BIO 131-- Lymphatic/Immune

Explain inflammation.

- a localized response to tissue damage which can occur when bacteria invade tissues -signifies the bodys attempt to heal and defend itself against pathogens and prevent it from spreading and damaging other tissues -It can also be caused by chemical or physical agents (burns, radiation, sprain) -It causes increased blood flow,to the area and caused capillaries to be leakier to allow monocytes and neutrophils to leave the blood and enter the affected tissue

What are four symptoms of inflammation?

- redness -pain -healing -swelling

What is the role of "Antigen Presenting Cells"?

-Phagocytosis of enemy cell (antigen) -Fusion of lysosome of phagosome -Enzymes start to degrade enemy cells -Enemy cell broken into small fragments -Fragments of antigen presented on surface of APC surface -Leftover fragments released by exocytosis

What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?

1. removal of excess fluids from body tissues/ filters out pathogens 2. absorption of fatty acids and subsequent transport of fat, chyle, to the circulatory system and 3. production of immune cells (such as lymphocytes, monocytes, and antibody producing cells called plasma cells)

Slow in response to a specific pathogen involving the activation of specific lymphocytes. The lymphocytes have a memory, also immunity is not restricted to the initial location of infection

Acquired (adaptive) immunity (specific)

The immunity that results from the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen

Active Immunity

Immunity is characterized by a response to a specific antigen and memory for that antigen in the future, thus resulting in a faster, more powerful response

Adaptive

Are large complex molecules often associated with pathogens that are recognized as foreign by white blood cells and attacked

Antigen

An antibody protein that is not secreted but anchored to the B cell membrane

Antigen Receptor

Part of antigen that is recognized by the immune system specifically by antibodies, b cells, t cells. For example it is the specific part of the antigen that the antibody binds too.

Antigenic Determinants

Non- pathogenic antigens introduced via vaccination to trigger CMI and AMI and lead to production of memory cells, vaccines for DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus), Polio, MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), hepatitis, chicken pox, bacterial meningitis, influenza, HPV

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

Intravenous injection of antibodies, given to people with a massive infections such as Ebola virus

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

B lymphocytes that over see humoral immunity; their descendants differentiate into anti-body producing plasma cells.

B Cells

Responsible for producing antibodies; a lymphocyte not processed by the thymus gland

B Cells

Group of 20 plasma proteins that when stimulated by an antigen (bacteria usually) cause death of the bacteria in a number of ways including the formation of MAC (membrane attack complexes) that punch holes in the target organism's cell membrane

Complement

Group of plasma proteins that when activated form MAC to kill target cells

Complement

effector T cell that directly kills foreign cells, cancer cells, or virus infected body cells by inducing apoptosis (cell suicide)

Cytotoxic T cells

Kills target cells with lymphotoxin and perforin

Cytoxic T Cells

Leaked fluid associated with inflammation

Exudate

Endogenous antigens include bacteria and toxins found out side of cells TRUE OR FALSE??

False

Triggered by pyrogens

Fever

Assists in both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by producing local hormones to stimulate other lymphocytes

Helper T Cells

type of T lymphocyte that orchestrates cellular immunity by direct contact with other immune cells and by releasing chemicals called cytokines; also helps to mediate the humoral response by interacting with B cells.

Helper T Cells

Compatibility between the tissues of different individuals, so that one accepts a graft from the other without having an immune reaction

Histocompatibility

They are a quick general defence mechanisms against a wide range of pathogens. They act as external barriers- and are a first line of defence ex. phagocytosis, natural killer cells, inflammation and phagocyte mobilization

Innate Immunity (non-specific)

Produced by virally infected cells to protect neighboring cells

Interferon

Small proteins that are produced by virally infected cells to protect neighboring cells

Interferon

-We have millions of different lymphocytes each capable of recognizing an unique antigen -Antigen presenting cells present the antigens to the lymphocytes in the lymphatic tissue -The lymphocytes that recognize the antigen can clone (copy) themselves -Some clones fight the antigen (depends on which type of response - see below) -Others become memory cells that go to lymphatic tissue waiting for a future invasion

Lymphocyte Cloning and Immunological Memory

Can be found on antigen presenting cells and are important for preventing autoimmune responses

Major Histocompatibility Complexes

member of T cell and B cell clones that provide for immunological memory.

Memory Cells

exposure to antigen and leading to production of plasma cells, T cells, and memory cells

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

transfer of antibodies to the fetus from the mother across the placenta or to the baby during breastfeeding

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

The short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal

Passive Immunity

members of a B clone; effector B cells specialize to produce and release antibodies.

Plasma Cells

Lymphocytes that help to turn off the immune response and prevent autoimmune disorders

Regulatory T Cells

population of T cells (usually expressing CD4) that suppress the immune response.

Regulatory T cells

Cells that belong to our own body have special cell membrane proteins that identify the cells as "self" known as major histocompatibility antigens (MHC)

Self Antigens

Define Immunity--

The ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells

What is the immune system?

The body's defense against infectious organisms and other invaders. Through a series of steps called the immune response, the immune system attacks organisms and substances that invade body systems and cause disease

The four cardinal signs of inflammation are erythema, pain, heat and edema. TRUE OR FALSE

True

What is a fever?

an abnormally high body temperature triggered by infection and inflammation. It occurs when substances called pyrogens (made by WBC's) are produced.

What is the role of immunizations?

to inject a killed microbe to stimulate the immune system against the microbe, to prevent the disease. The immune system is able to recognize invading bacteria and viruses and produce antibodies to destroy or disable them. They prepare the immune system to ward off disease.