Criminal Justice Chapter 11

Approximately, 1 in adults in the United States is under some form of correctional supervision

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Identify an accurate statement true about workhouses

Workhouses held a mix of people, including jobless vagrants, debtors, and serious criminals

If you were accused of a crime and were awaiting trial in colonial America, you would most likely be held in

an ordinary house that served as a jail-house

Most federal inmates are serving sentences for

drug offenses

If you were forced to row explorer's ships as punishment for a crime during the 1400s and 1500s in England, you were sentenced to

galley slavery

What has research indicated concerning the cost-effectiveness of private prisons?

Private prisons are just as expensive as government-run prisons to operate

A punishment that involved no torture or corporal punishment for offenders and focused on reforming their behavior is based on

Quaker principles

is defined as a perspective that focuses on the offender's responsibility to repair the hurt, damage, and injustice that the crime victim has experienced by making restitution and doing community service

Restorative justice

Which of the following statements is true about the effectiveness of harsh punishments as deterrents to crime?

The threat of harsh punishment does not necessarily reduce crime

The is considered by many scholars to be the first penitentiary

Walnut Street Jail

The most common form of early punishment were execution and

public corporal punishments

The is a report, published in 1974, indicating that rehabilitative efforts, for the most part, were having little to no effect on recidivism

Martinson Report

Which of the following was one of the lasting effects of the Martinson Report of 1974?

Most prisons drastically cut funding to prison treatment programs or eliminated them all together

The was a system of prison administration in which prisoners were isolated in cells at night but allowed to congregate during the day for work duty and meals, but in total silence

Philadelphia system

Early forms of confinement in England and other European countries were very different from contemporary prisons and jails. One of the first forms of confinement was to send vagrants, debtors, and sometimes serious criminals to an institution in which they were housed and forced to work. Another form of confinement was exporting criminals to other lands, such as the British colonies of America and Australia. With the coming of the American Revolution, the British could no longer export convicts America. Instead, they used abandoned ships, docked in British harbors, to house prisoners. The institutions in which early prisoners were housed and forced to work in were known as

All of these answers are correct

Penitentiaries embraced the principle of

All of these answers are correct

The belief that harsh penalties reduce crime is based on the assumption that

All of these answers are correct

Who among the following are more likely than any other racial or ethnic group to be incarcerated?

Blacks

Consider that you were housed in an American prison where you spent all of your time working in a small, self-contained solitary cell. As a new inmate, you were taken blindfolded to your cell and given a Bible. You saw only your keeper and were not permitted to communicate with other inmates or family members on the outside. You were most likely housed in the

Eastern State Penitentiary

How did citizens in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England make sure that punishment of offenders, particularly hanging, would have the desired deterrent effect?

by usually making the hanging a public event in the town square

Jack and Jill are both convicted of armed robbery. At the sentencing hearing, the judge sentences Jack to 10 years in prison and orders him to pay a fine of $1,120 as well as restitution to the victims. Jill, on the other hand, is sentenced to only 5 years in prison and must pay a fine of $750; she does not have to pay any restitution. Jill's sentence, which is more lenient than Jack's for the same crime, provides an example of the

chivalry hypothesis

Jack and Jill are both convicted of driving under the influence. Jack is sentenced to 9 months in jail while Jill is sentenced to 6 months on probation. Jill's sentence is an example of

community corrections

The New gate Prison in Connecticut was originally a

copper mine

Society's efforts to punish and treat individuals who break the law, and thereby to protect the public, is denoted by the term

corrections

Four friends, Bob, Sue, Tom, and John, have been convicted of robbery. Upon sentencing, they discover that they are being sent to four different prisons, each with its own philosophy of corrections. Bob spends much of his sentence in an isolation cell; he is also subject to strict rules and regulations and has no access to rehabilitation programs. Sue finds herself in a prison that is filled with individuals serving very lengthy sentences as well as some low- level offenders, who, she thinks, should never have been incarcerated because their crimes are not serious. Tom, on the other hand, has access to many different treatment programs. The prison where John is incarcerated is focused on John's success when he returns to the community. He spends his time preparing for release. Sue is most likely incarcerated in a prison that adheres to the

crime control model

One of the main criticisms of the Pennsylvania system was that some of the prisoners

developed mental disorders

Early forms of confinement in England and other European countries were very different from contemporary prisons and jails. One of the first forms of confinement was to send vagrants, debtors, and sometimes serious criminals to an institution in which they were housed and forced to work. Another form of confinement was exporting criminals to other lands, such as the British colonies of America and Australia. With the coming of the American Revolution, the British could no longer export convicts to America. Instead, they used abandoned ships, docked in British harbors, to house prisoners. The ships that were used to house offenders were called

hulks

One of the early forms of punishment in England was to hold convicts in abandoned ships, which are called

hulks

In the past 2 decades, the number of inmates housed in private prisons has

increased

Jack is incarcerated in a facility where he makes shoes that are sold on the open market. He is subject to strict discipline and is not paid for his work. Jack is most likely incarcerated in a(n)

industrial prison

Early forms of confinement in England and other European countries were very different from contemporary prisons and jails. One of the first forms of confinement was to send vagrants, debtors, and sometimes serious criminals to an institution in which they were housed and forced to work. Another form of confinement was exporting criminals to other lands, such as the British colonies of America and Australia. With the coming of the American Revolution, the British could no longer export convicts to America. Instead, they used abandoned ships, docked in British harbors, to house prisoners. The practice of exporting criminals to other lands was referred to as

transportation

In the United States, the term "corrections" can be traced back to the turn of the

twentieth century

One of the most important reasons that the Auburn system of prison administration was favored over the Pennsylvania system was because the Auburn system

was able to generate income through convict labor

Federal prison inmates are most likely to be

white

A new prison being built in Michigan includes back-to-back cells, used for sleeping only, and focuses on a system where inmates work together in silence during the day to generate income for the prison. Corporal punishment is used on inmates who violate prison rules. This prison is modeled after the

Auburn system

After a great debate over which system of prison administration was better, most prisons in the United States until the early 1900s were modeled after the

Auburn system

One of the most commonly used penal colonies during the late 1700s was

Australia

Four friends, Bob, Sue, Tom, and John, have been convicted of robbery. Upon sentencing, they discover that they are being sent to four different prisons, each with its own philosophy of corrections. Bob spends much of his sentence in an isolation cell; he is also subject to strict rules and regulations and has no access to rehabilitation programs. Sue finds herself in a prison that is filled with individuals serving very lengthy sentences as well as some low- level offenders, who, she thinks, should never have been incarcerated because their crimes are not serious. Tom, on the other hand, has access to many different treatment programs. The prison where John is incarcerated is focused on John's success when he returns to the community. He spends his time preparing for release. When John is released, he moves to a , which is a community-based residence that helps him reintegrate back into society successfully

halfway house

Jack and Jill are both convicted of driving under the influence. Jack is sentenced to 9 months in jail while Jill is sentenced to 6 months on probation. Jack's sentence is an example of

institutional corrections

A Florida study found that when compared with prisoners released from public facilities, prisoners released from privately operated prisons had

lower recidivism rates

If Joe is incarcerated in a prison where criminals are viewed as ill, and he receives treatment to cure his "illness," the prison is centered around the of corrections

medical model

In 1785, half the individuals sentenced to jail in Philadelphia were guilty of

not paying their debts

Private prisons have gained popularity in the United States because of

overcrowded prisons

Early forms of confinement in England and other European countries were very different from contemporary prisons and jails. One of the first methods of confinement was an institution that held jobless vagrants, debtors, and sometimes serious criminals. Another form of confinement was exporting criminals to other lands, such as the British colonies of America and Australia. With the coming of the American Revolution, the British could no longer export convicts to America. Instead, they used abandoned ships, docked in British harbors, to house prisoners. The other lands that the British exported criminals to were referred to as

penal colonies

During the late eighteenth century, an American judge who wished for an offender to repent for his or her sins or wrongdoings would most likely be inclined to sentence the offender to a

penitentiary

The Auburn system differed from the Pennsylvania system in that inmates were

permitted to congregate during the day to work together in silence

During the eleventh century in England, until it was time to impose punishment, those who broke laws were often held in

private estates

Four friends, Bob, Sue, Tom, and John, have been convicted of robbery. Upon sentencing, they discover that they are being sent to four different prisons, each with its own philosophy of corrections. Bob spends much of his sentence in an isolation cell; he is also subject to strict rules and regulations and has no access to rehabilitation programs. Sue finds herself in a prison that is filled with individuals serving very lengthy sentences as well as some low- level offenders, who, she thinks, should never have been incarcerated because their crimes are not serious. Tom, on the other hand, has access to many different treatment programs. The prison where John is incarcerated is focused on John's success when he returns to the community. He spends his time preparing for release. Bob is most likely incarcerated in a prison that adheres to the of corrections

punishment model

Emphasizing changing an individual from an offender into someone who is law-abiding, correctional philosophy eventually shifted from a philosophy of punishment to a philosophy of

rehabilitation

The Elmira Reformatory centered on the principles of

rehabilitation

Four friends, Bob, Sue, Tom, and John have been convicted of robbery. Upon sentencing, they discover that they are being sent to four different prisons, each with its own philosophy of corrections. Bob spends much of his sentence in an isolation cell; he is also subject to strict rules and regulations and has no access to rehabilitation programs. Sue finds herself in a prison that is filled with individuals serving very lengthy sentences as well as some low- level offenders, who, she thinks, should never have been incarcerated because their crimes are not serious. Tom, on the other hand, has access to many different treatment programs. The prison where John is incarcerated is focused on John's success when he returns to the community. He spends his time preparing for release. Tom is most likely incarcerated in a prison that adheres to the of corrections

rehabilitation model

Four friends, Bob, Sue, Tom, and John, have been convicted of robbery. Upon sentencing, they discover that they are being sent to four different prisons, each with its own philosophy of corrections. Bob spends much of his sentence in an isolation cell; he is also subject to strict rules and regulations and has no access to rehabilitation programs. Sue finds herself in a prison that is filled with individuals serving very lengthy sentences as well as some low-level offenders, who, she thinks, should never have been incarcerated because their crimes are not serious. Tom, on the other hand, has access to many different treatment programs. The prison where John is incarcerated is focused on John's success when here turns to the community. He spends his time preparing for release. John is most likely incarcerated in a prison that adheres to the of corrections

reintegration model

Researchers who have studied punishment believe that the motive for harsh punishment is not deterrence but

retribution

Research has indicated that when compared with offenders who do not participate in a victim impact panel, offenders who participate in a victim impact panel have recidivism rates that are

similar

The style of confinement under the Auburn system was called

the congregate system

Historically, people believed that the only way to control crime was through severe punishments and

the fear of being caught

One of the most significant reasons that reformatories fell out of popularity was because

the prisons were overcrowded

Joe is incarcerated in a prison where there is a focus on treatment. The prison views the inmates as "sick" and tries to "cure" their criminal behavior. Joe is most likely incarcerated in a(n)

therapeutic prison

When the term "corrections" first came into use in the United States, it reflected a widely held belief that the corrections systems would

transform offenders into law-abiding citizens