ECOL 3500 FINAL

egestion by herbivores (II)

(3+4)-(6+9) 5-9 5-(8+10+11) (9=8+10+11)

Which adaptation might NOT provide an organism with an increased capacity (fitness) to tolerate very cold conditions? a) counter current blood circulation in the legs and feet b) reduced body size c) antifreeze (glycoproteins) in the blood d) removing unnecessary water from the cells e) decreased surface to volume ratio

b) reduced body size

flow 3

autochthonous energy available to compartment VI (made inside although it is an open system)

Which of the following terms describes the decomposed organic fraction of soil? a) loam b) humus c) eluvia d) clay e) silt

b) humus

Adaptation means that the cells of an organism must be able to manage concentrations of essential materials and physical conditions within an acceptable range in response to the challenges of the environment. Which of the following was NOT discussed as being involved in this flux of materials and conditions across the cell membrane? a) Carbon Dioxide b) protein c) oxygen d) water e) salts

b) protein

1 million units of E after passing through 5 levels

0 energy left (10^0)

percent annual deletion of soil carbon from tropical soils after 65 years of farming

10% loss

exploitation efficiency of first order carnivores (III)

10/(8+10)

NPP by first order carnivores (III) is equal to

18-15 13+14 10-12+18 (NPP)

Of what benefit is ammonium ion to Nitrosomonas?

It oxidizes NH4+ to NO2-

Which of the following is a micronutrient?

Mn (manganese)

The Weddell Seal is adapted to life in the Arctic on floating ice flows. Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement about these adaptations WHEN DIVING? a) Blood shunted to essential diving muscles and away from skin and viscera b) Hydrodynamic body shape c) Hairless skin, but with blubber for insulation d) Collapsible lung for deep diving e) Nine times the amount of oxygen-carrying myoglobin compared to the human on a per body weight basis

a) Blood shunted to essential diving muscles and away from skin and viscera

To whom do we credit the term ECOLOGY with a definition that included the words "the economy of nature"? a) Ernst Haeckel b) Charles Elton c) Charles Darwin d) Eugene Odum e) A.G. Tansley

a) Ernst Haeckel

Hubbard Brook

a) acid rain destroyed cation binding capacity of soil b) contamination of nitrogen oxides remained high after the Clean Air Act was passed c) pH dropped to 4 (rain) close to passage of CAA d) particulates from fossil fuels were a Ca flux into he forest ecosystem

Plants have come up with a wide variety of adaptations that allow them to be a competitive member of the producer community in hot, dry environments. Which of the following would NOT provide a particular advantage for such an environment? a) broad leaf surfaces avoid heated boundary layers b) photosynthetic apparatus moved to stem tissue c) leaves are present only during the rainy season d) selection for small leaves and/or compound leaves e) long tap roots to access deeper water reserves

a) broad leaf surfaces avoid heated boundary layers

regeneration of mineral nutrients

a) consumption of leaf litter by detritivores b) leaching of DOM from leaf litter c) decomposition of organic residue by bacteria d) depolymerization of cellulose and lignin

Colorado Prairie Study (elevated CO2)

a) elevated CO2 caused increase in NPP in only 1 of 3 species of grasses b) NPP for community of 3 grasses significantly increased c) predicted that stomates of plants reaching elevated levels of CO2 would be more tightly closed than controls e) palatability of grasses for range cattle on elevated CO2 significantly decreased (16% less digestible) f) soil moisture was higher in plots with elevated CO2 (NOT lower)

(Look at Data Set) Sadly, your field notes were destroyed in a fire, but you can still retrieve some information. Data set #4 has to have been collected... a) just after fall turnover b) just before spring turnover c) during summer stratification d) just before fall turnover e) during winter stratification

a) just after fall turnover

HNLC (high nutrient low chlorophyll) zones experimental Fe supplements stimulate NPP in "blue water" regions of N. Atlantic because...

a) much of pelagic N. Atlantic is not an HNLC zone b) diatom communities are limited in the region by lack of Si c) phytoplankton communities limited by aggressive grazing d) the East African zone of upwelling provides nutrient input to the pelagic N. Atlantic

field crickets in Hawaii

a) mutant allele renders them less fit (under normal conditions) because they cannot attract females b) singing males in Hawaii attract a parasitoid fly that kills the singer before it can reproduce c) mutant males can reproduce with normal females (gain access to females) d) mutant males in Hawaii are attracted to occasional singing mate, which improves their chances of finding a mate (NOT adapting to presence of parasitoid fly in Hawaii)

During biochemical RESPIRATION, oxygen serves as an electron recipient during the "burning" of carbon compounds such as glucose. In this process, oxygen is... a) oxidized from its molecular form, O2, to its form in water, H2O b) reduced from its form in water, H2O, to its molecular carbohydrate form, CH2O c) reduced from its form in water, H2O, to its molecular form, O2 d) oxidized from its form in water, H2O, to its molecular form, O2 e) reduced from its molecular form, O2, to its form in water, H2O

a) oxidized from its molecular form, O2, to its form in water, H2O

endangered violets in the Rockies

a) phenotypic plasticity within individual plants b) phenotypic expression within the species c) a phenotypic capacity for adaptation d) evolutionary separation between the 2 populations (NOT phenotypic acclimitization!)

Tropical rainforest nutrient efficiency

a) prevalence of mycorrhizal relationships b) epiphyllous communities involved with N-fixation c) evergreen leaves (slow DOM leaching rates) d)high GPP rates

The biome within which Clarke County falls id identified in your text as... a) temperate seasonal forest b) boreal forest c) temperate coastal forest d) woodland/shrubland forest e) subtropical forest

a) temperate seasonal forest

Ricklefs described the intricate relationship between producers and consumers with the example of the California kelp forest community. What food item did the sea otter consume that prevented the destruction of the kelp forest? a) giant sea star b) sea urchin c) rock fish d) encrusting algae e) abalone

b) sea urchin

You have decided to join me in 2016 for the Fall semester abroad to Brazil and the Amazon. We will return home by way of Sao Paulo (23°30' S x 43°00' W) before heading north to Miami. However, we are delayed Sao Paulo until 22 December on our return, pretty much wrecking Christmas plans at UGA. But, this delay allows us the opportunity to check the shadow caused by a perpendicular flagpole at the Sao Paulo airport AT HIGH NOON. Luckily, the day is clear. We notice... a) the shadow points South b) the flagpole casts no shadow c) the shadow points East d) the shadow points North e) the shadow points West

b) the flagpole casts no shadow

The concentration of CO2 in the atmospheric is approximately... a) 3.00 percent b) 19.00 percent c) 0.04 percent d) 0.18 percent e) 78.00 percent

c) 0.04 percent

During the ENSO event (El Nino conditions, as compared to La Nina), which one of the following statements is CORRECT concerning equatorial Pacific weather? a) heavy rainfall occurs in Southern Asia b) The Galapagos Islands experience severe drought c) Surface water temperatures are warmer in the Eastern Pacific Ocean d) Less rainfall occurs in the Eastern Pacific Ocean e) Increased upwelling of nutrients rich waters occurs in the Eastern Pacific Ocean

c) Surface water temperatures are warmer in the Eastern Pacific Ocean

What is the cause for the characteristic anatomy of chaparral plant species within the woodland/shrubland biome or Mediterranean biome? a) seasonal drought b) maritime winds c) frequency of fire d) lateritic soil e) excessive rainfall

c) frequency of fire

The enormous BODY OF WATER that circulates in a counterclockwise direction around the South Pacific ocean basin is called the South Pacific... a) Hadley Cell b) current c) gyre d) equatorial e) vortex

c) gyre

Many of the world's great deserts (Sahara, Namib, Australian "outback," etc.) are located at roughly 30°N latitude of 30°S latitude. This occurs because... a) solar radiation is greatest at these latitudes b) Hadley Cells are located directly over these latitudes c) the subtropical highs are located generally at these latitudes d) the intertropical convergence is located generally at these latitudes e) the solar equator is located generally at these latitudes

c) the subtropical highs are located generally at these latitudes

Formation of CH4 released by archaea to atmosphere from deep oceanic sediments (methanogenesis)

chemoautotrophic

For desert plants, the wilting point may be reached when the remaining water in the soil is bound to soil particles with a strength of _________ or greater, exceeding the ability of the plant at that point to pull water into the root cells by osmotic means. a) -1300 atm b) -15 atm c) -0.1 atm d) -60 atm e) -3 atm

d) -60 atm

Which of the following coordinates represents the location of Athens, GA? a) 36°50' S lat. x 51°00' E long. b) 42°30' N lat. x 106°18 W long. c) 27°45' S lat. x 47°50' W long. d) 34°00' N lat. x 83°40' W long. e) 27°45' N lat. x 47°50' E long.

d) 34°00' N lat. x 83°40' W long.

What wavelength of PAR light (in nanometer units) reaches the greatest depth in clear water, explaining the importance of carotenoid photosynthetic pigments in deeper water plant communities? a) 400 b) 200 c) 1000 d) 500 e) 700

d) 500

TEMPERATE RAINFOREST is an important US biome found within which state? a) Texas b) Florida c) Oregon d) Alaska e) North Carolina

d) Alaska

The two most important environmental factors including the development of terrestrial biomes are... a) frequency of fire and annual rainfall b) global latitude and annual temperature c) maritime influence and average temperature d) annual rainfall and average temperature e) soil type and latitude

d) annual rainfall and average temperature

You observe that your study lake becomes stratified each summer and that community metabolism comes to a near stop while the lake remains stratified. A fall bloom will occur within your lake when... a) increasing solar radiation peaks in late June and early July b) the epilimnion becomes affected by the absence of oxygen c) the thermocline becomes established beneath the epilimnion d) hypolimnion nutrients are transported to the epilimnion e) surface nutrients are transported to the hypolimnion

d) hypolimnion nutrients are transported to the epilimnion

African estrildid finch

disruptive selection that increases phenotypic variation in the population

PAR radiation does not travel well through water, compared to the atmosphere. Short wavelengths are scattered, and long wavelengths are absorbed. This phenomenon severely limits the water depth at which producers can "make it." If the proportion of PAR radiation at the surface of a lake with VERY CLEAR WATER is set at 100 percent, the proportion remaining at A HUNDRED METERS of depth is approximately... a) 30% b) 2% c) 10% d) 50% e) 7%

e) 7%

During a long cold winter, lake water temperatures drop to zero, and the water begins to freeze at the surface. Why does this cold, heavy water not sink to the bottom, effectively lowering the temperature of the entire lake at all depths? a) Wind-driven mixing ceased when the lake surface became covered with ice b) Not enough time. It requires 80 calories of heat to be removed from each cubic centimeter of water to convert water at 0°C to ice at 0°C c) Pond water stays liquid over a broad range of temperature d)The presence of a thermocline prevented the colder water of the epilimnion from mixing with the warmer hypolimnion e) Water is most dense at 4°C, so surface water at 0°C cannot sink to the bottom of the lake

e) Water is most dense at 4°C, so surface water at 0°C cannot sink to the bottom of the lake

Dr. Schmidt-Nielsen noted in his article on the kangaroo rat that the most important SOURCE of water for this desert-inhibiting species during extreme drought is... a) atmospheric water consumed within the nasal sinuses b) tissue water obtained from a unique diet of cactus and agave c) condensate on leaf surfaces occurring under cool nighttime conditions d) water derived from its own urine e) metabolic water derived from the oxidation of grain

e) metabolic water derived from the oxidation of grain

Within an old growth rainforest, the dominant factor accounting for the consistent reduction in the intensity of PAR available to an herbaceous forest floor plant, as opposed to a canopy plant, is... a) cloud cover b) water vapor in the air c) CO2 d) soil reflectivity e) shading

e) shading

ten percent rule

production by herbivores in a community food chain is usually close to ten percent NPP

assimilation efficiency

very low in elephants (cellulose in egestion)

What is the ultimate source of H2O entering earth's hydrologic cycle?

volcanic emissions