BIO 202 exam 5
Place the events of the cephalic phase of gastric regulation in order beginning from initiation of the cephalic phase.
-taste, smell, thought of food -stimulation of medulla oblongata -parasympathetic impulses carried by the vagus nerve to the neurons of the enteric plexus -postganglionic neurons stimulate secretion of gastrin and histamine -gastric secretions are released
A Calorie and a kilocalorie are both equivalent to how many calories?
1000
Which of the following would fall within the recommended range for protein intake?
20%
In adults, fats should account for no more than _______ of your daily caloric intake.
20-35%
Average cholesterol intake should not exceed
300 mg/day
The hepatic lobule is a _____ -sided structure with a(n) _____ triad at each corner and a central vein located in the center of each lobule.
6, portal
Describe a hepatic lobule.
A hexagon-shaped tissue with a portal triad at each corner
Identify the fat soluble vitamins.
A, D, E, K
Glucose provides the energy required for the body to synthesize ______.
ATP
Match the metabolic state to the descriptions of processes.
Absorptive > Glucose processed into glycogen Postabsorptive > Lactic acid, glycogen and fatty acids processed into glucose
Match the components of pancreatic juice with the correct function.
Bicarbonate ion - To raise the pH of the small intestine Proteolytic enzymes - Chemical digestion of proteins Amylase - Chemical digestion of polysaccharides Lipase - Chemical digestion of fats Nuclease - Chemical digestion of DNA and RNA
Glucose molecules are broken down to provide energy for the production of the molecule abbreviated as _______ with the full name ______ _______
Blank 1: ATP Blank 2: adenosine Blank 3: triphosphate
The three sections of the small intestine, listed in order as food passes through, are the
Blank 1: duodenum Blank 2: jejunum Blank 3: ileum
Collagen synthesis is a function associated with vitamin
C
Which of the following provide 4 kcal/g of energy?
Carbohydrates Proteins
Identify the substances that aid in the chemical digestion of proteins.
Carboxypeptidase Peptidases Pepsin Trypsin
Match the parts of the stomach with the correct description.
Cardiac sphincter - Constrictor between the esophagus and the stomach Pyloric sphincter - Constrictor between the stomach and the small intestine Body - Largest part of the stomach Fundus - The rounded superior portion of the stomach Pyloric part - Funnel shaped part of the stomach
Identify the factors that stimulate production of pancreatic juices.
Cholecystokinin Vagus nerve Secretin
Name the vitamin that promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization. Multiple choice question.
D
Which are functions of the liver?
Detoxification of harmful substances Production of blood proteins including clotting factors Nutrient storage Phagocytosis of worn out red and white blood cells Conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates Production of bile
Identify the secretions of the small intestine.
Disaccharidases Secretin Peptidases Cholecystokinin Mucus
Identify the components of pancreatic juice.
Enzymes to digest lipids Enzymes to digest nucleic acids Enzymes to digest proteins Bicarbonate ions Enzymes to digest carbohydrates
Which type of fats would be most important to avoid in protecting the body against heart disease?
Fats that are solid at room temperature
Characterize unsaturated fats
Found in nuts, seeds and fish Contain double bonds between carbon atoms
Identify examples of monosaccharides.
Fructose Glucose Galactose
What are three examples of proteins in the body?
Keratin Enzymes Hemoglobin
Identify the 4 muscles of mastication.
Lateral pterygoid Temporalis Masseter Medial pterygoid
List the three principle forms of carbohydrates.
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with stratified squamous epithelium.
Mouth Esophagus Anal canal Oropharynx
Match the layer of the digestive tract with the correct description.
Mucosa - Consists of an epithelial lining, a layer of connective tissue referred to as lamina propria and a thin layer of muscle Muscularis - Throughout most of the digestive tract, this tunic consists of two layers of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer, and an outer longitudinal layer Serosa - Consists of a thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium Submucosa - Consists of a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and glands
Identify the secretions of the large intestine.
Mucous HCO3-
Identify the part of the pharynx that does not typically function in digestion.
Nasopharynx
Identify the major roles for minerals in the body.
Nerve impulse transmission Bone structure Metabolism Muscle contraction
Select the mechanisms that regulate the digestive system.
Nervous mechanisms Chemical signals
Identify the major neurotransmitters that regulate the digestive system.
Norepinephrine Acetylcholine Serotonin
Identify the muscle that forms most of the lips.
Orbicularis oris
Identify the parts of the pharynx that function in digestion.
Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
Identify the types of movements that occur within the small intestine.
Peristaltic contractions Segmental contractions
Identify functions of cholesterol.
Precursor for steroid hormones Precursor for bile salts Structural component of the plasma membrane
Name the outermost or most superficial layer of the organs in the digestive tract.
Serosa Adventitia
Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with simple columnar epithelium.
Small intestine Stomach Large intestine
Identify the structures where lipid digestion occurs.
Stomach Small intestine
Identify functions of proteins in the body.
Structural strength Muscle contraction Transport
Which are dietary disaccharides?
Sucrose Lactose Maltose
Identify the functions of the liver.
Synthesis of new molecules Interconversion of nutrients Production of bile Phagocytosis Storage of glycogen, lipids, vitamins and minerals
Identify the 4 muscles of mastication.
Temporalis Lateral pterygoid Medial pterygoid Masseter
Describe the effects of food intake on the stomach.
The rugae flatten and the stomach volume increases.
How does the muscularis of the stomach differ from the muscularis of the majority of the alimentary canal?
The stomach has 3 layers of muscle in the muscularis and the majority of the digestive tract only has 2 layers of muscle.
Describe the membranes that line the abdominal cavity.
These are serous membranes that secrete a serous lubricating fluid.
Identify the features of the small intestine that function to increase surface area and thus enhance digestion and absorption.
Villi Circular folds Microvilli
Salivary glands secrete saliva into the mouth; they are ______ of the digestive system.
accessory organs
The tissue type that serves the body by storing energy, protecting organs, and preventing heat loss is
adipose/fat tissue
Essential fatty acids include ______.
alpha-linolenic acid linoleic acid
Proteins are composed of ______.
amino acids
The ______ part of the tongue is freely moveable.
anterior
Cholesterol is a precursor for ______.
bile salts testosterone estrogen
Nutrition includes ______.
breakdown of food components obtaining food requirements utilization of food components
Phrases that represent catabolism are ______.
breakdown of large molecules energy-releasing
By definition, one _____ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
calorie
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all forms of which class of macromolecule?
carbohydrates
Identify the region of the large intestine located at the proximal end, where the large intestine meets the small intestine.
cecum
The large intestine consists of the _____, and the anal canal.
cecum, colon, rectum
What is the major function of carbohydrates in the body?
cellular fuel
Large food particles are physically broken down into smaller food particles by
chemical digestion
An organic molecule that combines with an enzyme to make it functional is called a(n)
coenzyme
Minerals are components of ______.
coenzyme hemoglobin
Proteins that provide all of the essential amino acids in the necessary proportions are said to be ______.
complete
The submucosa consists of ______ tissue.
connective
Identify the duct leading from the gallbladder.
cystic duct
The elimination of semi-solid waste products from the body is called ______.
defecation
Minerals are divided into two groups based on ______.
dietary requirement
Based on their structure, sucrose, lactose, and maltose are from the group of carbohydrates called ______.
disaccharide
Foods that are high in cholesterol include ______.
eggs, liver
Descriptions that represent anabolism are ______.
energy-requiring synthesis of large molecules
The majority of nervous stimulation of the digestive system comes from the _______.
enteric nervous system
The _______ sphincter is between the esophagus and the stomach and the __________ sphincter is between the stomach and the small intestine.
esophageal, pyloric
The structure within the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea is the
esophagus
Fatty acids classified as ________ fatty acids are those that cannot be synthesized by the body and therefore must be obtained from the diet.
essential
Vitamins that the body cannot make are ______ vitamins.
essential
Vitamins that the body cannot synthesize are categorized as
essential
True or False: The majority of the muscularis externa consists of two layers of skeletal muscle.
false
True or false: Most of the nervous control of the digestive system is through the parasympathetic nervous system. True false question.
false
Starch and glycogen are hydrolyzed into individual ______ molecules before absorption into the blood.
glucose
Sugars are a structural component of ______.
glycolipids glycoproteins ATP nucleic acids
Important roles for vitamins are ______.
growth of different body tissues blood clotting synthesis of DNA and RNA ATP production pathways
Identify the structures that chyme will pass through, starting with the small intestine and ending with elimination.
ileocecal junction cecum colon rectum anal canal
One thousand calories is called a Calorie (capital C) or a
kilocalorie
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are ______ -soluble vitamins.
lipid/fat
_______ are important sources of energy for the body because they deliver more than twice as many kilocalories as carbohydrate molecules.
lipids
The _______ are formed mostly by the orbicularis oris and connective tissue covered by skin.
lips
Identify the largest internal organ of the body.
liver
Identify the strong and infrequent peristaltic contractions that move contents longer distances within the large intestine.
mass movements
The esophagus is in the ______.
mediastinum
Anabolism and catabolism are parts of ______.
metabolism
The term for the sum of all chemical reactions in the body is
metbolism
Inorganic elements that plants extract from soil or water are _______.
minerals
The movements of the small intestine include segmental contractions which ______ intestinal contents and peristaltic contractions which ______ intestinal contents.
mix, propel
During digestion, polysaccharides and disaccharides are broken down into ______ before they are absorbed into the blood.
monosaccharides
Olive and peanut oils are examples of ______ fats, whereas fish and sunflower oils are examples of ______ fats
monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
Unsaturated fats with only one double bond are called ______ fats, and unsaturated fats with more than one double bond are called ______ fats.
monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
Chemical digestion of starch due to secretion of enzymes occurs in the ______.
mouth small intestine
Acetylcholine, norepinephrine and serotonin are ______ that affect digestive tract ______.
neurotransmitters, motility
What is an ingested substance used by the body to produce energy and to provide building blocks for new molecules?
nutrient
The term for the overall process by which the body obtains and utilizes components of food is
nutrition
The 3 large paired salivary glands are the ______ , ________ , and __________ .
parotid sublingual submandibular
Teeth found in the adult mouth are called ______ teeth whereas teeth that are lost during childhood are called milk or ______ teeth. Multiple choice question.
permanent; deciduous
The phases of swallowing include voluntary phase, esophageal phase and the ______ phase.
pharyngeal
Examples of lipids are ______
phospholipids cholesterol triglycerides
A polymer of simple sugars is a(n) ______.
polysaccharide
Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are all examples of many monosaccharides bound together or ______.
polysaccharide
Permanent teeth replace milk or ______ teeth.
primary
Functions of vitamin C include ______.
promotes collagen synthesis participates in protein metabolism
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin all aid in the chemical digestion of ______.
proteins
Within cellular membranes, what type of macromolecule functions as a membrane receptor, pump, ion channel, and cell-identity marker?
proteins
The fats found in meat, egg yolks, dairy products, and palm oils are high in ______ fatty acids. These fatty acids have no double bonds
saturated
Triglycerides containing fatty acids with no double bonds within their carbon chains are examples of
saturated fats
The types of lipids that have been linked to cardiovascular disease are ______.
saturated fats cholesterol trans fats
Good sources of essential fatty acids are _____.
seeds legumes nuts
The adventitia or ________ is the outermost layer of structures in the digestive system
serosa
Secretin, cholecystokinin, and peptidases are secretions of the _____
small intestine
The chemical digestion of the disaccharides occurs in the ______.
small intestine
The majority of lipid digestion occurs in the ______.
small intestine
What muscle type makes up most of the muscularis of the gastrointestinal tract?
smooth
Identify the organ of the digestive system that primarily functions as a storage and mixing chamber.
stomach
Functions of adipose tissue are ______.
storage of energy protection of internal organs body temperature regulation
The layer of the digestive tract that is a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and glands is the _____.
submucosa
The muscularis of the stomach consists of _____ layers; however, the muscularis of the majority of the digestive tract consists of _____ layers.
three, two
The large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity proper is called the
tongue
A macromolecule that consists of a glycerol and three fatty acids is classified as a ______.
triglyceride
Ninety-five percent of dietary lipids are________ They consist of a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acids.
triglycerides
True or False: The masseter and temporalis are muscles that move the mandible during mastication.
true
True or False: Villi and microvilli of the small intestine serve to increase surface area to allow for greater digestion and absorption.
true
True or false: Both nervous and chemical mechanisms play an important role in regulating the digestive system.
true
The oral cavity is divided into two regions: the _____, which is the space between the lips or the cheeks and the teeth and the ______, which lies medial to the teeth.
vestibule, oral cavity proper
What nutrients are important for enzyme function, ATP production, DNA and RNA synthesis, and blood clotting?
vitamins
Place the phases of deglutition in order from beginning to end.
voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal