Bio 208 Lab Quiz on Blood
What does it mean when WBC count increases or decreases?
-Certain infectious diseases are accompanied by an increase in WBCs. If the number exceeds 11 K/mm^3, the person has an acute infection, usually bacterial -If it drops below 4 K/mm^3, the person may have a virus condition such as measles or chicken pox.
Blood is classified as what type of tissue?
-Connective because it consists of cells within a matrix
Basophils
-Description: bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules -Function: Release histamine (causes swelling) and other mediators of inflammation, contain heparin (an anticoagulant - resists blood clotting)
Eosinophils (earmuffs)
-Description: bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules -Function: Kill parasitic worms, slightly phagocytic, complex roles in allergy and asthma, react to antibody/antigen complexes
Erythrocytes
-Description: circular, biconcave discs of 5-8 micrometers -Red Blood cells Function: transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. The biconcave shape of the cells provides an increased surface area through which gases can diffuse.
Monocytes
-Description: kidney-shaped nucleus, abundant pale blue cytoplasm -Function: In tissues, develop into macrophages that phagocytize pathogens or debris, involved with chronic infections -Largest white blood cells
Lymphocytes
-Description: large spherical nucleus, thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm -Function: Mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibody production, create antibodies against invading antigens -Expand when it needs to make antibodies
Neutrophils
-Description: multilobed nucleus, pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules -Function: Generalists, Phagocytize pathogens or debris, acute infections
What circumstances could cause a person with Rh- (Rh negative) blood to develop anti-Rh antibodies?
-However, anti-Rh antibodies can be produced upon exposure and sensitization to Rh antigens. -For example, if Rh+ blood is transfused into an Rh-recipient, or when an Rh- mother carries a fetus who is Rh+.
When and who discovered the Rh factor?
-In 1940 Landsteiner and Wiener reported that rabbit sera containing antibodies for the red blood cells of the Rhesus monkey would agglutinate some red blood cells. -This antigen in humans, designated as the Rh factor for the Rhesus monkey, was later found to exist as several antigens.
Agranulocytes
-Lymphocytes, and Monocytes. -Lack visible cytoplasmic granules, have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei. -Initially produced in the bone marrow and embryonically develop in the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
What is the result of erythroblastosis fetalis if untreated?
-The maternal anti Rh antibodies may enter the fetal circulation, causing the agglutination and hemolysis of fetal erythrocytes, fetus death.
What is the difference between a whole blood transfusion vs. a packed red blood cell transfusion?
-The whole blood transfusion includes the plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The packed red blood cells only contain red blood cells.
Granulocytes
-neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils -produced in bone marrow
Platelets
-small cytoplasmic fragments involved in the complex process of blood clotting -made in red bone marrow as pinched-off portions of large cells called megakaryocytes
What factor is responsible for Rh+ condition?
-the D factor is responsible, and it is found in 85% of Caucasians, 94% of Africans and 99% of Asians.
How to prevent erythroblastosis fetalis?
-the mother is treated with anti-Rh antibodies before or shortly after her first Rh+ delivery. This prevents her anti-Rh antibody production by immediately agglutinating any Rh antigens she may have received from the baby. She then does not produce any memory cells.
What are the five types of leukocytes (white blood cells)?
1) lymphocytes 2) monocytes 3) neutrophils 4) eosinophils 5) basophils
Three main types of formed elements are present in blood, from most to least abundant:
1. Erythrocytes/Red Blood Cells (RBCs) 2. Leukocytes/White Blood Cells (WBCs) 3. Platelets
Blood type B
12% of the population in the U.S. has this blood type
Blood type A
39% of the population in the U.S. has this blood type
Blood type AB
4% of the population has this blood type
formed elements normally accounts for what percentage of blood?
45% -WBCs and platelets make up 1% -RBCs make up 44%
Plasma accounts for what percentage of blood?
55%
Plasma is over __% water.
90
What agglutinogens (antigens on the RBC) does type A blood have?
A
What agglutinogens (antigens on the RBC) does type AB blood have?
A and B
Blood type A can donate to
A or AB
Blood type O can donate to
A, B, AB, O
Blood type AB can donate to
AB only
what antibodies does type B blood have?
Anti-A
What antibodies does type A blood have?
Anti-B
What agglutinogens (antigens on the RBC) does type B blood have?
B
Blood type B can receive from
B or O
Blood type B can donate to
B, or AB
What antibodies type O blood have?
Both Anti-A and Anti-B
What is the universal donor?
Can give blood to anyone -- blood type O
what is a universal recipient?
Can receive any blood type - AB
What happens if incompatible blood types are mixed?
Erythrocyte destruction, agglutination, and other problems can occur
How many different substances are dissolved or suspended in plasma?
More than 100
What agglutinogens (antigens on the RBC) does type O blood have?
Neither A nor B
Most abundant white blood cells to the least abundant
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Blood type O can receive from
O only
Blood type A can receive from
O or A
Blood type AB can receive from
O, A, B, or AB
What is erythroblastosis fetalis?
Occurs when a pregnant mother's Rh negative antibodies cross the placenta and attack the RBCs of her unborn child, usually the second child because it takes time to build up anti-Rh antibodies.
antibodies
Protein that is produced by lymphocytes and that attaches to a specific antigen.
What are the most common antigens for the Rh factor?
The most common were given the letters C, c, D, d, E, e.
Plasma
The nonliving fluid component of blood within which formed elements and various solutes are suspended and circulated.
What is not normally present in the plasma?
anti-Rh antibodies
An individual's blood type is based on the _
antigens not the antibodies she or he has
Agglutinogens
antigens on the surface of the RBC that is the basis for blood typing
Agglutination
clumping of red blood cells
blood low in oxygen is what color?
darker red
slightly larger than red blood cell
eosinophils and basophils
antigens
foreign substances that trigger the attack of antibodies in the immune response.
Fibrin threads
form the structural basis for clot formation
Blood
is a viscous substance that varies from bright red to dull brick red dependent upon the amount of oxygen being carried.
same size as RBC, smallest
lymphocytes
twice the size of the red blood cell
monocytes
What antibodies does type AB blood have?
neither anti-A or anti-B
Larger than a red blood cell
neutrophils
Leukocytes all have
nuclei but no hemoglobin
erythrocytes do not have
nucleus
function of leukocytes
primarily to control various disease conditions
Oxygen rich blood is what color?
scarlet red
differential white blood cell count
the percentage of each type of white blood cell
Blood type O
universal donor, 45% of the population in the U.S. has this blood type
When do the "fibers" typical of connective tissue matrix of blood become visible?
when clotting occurs
