Bio Exam #1
What are genotypes of the parents of a person who has two HD mutations?
- Hh?
State two ways that Huntington Disease and cystic fibrosis affect families differently
- Hunington's is an autosomal dominant gene while Cystic Fibrosis is an autosomal recessive trait - Autosomal dominant diseases do not cause symptoms until adulthood -
List the structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems
- MALE -- testes --- sperm cells develop -- epididymis --- sperm cells mature and are stored -- prostate gland --- produces fluid the sperm swims in - FEMALE -- ovaries --- where the eggs are formed and located -- fallopian tubes --- how the eggs travel to the uterus --- also where sperm meets the eggs -- uterus --- where the fertilized eggs settles into the lining
How does gamete maturation differ in the male and female?
- Male beings making sperm at puberty and continues throughout his life - a female begins meiosis as a fetus
Place the following in size order: 1. Chromosome 2. Gene Pool 3. Gene 4. DNA 5. genome
- dna - chromosome - gene - genome - gene pool
Discuss how Mendel derived the two laws of inheritance without knowing about chromosomes
- he inferred the two laws of inheritance by observing the phenotypes of pea plants
Distinguish between a homozygote and a heterozygote
- heterozygous -- having two different alleles - homozygous -- having two identical alleles
What is the function of the: - lysosome - nucleus - mitochondrion
- lysosome -- recycles cell content - nucleus -- separates DNA within the cell - mitochondrion -- releases energy form nutrients
Distinguish between monohybrid and dihybrid
- monohybrid -- a cross of two individuals who are heterozygous for a single trait - dihybrid -- a cross of two individuals heterozygous for two traits
Cite two pieces of evidence that genes control aging
- smokers can still outlive non-smokers - old age seems to run in the family
What do oogenesis and spermatogenesis have in common, and how do they differ?
- spermatogensis is the formation of sprms cells in a diploid stem cell - oogenesis begins with a diploid cell and an egg; eggs are not attached, unlike sperm.
Why would Mendel's result for the dihybrid cross have been different if the genes for the traits he followed were near each other on the same chromosome?
- the law of independent assortment -- the results would have been different - is this even right..?
Why are rare autosomal recessive disorders more likely to appear in families in which blood relatives have children together?
- the probably of two relatives inheriting the same recessive allele is greater than two unrelated people
List four teratogens and explain how they disrupt pre-natal development
-Cocaine -- slows fetal growth - Cigarettes -- can cause spontaneous abortion - Alcohol -- can cause Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) - HIV -- causes the baby to be infected with HIV if not treated properly
Distinguish between a gene and a genome
A gene is a sequence of DNA while a genome is the complete set of genetic instructions in cells.
Distinguish between a genotype and a phenotype
A genotype is the allele combination in an individual the cause particular traits, while the phenotype is the physical expression of that genotype.
Distinguish between pedigrees and karyotypes
A karyotype is a size-order chromosome chart while a pedigree is a chart of symbols and lines that depict inherited traits
Explain how all cells in a person's body have the same genome, but are of hundreds of different types that look and function differently.
All cells in the human body, excluding blood cells, are encoded with the entire genome of the human, but us particular instructions and ignore others to perform their exclusive functions.
Distinguish between an autosome and a sex chromosome
An automsome is a chromosome does not have a gene that determines sex.
Distinguish between bacterial cells and eukaryotic cells
Bacterial cells don't have a nucleus
Explain how DNA encodes information
DNA encodes information is DNA molecules, which is constructed by RNA...?
Distinguish between recessive and dominant traits
Dominant traits are expressed when one dominant allele is present, while both alleles have to be recessive for the recessive trait to be expressed.
The same birth defect syndrome can be cause by a mutant gene or exposure to a teratogen. how do the consequences of each cause differ for future generations?
Environmentally caused problems will not affect other family members unless they are exposed as well.
How many sets of human chromosomes are in each of the following cell types? - a cell from either sex during anaphase of meiosis I 0 a cell from either sex during anaphase of meiosis II
Help
Distinguish between mitosis and apoptosis
Mitosis is the reproduction of cells while apoptosis is schedule cell death.
Distinguish between DNA and RNA
RNA uses the information in certain DNA sequences to construct specific protiens.
Why does exposure to teratogens produce more severe health effects in an embryo than in a fetus?
The brain is most sensitive during the critical period
In which organelle would a defect cause fatigue.
The mitochondrion..? I believe?
Explain how all humans have the same genes, but vary genetically.
This is due to genetic diversity in the human gene pool.
Distinguish between totipotent and pluripotent
Totipotent cells can make any kind of cell, while pluripotent cells have fewer possible fates.
How do stem cells maintain their populations within tissues that consist of mostly differentiated cells?
Well ****. SARANG.
Why is it necessary for spermatogenesis and oogenesis to generate stem cells?
What kind of a ****ing question is that?