bio exam
which would you find in the circulatory system of a fish? double loop circulation a heart with one atrium and one ventricle a heart with one atrium and two ventricle a heart with two atria and one ventricle a pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit
a heart with one atrium and one ventricle
which scenario best illustrates the process of natural selection? a plant loses its leaves in a drought a chameleon's color changes to brown as it sits on a log a bear learns to find food at a garbage dump a population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide a population of foxes increases as more prey becomes available
a population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide
Escherichia coli and Clostridium acetobutylicum are reported to be derived from a common ancestor. they have some similar, but not identical gene sequences. what is the best explanation for this difference in genetic coding? the two species never diverged, but were discovered by 2 different scientists and given different names after the 2 species diverged, the genes accumulated random mutations that resulted in similar, but not identical gene sequences the 2 species are not closely related, but E. coli passed the similar gene sequences to C. acetobutylicum via horizontal gene transfer after the 2 species diverged, the similar gene sequences evolved through convergent evolution
after the 2 species diverged, the genes accumulated random mutations that resulted in similar, but not identical gene sequences
which of the following is an advantage of having a true coelom? it can serve as a support system and provide resistance against which muscles can contract complex organ systems can develop protected from damage and temperature changes sperm and eggs can be stored before they are released all of the choices are advantages of having a true coelom fluids here can assist respiration and circulation and accumulate metabolic waste
all of the choices are advantages of having a true coelom
what evidence indicates that tunicates (urochordates) and vertebrates are closely related? tunicate larvae have notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and pharyngeal gill slits tunicates have radial, indeterminate cleavage adult tunicates are sessile filter-feeders all of the other answers are correct
all of the other answers are correct
which of the following is required for natural selection to occur in a population? random variation in the population all of the other choices are required for natural selection to occur in a population accumulation of adaptive traits so that they increase in the population inheritance of variation through genetic differences differential reproduction so that more fit individuals have more offspring
all of the other choices are required for natural selection to occur in a population
what is the advantage to the segmentation that is exemplified in the annelids? all of the others are advantages the annelid may still survive if one segment is damaged vital structures are regenerated in each segment
all of the others are advantages
if a population satisfies the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model, what can you assume about that population? gene flow is occurring it is relatively small all of the other answers are correct allele and genotype frequencies are stable evolution is occurring
allele and genotype frequencies are stable
Approximately 3.5 million years ago the Isthmus of Panama formed. This new landmass severed the connection between the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. An ancestral fish population (porkfish) was split in two by this event; the two populations no longer interbreed and are two distinct species. This type of speciation is called: sympatric specialtion sexual selection due to ecological variation allopatric speciation parapatric speciation hybridization
allopatric speciation
which type of animal is most likely to gain water by osmosis from its environment? reptiles birds freshwater bony fishes cartilaginous fishes marine bony fishes
freshwater bony fish
nacreous
innermost layer of the mollusc shell that thickens over time and may be used to produce pearls
in a species of salamander, there are two forms, red and yellow. as the yellow form becomes less common due to predation and the red form more common, the yellow form becomes less likely to be eaten and more likely to survive and reproduce. the yellow form then becomes more common and roles of red and yellow forms reverse. this is an example of: directional selection disruptive selection negative frequency selection balancing selection
negative frequency selection
precocial
newly hatched birds that are covered with down and are active within a short time after birth
what field of study uses geographic distribution of extinct and living species to determine patterns of evolution? palentology biology geneology geology biogeography
palentology
all of the following are correct about plants except: plants can moderate local climates plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere plants changed the atmosphere of the earth, shaping the evolution of life on the planet plants act as primary consumers of most every terrestrial ecosystem plants can help mitigate erosion
plants act as primary consumers of most every terrestrial ecosystem
a previously unknown animal is being studied so that it can be classified. it is an invertebrate, triploblastic, dorsoventrally flattened, acoelomate, and has flame cells. in which clade would you place it? mollusca cnidaria platyhelminthes
platyhelminthes
how would an animal compensate for a nonfunctional lateral line? pressure waves in the water would have to be detected by other sensory structures sex recognition by male fish would have to be accomplished by the olfactory structures propulsion and directional control would have to be facilitated by other fins skeletal support would need to be reinforced internally gas exchange through the gill slits would have to be increased
pressure waves in the water would have to be detected by other sensory structures
paedomorphosis
process in which larval features are retained and passed on as the animal becomes sexually mature
which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic separating mammals from other animals? conceiving embryos that develop in an amniotic sac laying eggs being endothermic producing milk to feed offspring having a keratinous outer skin layer
producing milk to feed offspring
in tapeworms, the chain of __________ is know as the strobila, and the holdfast or attachment organ is called the _________. cercaria; trophosome proglottids; scolex ocelli; prostomium proglottids; pharynx apical buds; radicle
proglottids, scolex
a scientist is conducting embryological studies on a new species of invertebrate. she notices that it has spiral determinate cleavage and a blastopore that develops into a mouth. how does she classify the new species? urochordate chordate radiate protostome deuterostome
protostome
animals that have three layers of embryonic tissue with organs in a cavity that is lined only on one side with mesoderm are: eucoelomate acoelomate quasicoelomate pseudocoelomate gastsrocoelomate
pseudocoelomate
what feature(s) of echinoderms leads scientists to classify them as deuterostomes? bilateral symmetry of the larval stage a water vascular system the presence of mutable connective tissue and a calcite endoskeleton autonomy and ability to regenerate body parts radial indeterminate cleavage and coelom formation from the embryonic gut
radial indeterminate cleavage and coelom formation from the embryonic gut
wild cherry is a tree that is native to Europe and parts of Asia and Africa. it has been widely cultivated by humans for its fruit, which are also attractive to birds. based on this information, wild cherry is most closely related to which of the following plants? ferns chytrids roses pine trees mosses
roses
which of the following organisms can produce only female offspring through parthenogenesis? rotifers flukes choanoflagellates cnidarians annelids
rotifers
the amphibians unique contribution to the evolution of land vertebrates was: development of a tail for propulsion in water the leathery waterproof egg respiration through the skin separation of pulmonary and systemic circulation production of eggs with a jellylike coating
separation of pulmonary and systemic circulation
what human-induced environmental change could impact selection in a species of birds in which the female selects a mate based on the male's ability to sing a courtship song? air pollution that decreases visibility pollution that decreases access to clean water habitat loss that decreases the size of the male's territory the construction of a nearby airport a change in climate
the construction of a nearby airport
a phylogenetic tree is a diagram that describes a phylogeny. a phylogeny is: a list of character traits of individual species set in a tree diagram the geographic distribution of populations in a species the generations of individuals in a population the distribution of species in a given area in time the evolutionary history of a species or group of species
the evolutionary history of a species of group of species
a sea star suffers from an infection that causes blockages in its water vascular system. what do you predict will be the effect on the sea star? the sea star will be unable to store energy the sea star will be unable to extend its tube feet no noticeable effect will occur the sea star will be unable to reproduce
the sea star will be unable to extend its tube feet
you find some tiny worms crawling in a sample of sand. by carefully observing the worms under the microscope, you could test the hypothesis that these worms belong to clade Ecdysozoa by determining whether... they move using muscles coordinated by a nervous system mesoderm is present in the embryo they have a reduced coelom their embryos have determinate cleavage they grow by molting an exoskeleton
they grow by molting an exoskeleton
a scientist carefully dissects the only known specimen of a newly discovered species of bird. she found that this bird lacks a prominent keel on its sternum. what could she deduce about this bird on the basis of that observation? its bones have a relatively high density this bird is probably flightless it can lay eggs it has a mutated keel bone it is an agile flier
this bird is probably flightless
radula
tongue-like rasping organ in the head of most mollusks
a person can acquire a hookworm infection by allowing a dog who has been in contact with farm animals to lick his/her face thus transferring the eggs true false
true
a sting from a cubozoan, such as the sea wasp or the Irukandji jelly, in Australian waters may result in death of skin cells, irregular heartbeat, respiratory failure, and fatality. true false
true
as you walk across the northeastern campus enjoying the plant life you are primarily observing the dominant sporophyte generation of most familiar, easily observable plants. true false
true
fungal infections can be difficult to treat because fungi are fast growing eukaryotes that can consume both dead and living matter for nutrients and often reproduce both sexually and asexually. true false
true
key decomposers in the biosphere include bacteria, fungi, and nematodes true false
true
nematodes are roundworms that can "thrash and wiggle" because circular muscles contract when longitudinal muscles relax and vice versa in waves of peristalsis. true false
true
tardigrades are tiny organisms with 4 pairs of stubby legs that can endure long periods without water due to their ability to engage in cryptobiosis true false
true
the bright coloration of dart frogs warns potential predators of the toxic alkaloid metabolites contained in their skin glands true false
true
the synapsid skull is characterized by the presence of one lateral temporal opening that became important as a site for muscle attachment and contributed to the evolution of mammals. true false
true
the propulsive mechanism of a fish is: the flapping motion of its scales the movement of water into the mouth and out the gills the trunk and tail musculature the flapping of the pectoral fins combined with the activities of the swim bladder
trunk and tail musculature
diphyodont
type of mammalian dentition in which two sets of teeth occur
the term prokaryote refers to which of the following: unicellular organisms that have no nucleus cells that resemble animal cells more than plant cells very small organisms parasitic multicellular organisms none of the other answers are correct
unicellular organisms that have no nucleus
corona
unique ciliated crown in rotifers for feeding and locomotion
cephalopods are active predators because they have: 1. closed circulation and branchial hearts to pump blood to the gills 2. a well-developed nervous system and eyes 3. a mantle cavity and funnel for jet propulsion 4. chromatophores that provide camouflage and the ability in some to use tools 1, 2, and 3 are correct 1, 2, 3, and 4 are correct 1 and 2 are correct 2 and 4 only are correct 2, 3, and 4 are correct
2, 3, and 4 are correct
which of the following characteristics are shared by animals and fungi? 1. cell walls 2. derived from protists 3. autotrophic 4. absorptive nutrition 5. secrete digestive enzymes 1, 2, 3, and 4 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 2, 4, and 5 2, 3, 4, and 5 1, 2, and 4
2, 4, and 5
which of the following pairs of structures are homologous? 1. dorsal fin of a shark and front flipper of a porpoise 2. wing of a dragonfly and wing of a hawk 3. wing of a bluejay and front flipper of a porpoise 4. forelimb of a dog and forelimb of a horse 5. wing of a dragonfly and forelimb of a flying squirrel 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 3 and 4 1, 3, and 4 2 and 5 2 and 3
3 and 4
which of the following is/are characteristics of most animals? 1. they have 1 or more Hox genes 2. they are heterotrophic 3. they have an extracellular matrix of proteins such as collagen 4. they routinely utilize both sexual and asexual reproduction 2, 3, and 4 1 and 3 1, 3, and 4 1, 2, and 3 1, 2, 3, and 4
1, 2, and 3
which of the following statements are correct? 1. the fur of mammals consist of underhair, which is soft, dense, and used for insulation, and guard hair, which is coarser and colored 2. lizards and snakes have a kinetic skull that allows them to swallow prey whole 3. all birds have feathers, which are dead, epidermally derived, structures that must be replaced at regular intervals 4. sharks are heavier than water but achieve neutral buoyancy by means of a swim bladder 1, 2, and 3 only 1 and 3 only 2, 3, and 4 only 1, 2, 3, and 4
1, 2, and 3 only
pharyngeal gill slits evolved for: production of glandular tissue support of the buccal cavity respiration filter feeding hearing and balance
filter feeding
which would be most likely to be fossilized? a rare, desert dwelling lizard a common thick shelled crustacean an herbaceous plant that is only found at very high altitudes a common large worm
a common thick shelled crustacean
homocercal
fish tail in which both lobes are mostly equal in size
an arachnid differs from a crustacean because: arachnids lack antennae arachnids are mostly aquatic and crustaceans are mostly terrestrial only arachnids shed their exoskeleton only arachnids have 2 major body segments of cephalothorax and abdomen
arachnids lack antennae
which is the most plausible hypothesis to explain why marsupials are more diverse in Australia than in South America? Australia has been separated from other continents and largely lacked placental mammals for 65 million years few meat sources were available for carnivores in the Americas during the period of greatest mammalian diversification the marsupial birth process is better suited to the Australian desert than a placental birth process hunters decimated the American marsupial populations when the continents split, Australia got nearly all the marsupials
australia has been separated from other continents and largely lacked placental mammals for 65 million years
there is a population of frogs living in a pond, 25 are green, 25 are brown, 25 are yellow with green spots, and 25 are all yellow. a drought occurred and 75% of the frogs died. the remaining frogs were green and brown, after 25 generations the frogs were still green and brown, yellows frogs never appeared in the population again. which of the following best explains this phenomenon? founder effect heterozygote advantage temporal isolation sexual selection bottleneck effect
bottleneck effect
parapodia
fleshy lateral appendages used in polychaete respiration and locomotion
a notochord is... the early nerve structure that becomes the spinal cord a primitive form of bone vertebrae that develops into a backbone cells surrounded by a sheath to form a stiff dorsal supporting rod a strip of cartilage that forms a back and tail in all vertebrates
cells surrounded by a sheath to form a stiff dorsal supporting rod
which characteristic evolved in the common ancestor of modern annelids? bilateral symmetry mesoderm coelom chaetae clitellum
chaetae
metamorphosis is: the evolutionary transition from fishes to amphibians an intermediate condition, such as length of legs in mice between longer legs of some mice and shorter legs in others, a condition caused by Hox genes the developmental changing of a scale to a feather changing of one body form to another within a species, such as the change from an aquatic tadpole to a terrestrial frog
changing of one body form to another within a species, such as change from an aquatic tadpole to a terrestrial frog
cacti in the deserts of southwestern North American and some euphorbs of the deserts of Africa, have barrel-shaped stems, short-lived leaves, and spines, yet these two types of plants are from different evolutionary lineages. this is an example of: homologous traits adaptive radiation selective breeding convergent evolution transitional forms
convergent evolution
oxygen rich water flowing in the opposite direction to oxygen poor blood in order to maximize the diffusion across the surface of a gill is a concept called: metamerism thoracic breathing countercurrent flow rete mirabile embryonic disapause
countercurrent flow
macroevolution refers to the evolutionary changes that: create new species and groups of species occur in multicellular organisms cause changes in allele frequencies occur in large organisms occur over relatively short periods of time
create new species and groups of species
which of the following is incorrect? in holometabolous insects, the sequence of stage is: nymphal instars, pupa, then adult dinoflagellates are most closely related to ciliates such as the paramecium and apicomplexans like the one that causes malaria than they are to choanoflagellates most gastropods, bivalves, and polychaetes develop by way of a trochophore larval stage centipedes are fast moving carnivores with poison glands most mollusks have a foot modified for locomotion/attachment and a shell of calcium carbonate that grows with the body
dinoflagellates are most closely related to ciliates such as the paramecium and apicomplexans like the one that causes malaria than they are to choanoflagellates
the event called the Cambrian Explosion is where biologists have the best evidence of a rapid increase in... algal diversity diversity of major animal groups the number and size of glaciers geological activity the amount of fish, of a single species, in the sea
diversity of major animal groups
clitellum
earthworm reproductive structure that secretes a cocoon around the fertilized egg
how could you possibly become infected with an adult tapeworm? eating freshly peeled fruit ingesting eggs in contaminated water being bitten by a mosquito eating insufficiently cooked pork walking through contaminated grass
eating insufficiently cooked pork
germ layers are: embryonic layers with different developmental potentials none of the choices are correct layers of cells surrounding the egg prior to fertilization layers infected with bacteria colonial protests arranged in layers
embryonic layers with different developmental potentials
mammals that are grazers: suckle their young in pouches for an extended period of lactation and parental care exhibit reduced canines, expansive molars, and a long GI tract packed with bacteria have teeth with pointed cusps and a short GI tract suitable for processing insects have prominent teeth for piercing, clawed limbs, and a short GI tract are able to eat discrete meals and therefore have a more attractive lifestyle
exhibit reduced canines, expansive molars, and a long GI tract packed with bacteria
which trait was a pre-adaptation present in the aquatic ancestor of insects that facilitated the colonization of terrestrial habitats? none of the answers are correct wings exoskeleton coated in a waxy layer chelicerase trachea
exoskeleton coated in a waxy layer
analogous structures are derived from a common ancestral structure to perform the same function. true false
false
because they differ from other living organisms by lacking a discrete nucleus and many other cell inclusions, bacteria and archaea are more closely related to one another than they are to eukaryotes. true false
false
sharks have cartilaginous skeletons because bone-forming ability has not yet evolved in vertebrates when they originated. true false
false
true horns are branched structures composed of bone covered by highly vascularized tissue and are important for their medicinal properties in human medicine true false
false
the tapeworm might be called the "ultimate" parasite because it: has no need of a host produces eggs that develop without being fertilized is immortal is long, thin, and flat has no digestive tract
has no digestive tract
the term evolution is used to describe... the ability of an individual organism to pass on what it has learned, through experience, to the next generation any change in an individual that can be observed changed in the number of individuals in a population due to mating heritable changes in characteristics of a population from one generation to the next any change in an individual organism that occurs in somatic cells
heritable changes in characteristics of a population from one generation to the next
ocean acidification and calcium carbonate dissolution of the skeletons of marine organisms result from: decreased cellular respiration due to rising pH levels increased photosynthesis high atmospheric CO2 concentration global warming increased dumping of pollutants and toxins
high atmospheric CO2 concentration
the emperor penguins of Antarctica live on a diet of fish and crustaceans obtained from the cold Antarctic seawaters. during their annual breeding cycle, however, they migrate across the frozen continent to their breeding grounds 50 miles away from the sea (and 50 miles away from their source of food). for over 2 months, the male emperor penguins care for and incubate eggs, while the females return to the sea to feed. during this time, a male penguin can lose up to 50% of its biomass (dry weight). where does this biomass go? it leaves the penguins as excrement it is converted to CO2 and H2O and then released it is converted to heat and then lost to the environment it is converted to ATP molecules
it leaves the penguins as excrement
which of the following is a disadvantage of an arthropod exoskeleton? it is not flexible enough to allow a full range of movement it doesn't provide much protection from predators it allows for excess water loss it does not provide as efficient a muscle anchorage as an endoskeleton it must be shed for its owner to grow
it must be shed for its owner to grow
why can leeches be used to painlessly remove pooled blood around a surgically reattached fingertip? they facilitate regrowth of arteries after the surgeons reattach the veins they cannot because the amount of blood they drain from the patient is impossible to monitor leech saliva contains both an anesthetic and a strong anticoagulant the leech is really feeding on tissue proteins, and the constant cutting at tissues causes continuous flow of blood into its gut the bacteria in the leech gut prevents clotting
leech saliva contains both an anesthetic and a strong anticoagulant
snakes are tetrapods (four-legged animals) but don't have legs (except for boas and pythons, which have tiny remnants of hind legs). which of the following is the best explanation of this paradox? legs are not a derived character of tetrapods legs are not an ancestral character of snakes mutations in transcription factor genes prevent legs from forming during the embryonic development of snakes snakes are not tetrapods snakes belong to a lineage of vertebrates that never had legs
mutations in transcription factor genes prevent legs from forming during the embryonic development of snakes
you are presented with an organism that has not previously been identified. which feature would identify it as a fungus? mycella adsorptive nutrition cell wall nonparasitic flagella
mycella
if you live on a river delta or coastline, you may not be able to eat the local shellfish because of high levels of toxins, even though you may be able to drink the water taken from the same source. why? most harmless native clams have been replaced by bad species shellfish seasonally product toxic substances shellfish filter-feed and concentrate the dilute pollutants from the water, thus acting as early warning indicators of severe pollution shellfish regularly consume poisonous red tide organisms year-round
shellfish filter-feed and concentrate the dilute pollutants from the water, thus acting as early warning indicators of severe pollution
the earliest mammals were probably... large grazing animals resembling lizards human-like with sharp canine teeth for ripping meat dog-like scavengers that arose after the large reptiles became extinct lemurs in Madagascar small nocturnal shrew-like animals under the feet of dinosaurs
small nocturnal shrew-like animals under the feet of dinosaurs
having high-lift wings with wide slots make birds, such as the raptors (eagles, hawks, owls) well suited for: maneuvering in the forest hiding in a wheat field soaring over land and carrying heavy loads high speed flight
soaring over land and carrying heavy loads
adaptations for flight in birds include all but which of the following? highly sensitive sensory systems pneumatized (with air cavities) bones sound production one-way flow of air in respiration and high metabolic rate feathers
sound production
in animals, a highly mobile lifestyle with active predation and escape responses is best correlated with: the presence of a skeleton life in a terrestrial environment the development of xylem as a transport medium the ability to sense equally in all directions bilateral symmetry
the ability to sense equally in all directions
in a shelled egg of reptiles: temperature has the same effect in all groups in determining the sex of the offspring hard calcified material encloses everything the allantois contains the food supply the yolk sac stores the toxic wastes that accumulate during development the amnion is a fluid-filled sac in which the embryo floats
the amnion is a fluid-filled sac in which the embryo floats
which statement about cnidarians is not true? the swimming medusae are male and female and the fertilized eggs develop into planktonic planula larvae a jellylike mesoglea contains cells that form a nerve net throughout the body tentacles with nematocysts are used to capture prey and put it into the mouth the body form is either polyp or medusa and is radially symmetrical the body plan is tube-within-a-tube, with both mouth and anus and true muscle cells
the body form is either polyp or medusa and is radially symmetrical
