Psyc 301 - Chapter 4

Symptoms

patient's subjective description of a physical or mental disorder

Objective personality tests

structured tests, such as questionnaires, self-inventories, or rating scales, used in psychological assessment

Structured assessment interview

interview with a set introduction that follows a predetermined set pf procedures and questions throughout

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)

objective method of rating clinical symptms that provides scores on 18 variables (e.g. somatic concern, anxiety, withdrawal, hostility and bizarre thinking)

Self-monitoring

observing and recording one's own behavior, thought and feelings as they occur in various natural settings

Comorbidity

occurrence of two or more identified disorders in the same psychologically disordered individual

Psychological assessment

the use of psychological procedures such as behavioral obsercation, interview and psychological tests to obtain a picture of a client's mental health symptoms and personality

anxiety

As a result of her experience of being assaulted at work, the patient described in this module (Andrea C.) was given a personality inventory that indicated high scores in which of the following clinical scales? -schizophrenia -psychopathic deviate -anxiety -bipolar

prototype

A(n) __________ is a conceptual entity depicting an idealized combination of characteristics that more or less regularly occur together in a less-than-perfect or standard way at the level of actual observation. -exemplar -prototype -script -schema

presenting problem

The major symptoms or behaviors that a client is experiencing are called the _____. -presenting problem -formal diagnosis -primary issue -initial complaint

Actuarial procedures

Methods whereby data about subjects are analyzed by objective procedures or formulas rather than by human judgments.

personality

Aaron tends to be very shy and laid back, and is generally inhibited in social situations. As a result, his boss does not see him as a leader and Aaron is repeatedly overlooked for promotions; this has caused Aaron to be very anxious and somewhat depressed. In this case Aaron has a ________ factor that is influencing his mental health. -social context -cultural -cognitive -personality

structured

According to research data, which type of assessment interview provides the most reliable results? -unstructured -semi-structured -subjective -structured

underemphasis on the external situation

Anna was hospitalized for depression after the death of her husband. According to the nursing staff, Anna has a passive-aggressive personality because she is slow to participate in activities. The nursing staff feels that treatment should focus on eradicating the alleged passive-aggressive personality characteristics. Which of the following factors affecting ethical assessment is being overlooked in this plan? -theoretical orientation of the clinician -underemphasis on the external situation -potential cultural bias of the instrument or the clinician -inaccurate data or premature evaluation

EEG

An __________ is a graphical record of the brain's electrical activity. -EOG -EMG -EKG -EEG

analogue

Because some clinical issues should not be observed in the real world, clinicians often use ________ situations. These can involve role-playing, reenactment, family interaction assignments, or think-aloud procedures. -analogue -duplicated -artificial -laboratory

the MRI produces sharper images of the interior of the brain

Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans have been increasingly replaced by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for several reasons, including which of the following? -the MRI subjects patients to ionizing radiation, and the CAT scan does not -the MRI shows how a physical structure is functioning, while the CAT scan only shows anatomical -the MRI produces sharper images of the interior of the brain -an MRI is more complicated to administer than a CAT scan

Reliablility

Degree to which a measing device produces the same result each time it is used to measure the same thing or when two or more different raters use it

cultural competence

Dr. Summerly is working with Bo, a 15-year-old Korean boy. She decides to give him an intelligence test to assess his cognitive skills. She will need to remember to select a test that has been adapted and validated for a person from Korea. This sort of attention to these factors is called ________. -interrater reliability -external validation -multiethnic regard -cultural competence

the risk of premature evaluation

Dr. Swinburn has just finished an intake appointment with a new client, and she feels ready to make a diagnosis based on that one-hour conversation. She does not know that this client was not yet comfortable enough with the counseling process to share some important information with the therapist. Which factor is Dr. Swinburn forgetting to consider when she makes this diagnosis? -the risk of premature evaluation -insufficient validation of the assessment results -the potential cultural bias that she brings to the counseling relationship -her own theoretical orientation as a clinician

The fMRI is not currently considered to be a valid or useful diagnostic tool for mental disorders or for use in forensic evaluation.

Dr. Williamson believes that the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can help determine the exact neurological functions that underlie various psychiatric conditions. He has often said "soon fMRI will replace all other diagnostic methods for determining psychopathology." What does this chapter state about this claim? -The fMRI is not currently considered to be a valid or useful diagnostic tool for mental disorders or for use in forensic evaluation. -The fMRI has been found to be effective at identifying psychotic spectrum disorders, but for no other type of diagnostic category. -The fMRI has been found inferior to standard MRI for such purposes. -The fMRI has been found to be as good as or better than subjective clinical evaluation of psychopathology in almost every published study.

the tool has validity scales that assess whether a person is answering in a straightforward manner

For various reasons, people taking the MMPI-2 might go into a testing situation planning on answering in a specific way to make themselves look extra bad or extra good. How does the MMPI-2 deal with this possibility? -The MMPI-2 is always given alongside other measures to see if the results are consistent. -The tool cannot distinguish honest from dishonest responding, which is why the clinician must be well-trained in interpreting the results. -The tool has validity scales that assess whether a person is answering in a straightforward manner. -The MMPI-2 has an "honor statement" at the start of the measure that reminds people that dishonest responding is unethical.

classification system

Having an agreed-upon ________ allows professionals to be confident that they are communicating clearly with each other and with laypersons. -informed consent acknowledgment -diagnostic manual -set of public policies -classification system

medical examination

In cases where physical symptoms are part of the presenting clinical picture, a referral for __________ is recommended. -psychosurgical consultation -psychotropic medication -hypnotherapy -medical examination

Some clinical situations might not offer enough time or funding to use these tests.

Intelligence testing, though a source of important information about cognitive functioning, suffers from a number of potential limitations. Which of the following is one of those issues? -The assessment must be sent off for standardized scoring, and can take 2 to 3 weeks to get back. -The computers needed to score these tests are not always available. -Research data find that most people score within 15 points of one another on these tests, making them a poor method of distinguishing between clients. -Some clinical situations might not offer enough time or funding to use these tests.

Signs

Objective observations that suggest to a diagnostician a patient's physical or mental disorder

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

widely used an empirically validated personality scales

Rorschach inkblot test

Use of 10 inkblot pictures to which a subject responds with associations that come to mind. Analysis of these responses enables a clinician to infer personality characteristics

rating scale

Which of the following would you want to use if you were interested in administering an objective personality test to a client? -Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale -projective test -rating scale -Rorschach inkblot test

personality scales

Which one of the following categories of assessment procedures is least likely to have problems with validity? -personality scales -projective assessment techniques -behavioral observation reports -behavioral self-reports

professional orientation

While a psychodynamic therapist might rely on the information from a projective test (e.g., Rorschach inkblots or Thematic Apperception Test), a humanistic therapist might rely more on the data gathered from an unstructured interview. This demonstrates the importance of ________ on the process of assessment and evaluation. -subjective measures -one's training -personality factors -professional orientation

ICD-10

Which classification system is widely used in Europe and other countries to assist with the assessment and diagnosis of a mental disorder? -MHS-4 -ICD-10 -DSM-5 -PIC-8

PET scan

Which neuroimaging technique provides metabolic portraits by tracking natural compounds, such as glucose, as they are metabolized by the brain or other organisms? -EEG -CAT scan -MRI -PET scan

All human behavior can be divided into groups of "healthy" and "unhealthy."

Which of the following is an assumption of the categorical approach to classification? -A person's actions will naturally change and mature over different life-span stages. -All human behavior can be divided into groups of "healthy" and "unhealthy." -One's typical behavior is a product of differing intensities of action. -Several people with the same diagnosis might show a wide variety of different symptoms.

standardization

__________ is a process by which a psychological test is administered, scored, and interpreted in a consistent or uniform manner. -standardization -interpolation -stratification -validation

Validity

extent to which a measuring instrument actually measures what it purports to measure

Role-playing

form of assessment in which a person is unstructured to play a part, enabling clinician to observe a client's behavior directly

Rating scales

formal structures for organizing information obtained from clinical observation and self-reports to encourage reliability and objectivity

Presenting problem

major symptoms and behavior the client is experiencing

Standardization

procedure for establishing the expected performance range on a test

T score distribution

standard distribution of scores that allows for a comparison of scores on a test by comparing scores with a group of known values

Projective personality test

techniques that use various ambiguous stimuli that a subject is encouraged to interpret and from which the subject's personality be analyzed

Intelligence test

test used in establishing a subject's level of intellectual capability

Clinical diagnosis

the process through which a clinician arrives at a general "summary classification" of the patient's symptoms by follwing a clearly defined system such as DSM-5

Unstructured assessment interview

typically subjective interviews that do not follow a predetermined set of questions. The beginning statements in the interview are usually general, and follow-up questions are tailored for each client. The content of the interview questions is influenced by the habits or theoretical views of the interviewer.

Personality

unique pattern of traits that characterize an individual

ThematiOc Apperception Test (TAT)

use of a series of simple pictures about which a subject is instructed to make up stories. Analysis of the stories gives a clinician clues about the person's conflicts, traits, personality dynamic and the like

Neuropsychological assessment

use of psychological tests measure a person's cognitive, perceptual and motor performance to obtain clues to the extent and locus of brain damage