavior. 2. Function of our attitude of our behavior. 3. Function of subjective norms. 4. Function our intentions. 5. Function of our willingness to engage with a type of behavior. 6. Function of our prototypes/models

List the "climb" up Maslows hierarchy of needs.

Physiological needs, safety needs, need for love/belonging, need for self-esteem, self-actualization.

Describe role-playing in relation to behaviors influence on attitudes.

We all play many roles in life. When placed in a new role, feels weird at first - like you are not acting like yourself. But given enough time, what feels like acting starts to become and feel like you. Feels normal.

Describe the Attitude to Behavior Process Model

an event triggers an attitude. This attitude + knowledge of something will lead to our behavior toward that something.

Describe what an attitude is.

and attitude is a learned tendency to evaluate things in a certain way.

Compare massage characteristics vs source characteristics.

message characteristics: how well written, well thought out. source characteristics: environment in which the argument is being proposed. (official seminar vs drinking bar)

What 3 things are intentions based off of?

1. Attitudes towards a certain behavior (I think studying is favorable) 2. Subjective Norms: what we think OTHERS think about our behavior (friends think studying is a waste of time) 3. Perceived Behavior Control: how easy/hard we think it is to control our behavior. (I have to work on other things besides studying)

Compare the central vs peripheral path of information processing.

Central path: motivated to listen. Peripheral path: info is unimportant, unmotivated to listen.

Describe the drive-reduction theory of motivation

Drives are internal states of tension that induce particular activity. The drive-reduction theory states drives help humans survive by creating an uncomfortable state ensuring motivation to eliminate this state or relieve internal tension. Primary drives (need for food, water, warmth) motivate us to sustain bodily temp in homeostasis. Homeostasis is controlled by negative feedback.

Describe the sexual response cycle.

Excitement phase (increased muscle tension, HR, BP) Plateau Phase Orgasm Resolution/Refractory Period.

Describe the biological factors that influence drug consumption.

Genetic predisposition, withdrawal effects, biochemical, dopamine release - affects limbic system (activated during many drugs), feelings of euphoria (reinforcing use).

What need comes after Physiological needs?

Need for safety (in employment, in health, in property, in shelter)

Describe the optimum arousal theory.

People are motivated to reach full alertness/arousal. Why a person buys an expensive amusement park ticket to ride a roller coaster (arousing). We perform best when we are not over/under-aroused.

Describe incentive theory

Reward tengible/intanigble is presentented after the occurance of an action with the intention of causing the behavior to occur again. *Done by associating a positive meaning to the behavior. *

Describe the biological factors that influence sex behavior.

Sex cycle, sex drive linked to testosterone. Sexual activity raises testosterone, while testosterone raises sex drive. Genetic predisposition to sexuality.

Describe the sociocultural factors that influence sex behavior.

Sexual responses vary by age, cultural background, responsiveness to stimulus, emotions, desires.

What is the first stage of the Elaboration Likelihood Model.

Target Characteristics. Central Route: if info is interesting, motivated to listen, important. Peripheral Route: if info if uninteresting, unmotivated to listen, unimportant.

Describe the biological factors that influence our consumption of food.

When hungry lateral hypothalamus signals to start eating, when full ventromedial hypothalamus signals to stop eating, leptin (appetite suppressing hormone) high concentration. Insulin and metabolism also play roles. Gene predisposition for body weight.

Describe the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Describe the Theory of Planned Behavior

we consider the implications of our actions before we decide how to behave. Best predictor of our behavior is the strength of these intentions in a situation.