Big Boy Psych Day
Linda is feeling shaky, her heart is racing, and her mouth is dry. She attributes these symptoms to the fact that she has a big presentation in five minutes and she is nervous. Which theory of emotion best explains Linda's experience?
Schacter-Singer two-factor
The three phases of memory include (1) changing external information into a neural code, (2) retaining the information, and (3) accessing it later on. In this order, these three memory steps are
(1) encoding, (2) storage, and (3) retrieval.
Research suggests that about half of the sexually transmitted infections in the U.S. each year occur in people between the ages of
15 to 24.
Current approaches to psychological research occur across ___________ broadly defined levels of analysis.
4
Dr. Wolfgang would like to conduct a study examining how children learn to use slang words based on listening to their peers. Dr. Wolfgang's research would benefit if he read the work of ________, a psychologist who investigated observational learning.
Alfred Bandura
Key questions regarding claims, that should be addressed in the process of critical thinking, include:
All of the above
The sociocogntive theory of hypnosis proposes that people who are hypnotized are actually _____________.
Answer: behaving according to expectations of how a hypnotized person should behave
The study of personality, gender, developmental age-groups, and self-concept occur at what level of analysis?
Individual
The study of factors that lead to people feeling depressed occurs within the subfield of ____________ psychology.
Clinical
Neurons receive messages from other neurons, due to this part of their anatomy.
Dendrites
In an experiment, this is the variable that is measured in order to determine the impact of the intervention.
Dependent
Emil Kraepelin is well-known in the field of psychology because he noticed that not all people with psychopathology were experiencing the same disorder. Further, he could identify different types of psychopathology by grouping clients' symptoms. Because of this classification system, Kraepelin's work is the basis for the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Susie wants to use operant conditioning to teach her cat to sit up for a treat. A psychologist who has conducted research that would be useful to her in this situation is
Edward Thorndike.
Dr. Woolston is interested in studying teenagers' social lives and the challenges they face. Dr. Woolston should consult with his colleague ________, who would argue that the main difficulty teenagers face is forming a sense of ________.
Erikson; identity
In an experiment, this is the group that receives the intervention of the independent variable being investigated.
Experimental
Depressants produce their effects by activating __________ receptors.
GABA
Every morning, my bathroom scale tells me that I weight 120 pounds. However, when I go to the doctor's office, the very accurate professional scale says I weigh 130 pounds. My bathroom scale has _____ and ______.
High reliability; low validity
Peter is a 4-year-old who can already read and has the vocabulary of a 10-year-old. His parents also love to read, so his house is filled with books. What is the most reasonable conclusion about the source of Peter's high intelligence?
His intelligence resulted from an interaction of both genes and environment
Dr. Earl is a cognitive psychologist who studies thinking. Which question is most relevant to Dr. Earl's research?
How do we mentally rotate objects to "see" them from many angles?
Which finding is the best evidence that genetics plays an important role in determining intelligence?
Identical twins raised apart have more similar IQs than siblings raised together.
Which person is most likely to have a sense of self that is based on his feeling of being unique from others?
Jack, who was raised in Australia
If Dr. Raybel wants to observe how people learn to play a new game, he may want to consult the founder of behaviorism,
John Watson
Professor Chen wants to study the motivation for stealing. Which of the following colleagues should he consult?
Lawrence Kohlberg
Which person is most likely to have a sense of self largely defined by his social roles and group relationships?
Miko, who was raised in Japan
The functions of dopamine include:
Motor Control
Neural communication, by means of action potentials, result in the release of chemicals known as ____________.
Neurotransmitters
Gestalt psychology, notable for its assertion that human experience cannot be broken down into basic elements, developed in opposition to which other school of psychological thought?
Structuralism
A model of interconnected ideas or concepts that explains what is observed and makes predictions about future events.
Theory
Most psychologists are employed by ____________.
Universities and four-year colleges
In 1879, ___________ established the first psychology laboratory in Germany.
Wundt
Arianna refuses to eat, has stopped bathing, has quit going to work and paying bills, and no longer talks to people. Should Arianna be diagnosed with a mental disorder?
Yes, her behavior is maladaptive.
You are walking through the jungle and you see a very large snake. Which of the following explanations best represents the James-Lange theory of emotion?
You are afraid because you are shaking.
You are walking through the jungle and you see a very large snake. Which of the following explanations best represents the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
You are shaking and you are afraid.
According to the diathesis-stress model, mental disorders are caused by both ________ and stress.
a predisposition to mental illness
Malcolm knows that environmental factors can influence his child in many different ways and they first begin to have an effect on children
about two weeks after conception.
General adaptation syndrome (GAS) proposes three levels of stress resistance. Which of the following lists the correct order of stages?
alarm-resistance-exhaustion
Marijuana has the effects of which class of drug?
all of the above
Which of the following is an example of a psychoactive drug that increases both mental processes and physical activity?
all of the above
Paul is babysitting Pamela for the first time. When Pamela's mom leaves, Pamela cries. When her mom returns, Pamela reaches for her but then pushes away from her. Paul assumes Pamela has a(n) ________ attachment.
ambivalent
Winona has difficulty determining how fearful someone is based on the person's facial expressions. Her friends worry that she can no longer process the emotional significance of stimuli due to brain damage and think there is a problem with Winona's
amygdala
A road map and a photograph have some of the physical characteristics of objects. Because of this, they are ________ of the external world around us.
analogous representations
Monica is very good at algebra and chemistry. However, she is not very good at writing short stories. According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, Monica most likely has high ________ intelligence and low ________ intelligence.
analytical; creative
Psychologists use the term personality mainly to refer to characteristics and behaviors that
are relatively stable across time and circumstances.
Mary does well in both math and science. According to general intelligence theory, Mary's performance in literature and history should be ________ how she does in math and science.
as good as
Research has shown that social isolation increases the risk of illness by the same amount as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. This finding supports the idea that the need for ________ is a fundamental adaptive motive.
belonging
Women experience depression more often than men. This fact is evidence for the idea that ________ factors influence psychopathology.
biological
Thoughts and behaviors affect the environment. The environment affects human biology. In turn, biology affects behavior. This description fits the ________ model of health psychology.
biopsychosocial
According to the paradox of choice, having some choice is good, and having even more choice
can be frustrating and impair thinking.
Events that are particularly stressful for humans are those that are
catastrophic and uncontrollable.
When people group several concepts together, such as basketball, baseball, and football, based on the shared property of being "ball sports," they are creating a _____________ of concepts
category
According to the elaboration likelihood model, persuasion occurs through the ________ routes.
central and peripheral
Consists of the brain and spinal cord.
central nervous system
The ___________ is divided into four lobes.
cerebral cortex
People see the figure ( ) as an oval rather than two separate curving lines. Which Gestalt principle explains this outcome?
closure
Casey eats a lot of junk food. She knows the negative consequences of her diet, but rationalizes her behavior by saying the junk food helps her deal with her anxiety. Casey is using this explanation because she is uncomfortable with the inconsistency between her actions and her beliefs and wants to reduce
cognative dissonance
Chris is describing what lasagna is to a friend who has never eaten it before. He tells his friend, "Lasagna usually has layers of noodles with cheese and sauce in between each layer." In this situation, Chris is describing his __________ of lasagna.
concept
When trying to explain Piaget's theory of development to his roommate, Martin correctly states that development
consists of a series of qualitatively different stages of cognitive ability.
When Jon visits his grandmother's house, he always thinks about his childhood. Something about the way her house smells seems to trigger these memories. This is an example of
context-dependent memory.
If a human is experiencing split brain, what part of their neuroanatomy has been severed?
corpus callosum
If Ansel believes in a dynamic systems perspective, he most likely believes that development occurs through a series of interactions between the child's biology, his or her ________, and his or her ________.
culture; environment
After an earthquake in one city, people were overexcited and there were no police around. So, mobs of people looted the damaged shops and homes. This behavior is most likely a result of
deindividualization
Stephanie has social phobia. The more social fears she has, the more likely she is to
develop depression
John was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia. He frequently makes statements that are not logical and contain repeating rhyming words, such as "The train brain rained on me." In this example, John is displaying
disorganized speech
Hobson and McCarley proposed the activation-sythesis model to explain __________.
dreaming
Raymond is studying for finals and has not slept for almost two days. He finally realizes he is exhausted and goes home from the library to sleep. Raymond's desire to go home and get some rest so that he no longer feels tired is a(n)
drive
The Type B behavior pattern describes a person who is
easygoing and accomodating
When you are reading your textbook, your brain changes the words you are reading into a meaningful neural code that it can use. In memory, this process is called
encoding
Which of the following is a type of explicit memory?
episodic
If Pavlov repeatedly presented the conditioned stimulus, the metronome, without the unconditioned stimulus, the food, the dogs would stop salivating to the sound of the metronome. In classical conditioning, this process is called
extinction
Albert has a beautiful garden in his backyard and notices that hummingbirds feed on the flowers at the same time each day in order to get the most nectar. The hummingbirds are being rewarded for their feeding behavior on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed interval
When we process information about the self, there is more activity in the ________ of the brain.
frontal lobes
Karl is posting signs on campus and he ran out of tape to put up the last sign. He could not figure out another way to put up the sign even though he was chewing gum and could have used the gum to put up the sign. Karl most likely does not come up with this solution because of
functional fixedness
When explaining other people's behavior, the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situation factors is referred to as the
fundamental attribution error
The idea that one single intelligence factor contributes to performance on all intellectual tasks is known as the ________ intelligence theory.
general
Jonah experiences nearly constant anxiety that is not associated with a specific thing. Jonah is most likely to be diagnosed with
generalized anxiety disorder
Claude Bouchard found that identical twins have similar weights regardless of whether they are raised together or apart. This study provides evidence for the idea that
genes play an important role in weight gain.
According to ________ we perceive a car as a whole unit rather than perceiving it as a group of distinct entities (such as metal, tires, glass, door handles, hubcaps, and fenders).
gestalts psychology
The _____________ proposes that conciousness arises as a function of which brain circuits are active.
global workspace model
Jamie needs to quit smoking. According to your textbook, which strategy seems to have been most effective for around 90 percent of people?
going "cold turkey"
The sense of taste is also called
gustation
The endocrine system uses these chemicals to influence our thoughts and actions.
hormones
Our ability to fulfill our potential through greater self-understanding is part of the ________ approach to personality.
humanistic
One day, Bill surprises his friend Ted by jumping out from behind a tree. Ted is startled and falls backward, hitting his head on a rock. The next day, Ted cannot stop eating and eats as much food as possible. Ted may have damaged the part of his brain called the
hypothalmus
When attitudes influence feelings and behavior on an unconscious level they are called
implicit
Our ability to learn quickly, understand complex ideas, and use knowledge to solve problems demonstrates
intelligence
Although the practice and theory of Phrenology has largely been scientifically discredited, it did provide an important insight regarding the _____________.
localization of brain function
The sense that allows you to determine the location of your body and limbs in space is called
kinesthetic
Thirteen-year-old Sasha has a hard time getting along with her siblings because she often feels emotional and acts irrationally. She knows that she overreacts to their teasing, but she cannot help it. Sasha's feelings are most likely due to activation in her
limbic system
According to the theory of multiple intelligences, the famous authors Mark Twain and Dr. Seuss most likely possessed high ________ intelligence.
linguistic
Professor Smith refuses to learn his students' names because he believes the names will take up space in his memory that he needs to store research-related information. Professor Smith's belief about his memory is INCORRECT because
long-term storage holds unlimited amounts of information.
Reveille just got a new bank account password: 979tamu. She repeats the code over and over, keeping the information maintained in short-term storage by using
maintenance rehearsal
When people are going into military combat, adjusting to a new marriage, or starting a new job they are most likely experiencing
major life stressors
What hormone produced in the brain is said to aid regulation of circadian rhythms because bright light reduces production and darkness increases production?
melatonin
Billy has watched many movies in which the hero smokes cigarettes. Billy identifies with these heroes and begins to smoke himself. Billy's new smoking behavior is best explained by
modeling
Daria is writing a lecture and wants to explain the difference between being motivated by states of biological deficiency versus being motivated by incentives. Which of the following should she include as an example of an incentive that can motivate behavior even though it is NOT related to a "need"?
money
Elaborative rehearsal is a more effective memory strategy than maintenance rehearsal because the information is processed
more deeply
Hugh is sad that his best friend is studying abroad for the entire academic year. His brother tries to get him to go to some social events, but Hugh does not want to do anything. Hugh's behavior is not energized, directed, or sustained, and he is lacking
motivation
A man is skiing skillfully down a mountain. This man would most likely score high on bodily kinesthetic intelligence, according to the _______ theory
multiple intelligences
In operant conditioning, removing a stimulus to increase a behavior in the future is called
negative reinforcement
Nerve cells, are also known as ___________.
neurons
Stanley Milgram's shock experiment illustrates the phenomenon of
obedience
Jonathan is traveling to Italy, and his motto for his trip is "When in Rome, do as the Romans do!" This phrase suggests that Jonathan is most likely to learn how to behave in Rome based on
observational learning.
When Valerie leaves her house, she experiences unwelcome thoughts that make her nervous, so she engages in repetitive behaviors that make her feel calmer so she can get into her car. Based on this, Valerie is most likely to be diagnosed with
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Dr. Brimfield believes that humans learn best when they are given the opportunity to act on their environments and make associations between their behavior and the effects it produces. Dr. Brimfield believes in
operant conditioning
Psychoactive drugs that reduce pain and produce pleasurable feelings.
opiates
While moving into a new apartment, Cole needed to hold the door open but he did not have a doorstop. Instead, he used his heavy potted plant to prop open the door. Cole solved this problem by
overcoming functional fixedness
Gloria sometimes finds herself experiencing episodes of sudden overpowering terror and worry that come out of nowhere and make her short of breath. Based on this, Gloria might be diagnosed with
panic disorder
Which of the following is illustrated in the Stanford prison study?
people will behave according to their roles in a situation
Which of the following information is NOT communicated by the face?
personal attributions
Negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype are known as
prejudice
Camden is explaining all the different stages of development he has learned in his introductory psychology class. Which of the following is the correct order for all of the periods of human development?
prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood
Remembering how to ice skate is most likely an example of ________ memory.
procedural
Health psychologists investigate
promoting health and well-being
The________ is a thin inner surface behind the eyeball and it contains sensory receptors.
retina
Which psychological disorder literally means "splitting of the mind" and is characterized by a split between thoughts and emotions?
schizophrenia
Freud thought that anxiety resulted from conflict between ________ and ________.
the id; the superego
Susan usually does well on her written assignments and she says this is because she works really hard. But when she gets a bad grade on her last written assignment, she says it is because the teacher does not like her. Her explanations show that she is making a
self-serving bias
If someone asks you to describe what a school is, you would most likely retrieve a(n) ________ memory
semantic
The sense organs' detection of external physical stimuli is called ________, whereas further processing, organizing, and interpreting of those stimuli in the brain is called ________.
sensation; perception
Sharon is 60 and has experienced slowness of thought over the last year. She goes to her doctor to discuss why this is. Her doctor is most likely to tell her that slowed mental processes are a result of
shrinking frontal lobes
Josh is not worried that his newborn baby seems easily frightened. He tells his wife, "His personality will develop later, as a pattern of learned thinking." Josh believes in the ________ approach to personality
social cognative
Expected standards of conduct, which influence behaviors, are known as
social norms
Which of the following characteristics is NOT a basic quality of taste?
spicy
When re-creating Mischel's famous marshmallow delay-of-gratification study, Art finds that children who successfully wait to eat the marshmallow are LEAST likely to
stare at the marshmallow.
Jethro believes that all elderly people have difficulty hearing and understanding. Whenever he interacts with an elderly person, Jethro automatically speaks loudly and slowly. Jethro is applying his ________ of the elderly in these interactions.
stereotype
Research in different cultural contexts reveals that obesity is
stigmatized in some of them and respected in others.
The amygdala is considered a ____________.
subcortical structure
Conciousness refers to our moment-by-moment ____________ experiences.
subjective
Alex sees a girl in a red shirt steal a candy bar. Later, during questioning, the police ask what candy the girl in the blue shirt stole. Months later, when Alex testifies in court, he describes the girl as having worn a blue shirt. This is an example of
suggestibility.
During transduction, most sensory information is transmitted first to the ________ before it is sent to the________, where it is interpreted as sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste.
thalamus; cortex
The auditory neurons extending from the ________ reach out with their axons to the primary auditory cortex in the ________.
thalamus; temporal lobe
The minimum intensity of sensory stimulation required before a sensation is detected 50 percent of the time is called
the absolute threshold
The hippocampus is associated with _____________.
the formation of new memories
Dr. Osmond is a developmental psychologist who studies adulthood. Which of the following is he most likely to research?
the mental effects of stagnation
A prototype includes ________ in a category. An exemplar includes ________ in the category.
the most typical concept; all examples of concepts
Anita takes a personality test online. The results say she is high on the extraversion dimension of personality and she is likely to be assertive and energetic. The online personality test most likely used the ________ approach to personality.
trait
In Pavlov's research, dogs learned that the sound of a metronome predicted the arrival of food, so the dogs salivated at the sound of the metronome. In this research, classical conditioning occurred in part because the ________ elicited a(n) ________.
unconditioned stimulus (food); unconditioned response (salivation)
Josh is having trouble deciding which of two pairs of shoes to buy. Donna tells him that when she could not decide which of two sweaters to buy, she decided to buy both sweaters. Josh realizes that buying both pairs of shoes will solve his problem as well. Josh __________ to solve his problem.
used an analogy
Self-esteem is ________ related to objective life outcomes, such as being successful in one's work.
weakly
Typically, scores on intelligence tests are closely related to __________ memory.
working
