Bio Exam 3, Purdue Bio 110 exam 1, Bio 110 Exam 1, Exam 1 biol 110, BIO 110 Exam 2

DNA:

contains adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine

RNA:

contains adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine

Bases

decreases h+

Structures that increase SA/V

- Long, thin parts - Many small projections - folding

Eukaryotic

- Membrane-bound organelles - Unicellular or multicellular - Evolved from prokaryotes - Dna in nucleus - Job: store, protect, duplicate dna -Makes rRNA and ribosomes are made

Acids and bases can harm the environment

- Ocean acidification - Coral reef bleaching - Acid rain

Properties of water:

- Polar - Can not get as close together as other molecules (ice floats) - Adhesion: one molecule is sticky with another type - Cohesion: same molecules attracted to each other - Surface tension: keeps water together

Carbon

- basis of life - "Organic molecule" - Forms chains - Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic and have lots of - energy

Scientific method:

1. Speculate a question 2. Form a hypothesis 3. Make a prediction 4. Design and conduct an experiment 5. Use statistical tests to evaluate the significance of your results 6. Adjust accordingly

Changes in energy quantities (for example deltaG, deltaH and deltaS) A. are calculated as ending value minus beginning value B. are calculated as beginning value minus ending value C. are negative when the quantity increases during a reaction D. A and C E. B and C

A

Endergonic reactions A. have more G at the end of the reaction than at the beginning B. have less G at the end of the reaction than at the beginning C. have negative deltaG D. A and C E. B and C

A

In an exergonic reaction A. the products contain less energy than the reactants and excess energy is released B. the products contain more energy than the reactants and external energy must be supplied for the reaction to proceed C. the products contain less energy than the reactants and external energy must be supplied for the reaction to proceed D. the products contain more energy than the reactants and excess energy is released E. the activation energy will always be small

A

In the life and refrigerator analogy, the refrigerator is to life on earth as A. the power plant is to the sun B. life on earth is to the sun C. sunlight is to the electric wires D. the sun is to the power plant E. the sun is to life on earth

A

Reactions that go better (produce more product) at high temperatures than at low temperatures A. show an increase in entropy B. show a decrease in entropy C. show an increase in enthalpy D. A and C E. B and C

A

Which of the following is true about reactions that are more favorable at high temperature than at low, but have a constant deltaH at all temperatures? (Hint, consider the conversion of water to steam as in the lecture video modules.) A. They are reactions that involve an increase in entropy B. They are reactions that involve a decrease in entropy C. They are reactions that involve no change in entropy D. They are reactions that have a more negative deltaG at low temperature E. There is not enough information to tell

A

Which of the following is(are) correct expression(s) employing the concept of free energy? A. deltaG = deltaH - TdeltaS B. deltaH = deltaG - TdeltaS C. total energy = free energy - usable energy D. A and C E. B and C

A

Purines bond with pyridines

A-t or a-u C-g (Base pairing rule )

A catalyst A. increases the activation energy of a reaction B. decreases the activation energy of a reaction C. increases the free energy released by a reaction D. decreases the free energy released by a reaction E. none of the above

B

A cell has a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside. The cell A. is in a hypotonic solution B. will shrivel (lose water) and may die C. will swell (gain water) and burst D. A and B E. A and C

B

A system already at equilibrium A. will show a reduction in free energy B. will show no change in free energy C. will still show conversion of individual molecules from one form to another D. A and C E. B and C

B

Cells, organisms and the biosphere (and refrigerators) create and maintain order (reduce entropy) A. because they do not follow the 2nd law of thermodynamics B. because they use energy produced by increasing entropy somewhere else C. because they are an isolated system D. all of the above E. none of the above

B

In an endergonic reaction A. the products contain less energy than the reactants and excess energy is released B. the products contain more energy than the reactants and external energy must be supplied for the reaction to proceed C. the products contain less energy than the reactants and external energy must be supplied for the reaction to proceed D. the products contain more energy than the reactants and excess energy is released E. the activation energy will always be small

B

In the life and refrigerator analogy, the refrigerator is to the power plant as A. the power plant is to the sun B. life on earth is to the sun C. sunlight is to the electric wires D. the sun is to the power plant E. the sun is to life on earth

B

In the refrigerator analogy described in lecture, the refrigerator A. serves as a source of energy B. is a place where entropy is decreased C. is a place where entropy is increased D. A and B E. A and C

B

The energy to create and maintain order in living systems A. comes from the living systems themselves B. comes from outside the living systems C. comes from food in photoautotrophs D. A and C E. B and C

B

Time A. goes in both directions equally well B. only goes in the direction that increases entropy C. only goes in the direction that reduces entropy D. only goes in the direction that reduces energy E. only goes in the direction that increases energy

B

Protein monomers:

Basic structure: - Amino acids - Carboxylic acid group - H - R side-chain

Steroids

Basic structure: 4 fused cholesterol rings Optional add-ons make different Critical for cell signaling, development, pregnancy, vitamins...

At equilibrium A. the change in free energy is negative, free energy is still lost to the environment B. the change in free energy is positive, free energy is gained from the environment C. the change in free energy is zero D. there is a net change in the concentrations of products and reactants E. the equilibrium constant is always equal to 1

C

Carriers for facilitated diffusion A. allow molecules to pass in succession one at a time B. show linear kinetics C. are analogous to a small ferry boat that can only move a few cars at a time across the river D. A and B E. B and C

C

Facilitated diffusion A. is only for molecules that are permeable to pure lipid bilayers B. allows molecules to move up their concentration gradient C. allows molecules to move down their concentration gradient D. A and B E. A and C

C

Special Relativity A. has overturned the First Law of Thermodynamics B. says that mass can be converted into energy C. says that we have to include mass when we evaluate energy D. allows for the creation of energy from nothing E. allows for the destruction of energy

C

The formation and maintenance of order in living things does not violate the second law of thermodynamics because A. the second law only holds over the change in parts of an open system B. the second law does not apply to living things C. inside an isolated system order can be created in one part while entropy increases by a greater amount in another part D. A and B E. A and C

C

The second law of thermodynamics regulates the __________ of energy A. amount B. consistency C. distribution D. power E. price

C

What will flow across a membrane if the concentration of impermeable solutes inside a cell is much greater than that outside the cell? A. The impermeable solutes will become temporarily permeable and leave the cell. B. Water will flow out of the cell in response to the higher solute concentration inside C. Water will flow into the cell to compensate for the higher solute concentration inside and thereby dilute the solutes inside. D. The impermeable solutes will become temporarily permeable and more of them will enter the cell. E. None of the above

C

Which of the following are true about the Gibb's free energy? A. the change in Gibb's free energy combines the change in enthalpy with the change in temperature B. Gibb's free energy is given the symbol S C. whether the change in Gibb's free energy is negative or positive determines whether a reaction is spontaneous or not D. reactions with a decrease in enthalpy are always spontaneous E. the free energy of a reaction is constant with temperature

C

A system always tends to a state of lowest energy because A. reactions that release free energy happen spontaneously B. reactions that absorb free energy do not happen spontaneously C. reactions that release free energy do not happen spontaneously D. A and B E. A and C

D

A truly high entropy state A. would look like an orderly room B. would look like a messy room C. would have many things separated from each other D. would form a constant "gray" volume E. none of the above

D

Enthalpy A. is the total internal energy of a system B. is indicated by E C. is the sum of usable energy and unusable energy D. A and C E. B and C

D

Free energy and entropy A. are two different "qualities"� of energy B. are useful (or usable) energy and degraded energy, respectively C. are like matter and energy, two forms of the same thing D. A and B E. A and C

D

High quality, useful energy A. is always being converted into low quality, unusable energy (entropy) according to the 2nd law of thermodynamics (at least, whenever a system is away from equilibrium) B. is also called free energy C. is always increasing D. A and B E. B and C

D

Low entropy states A. have atoms (or energy) concentrated or separated B. have atoms (or energy) evenly spread out C. have fewer arrangements of atoms (or energy) that could give the same overall state D. A and C E. B and C

D

Reactions that release free energy A. happen spontaneously B. gain energy from the environment C. help systems go to a minimum of free energy D. A and C E. B and C

D

Reactions with a negative deltaG A. happen spontaneously B. release energy to the environment C. help systems go to a maximum of free energy D. A and B E. B and C

D

The equation deltaE = 0 A. applies for any times B. applies only for selected times C. still applies even considering Special Relativity D. A and C E. B and C

D

The first law of thermodynamics states that A. energy can be converted from potential energy to kinetic energy, but not from kinetic energy to potential energy B. energy can be created, but not destroyed C. energy can be destroyed, but not created D. energy can be converted from one form to another, but is neither created nor destroyed E. energy can not be converted from potential energy to kinetic energy without some loss

D

The hydrolysis of ATP A. breaks a high-energy bond between sugar and phosphate B. has a positive deltaG C. separates ATP into ribose sugar and nitrogenous base D. can be used to drive endergonic reactions E. none of the above

D

The second law of thermodynamics A. says entropy is always increasing B. says entropy is always decreasing C. says no energy exchange is completely efficient D. A and C E. B and C

D

The three questions to answer to explain how life does not violate the second law A. Include "Where does the energy that life uses to oppose entropy come from?"� B. are easily answered C. provide a reason to reject Natural Selection D. A and B E. A and C

D

The total internal energy A. is called enthalpy B. is indicated by H C. is the sum of usable energy and unusable energy D. all of the above E. none of the above

D

Tight junctions A. separate the lumen of organs from the rest of the body B. are like the mortar between bricks in a wall C. form "spot welds"� between cells D. A and B E. A and C

D

A large activation energy A. indicates that a reaction will not be spontaneous B. indicates that a reaction will occur rapidly C. indicates that a reaction will occur slowly D. can be reduced by catalysis E. C and D

E

Coupled transport A. requires the use of a gradient of one molecule to move another molecule against its gradient B. can employ uniporters, which move two molecules at once C. can employ symporters, as seen in the example D. A and B E. A and C

E

Energy A. is part of the fundamental existence of everything B. has a clear definition C. can be studied separately from matter in the science of thermodynamics D. A and B E. A and C

E

Energy and atoms of various elements A. are things that cells need B. are things that cells can make C. must come to living organisms from the outside environment D. A and B E. A and C

E

Free energy A. is indicated by G B. can be calculated with the equation G = H + TS C. can usefully be applied to any system (isolated or open) D. A and B E. A and C

E

In the refrigerator analogy, the power plant A. serves as a source of energy for the refrigerator B. is a place where entropy is decreased C. is a place where entropy is increased D. A and B E. A and C

E

One organism eats another (without any loss of energy or mass) A. the energy before that event is the same as the energy after B. mass in the eaten organism is converted into energy in the eater C. energy in the eaten organism is extracted and used by the eater D. A and B E. A and C

E

Plasmodesmata A. are a form of adherens junction B. are the plant equivalent of gap junctions in animals C. connect the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum of one cell to the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum of a neighboring cell D. A and C E. B and C

E

The deltaG for a nonspontaneous reaction A. is less than zero B. is more than zero C. is the amount of energy that must be supplied to force a reaction to happen D. A and C E. B and C

E

The energy to create and maintain order in living systems A. comes from the living systems themselves B. comes from sunlight for photoautotrophs C. comes from food for heterotrophs D. A and C E. B and C

E

The formation and maintenance of order in living things is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics because A. the equation of the second law is only valid when considering the *overall* change in entropy in an isolated system B. the second law does not apply to living things C. inside an isolated system order can be created in one part while entropy increases by a greater amount in another part D. A and B E. A and C

E

The principles of the first and second laws of thermodynamics A. apply everywhere B. predict the future C. have associated equations (deltaE = 0 and deltaS > 0) that apply only in isolated systems D. have associated equations that are hard to apply to biological systems E. all of the above

E

The second law of thermodynamics A. says the entropy (in an isolated system) does not change B. says every energy exchange is inefficient C. says "you can't break even", perpetual motion is impossible D. A and C E. B and C

E

The second law of thermodynamics states that A. the universe is becoming more orderly B. the universe is becoming less orderly C. entropy is always increasing D. entropy is always decreasing E. B and C

E

The three questions to answer to explain how life does not violate the second law A. include "Where does the disorder decrease inside an isolated system box and where does it increase?"� B. are hard to answer and raise questions about Natural Selection and a naturalistic view of life C. are easy to answer and are no reason to reject Natural Selection and a naturalistic view of life D. A and B E. A and C

E

Two main functions:

Energy storage (starch, glycogen) Structure (cellulose, chitin)

Scientific method

Heavily based on deductive reasoning and we come up with hypotheses

Monosaccharides are typically multiples of CH2O

Glucose (C6H12O6): most common Glycogen: storage form for animals Starch: storage form for plants

Living things:

Grow Reproduce Take in and use energy Excrete waste Respond to the environment Be complex in structure

Trans-Fats

H added artificially Goal: replace saturated fats Many people can't tolerate them well Common names: hydrogenated vegetable oil, partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, trans-fatty acids Used to say "no saturated fats"

Unsaturated

Have kninks Some H replaced Can't clump together Liquid at room temp (minus avocado) Most plant fats and fish oils

Proteins:

Primary Secondary Tertiary (can include the first two) Quaternary (two or more proteins, includes first three)

Hypothesis:

tentative explanation for observed phenomena - observation necessary - Explicit predictions - Testable - Falsifiable

Carbohydrates:

Monomer: monosaccharides Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides Polymer: polysaccharides Glycosidic linkage: links monomers, is covalent

Nucleic Acids

Monomer: nucleotide Polymer: polynucleotide Phosphodiester linkage: joins monomers, is covalent Primary function: information storage - Nitrogenous base - Adenine (a), thymine (t, only in DNA0, uracil (U, only in RNA) - 5-C sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) - 1-3 phosphate group

Saturated fats:

No kinks "Saturated" with H Clump together Solid at room temp. Most animal fats

Prokaryotic:

No membrane bound organelles - Unicellular - Most ancestral organisms (bacteria and archaea that live in harsh environment) - No-membrane-bound organelles have: cytoplasm, nucleoid region, membrane, ribosomes. (some: locomotor organelles, wall, capsule, cysts)

R side-chains

O or oh -> polar CH2, CH3, C-ring -> nonpolar *basically, all amino acids are the same with the exception of the R chain.

Two families of nitrogenous bases:

Purines: two c-rings (adenine and guanine) Pyrimidines: one c-ring (thymine/uracil and cytosine)

Cells

Smallest unit of living things

Phospholipids

Two fatty acid tails Glycerol Phosphate Optional small molecules Amphipathic (part of them is polar, part in non-polar) Membranes (they form into particular shapes because they are amphipathic)

R-group properties:

Whatever's in the r distinguished which amino acid it is. It is the variable that controls how the amino acid behaves.

Causation

factor producing an effect

Deduction

general principles predict specific results Ex: All humans are mortal, john is a human > john is mortal

Acids

increase h+

Surface tension

keeps water together

Macromolecules

large molecules * Typically also a polymer, a bunch of monomers

pH scale

logarithmic, smaller=more acidic, larger=more basic (alkaline), 7 is neutral Most living things do best with other things that are basic, unless you're an enzyme and prefer to be very basic.

pH

measure of acidity.

Dehydration synthesis

monomers are joined by the removal of oh from one monomer and ah from another at the site of bond formation

Hydrolysis

monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, adding oh to one monomer and h to the other

Bacteria:

most abundant living things on the planet. Some are helpful and some are bad. They come in many shapes

Cell volume

need for nutrients or get rid of waste - Surface area of a membrane:ability to supply that need b/c everything must go through the membrane - Higher ratio of SA/V is better - Larger cells, because of this relationship, have a harder time supplying their own needs

Adhesion

one molecule is sticky with another type

Correlation

relationship between two things

Cohesion

same molecules attracted to each other

Hydrophilic

something water can interact with (ex: NaCl)

Induction

specific observations lead to general principles Ex: All the bees we've seen are black/yellow, so all bees must be black/yellow

Hydrophobic

water resisting (ex: lipids)