Bio Final - Exam #3 Questions

Currently much higher than it has ever been in the past 800,000 years

How does the current concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere compare to historical concentrations? 1. Currently much higher than it has ever been in the past 800,000 years 2. Currently much higher than it has ever been in the past 200 million years 3. Currently the same as it has been in earth's recent history 4. Current concentrations fall within the normal variation of atmospheric carbon dioxide

More severe dermatitis association with less diverse skin bacterial community

The figure below shows the relationship between bacterial diversity on skin and the severity of atopic dermatitis (higher SCORAD means more severe dermatitis). Ignoring the colors and the three groups, what is the overall relationship between diversity of skin bacteria and severity of dermatitis? 1. More severe dermatitis association with less diverse skin bacterial community 2. More severe dermatitis associated with more diverse skin bacterial community 3. No relationship between severity of dermatitis and bacterial diversity

Capsid proteins

Which of the following is present in ALL viruses? 1. Capsid proteins 2. DNA 3. Membranous envelope 4. Spike proteins 5. All of the above

Cyanobacteria

Based on the theory of endosymbiosis, would you predict that the DNA sequence of a gene in the chloroplasts of green algae would most similar to the sequence of the same gene in... 1. Cyanobacteria 2. The mitochondria of green algae 3. The nuclei of euglenids 4. The nuclei of green algae 5. The nuclei of land plants

It would continue to increase.

If humans were to immediately eliminate all carbon dioxides contributions from farming and burning plant matter, how would that affect the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? 1. It would continue to increase. 2. It will decrease to two-thirds of its current concentration 3. It would decrease, but very slowly 4. It would decrease to zero 5. It will remain at its current concentration

Horizontal gene transfer

Scientists are trying to treat certain genetic diseases by insert a functioning allele into a person's cells to replace the non-functioning allele causing the disease. Understanding what basic biological process would help scientists accomplish this? 1. Conjugation 2. Convergent evolution 3. Gene flow 4. Horizontal gene transfer 5. Lytic cycle

None of the above

Where on the "Tree of Life" do viruses belong? 1. Domain Archaea 2. Domain Bacteria 3. Domain Eukarya 4. None of the above

A and B

Which of following distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes? 1. Prokaryotic cells lack a defined nucleus 2. Prokaryotic cells have a single, circular chromosome 3. Prokaryotic cells are larger 4. A and B 5. A, B, and C

Viruses

Which of the following groups has members with genomes composed of RNA? 1. Archaea 2. Bacteria 3. Protists 4. Viruses 5. A and B

Population will have harmful traits selected for by natural selection

Which of the following is NOT a step in the extinction vortex? 1. Small populations tend to lose genetic variation through genetic drift 2. Natural selection is hindered or limited in populations with less genetic variation. 3. Population will have harmful traits selected for by natural selection 4. Population in an extinction vortex experience a gradual reduction in fitness.

Angiosperms + gymnosperms

Based on the above tree, which of the following groups of species constitute a monophyletic group? 1. Angiosperms + gymnosperms 2. Gymnosperms + seedless plants 3. Gymnosperms + non-vascular plants 4. Green algae 5. B and C

To artificially restore gene flow and increase the genetic diversity of the Florida population

In 2005, several panthers from a larger Texas population were introduced to Florida. Why did was this done? 1. To artificially restore gene flow and increase the genetic diversity of the Florida population 2. Because Texas panthers better adapted to the climate in southern Florida 3. To control invasive species in the Everglades in southern Florida 4. Because Florida panthers needed competition to improve their fitness

Convergent

Many groups of protists construct protective casings. Dinoflagellates often produce casings of cellulose. Forams manufacture calcium carbonate shells. Diatoms and some tubulinids (a type of amoebozoan) have silicon dioxide cases. Euglenozoans have protein reinforcements of their cellular membranes. Are protective casings in protists homologous or convergent? 1. Convergent 2. Homologous

Eocyte Hypothesis

There are two competing phylogenetic hypotheses for the relationships among the three domains of life. Trees depicting the two hypotheses are shown below. Which hypothesis suggests that Archaea are paraphyletic? 1. Eocyte Hypothesis 2. Archean Hypothesis 3. Both hypotheses 4. Neither hypothesis

Archaea

What group of organisms best describe the closest relatives to eukaryotes? 1. Archaea 2. Bacteria 3. Opisthokonta 4. Prokaryotes 5. Stramenopiles

Eradication of previously serious diseases

What public health achievement have vaccines made possible? 1. Antibiotics that drastically reduced fatalities from bacterial infections 2. Discovery that many diseases are caused by microscopic organisms, including bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and fungi 3. Discovery of non-cellular life 4. Effective treatments for a variety of cancers 5. Eradication of previously serious diseases

Family

Which of the following taxonomic ranks is the most exclusive (potentially includes the least species)? 1. Class 2. Domain 3. Family 4. Order

A diverse community of bacteria on their body

A healthy person practicing normal hygiene most likely has... 1. A diverse community of bacteria on their body 2. Very few to no bacteria on their body 3. Viruses in the lysogenic cycle 4. Viruses in the lytic cycle 5. High amounts of horizontal gene transfer between their cells and bacterial cells

Proteobacteria + Acidobacteria

According to the Eocyte Hypothesis in the tree in the previous question, was is the closest relative to cyanobacteria? 1. Acidobacteria 2. Proteobacteria + Acidobacteria 3. Spirochetes 4. Spirochete + Planctomycetes

Two times

Based on the evolutionary relationships depicted in the tree below, how many times did the shedding of the outer covering during development evolve in animals? 1. Never 2. One time 3. Two times 4. Three times

No

Based on the tree above, is the shedding of the outer covering during development homologous in animals? 1. Yes 2. No

Use the host cells' ribosomes to make more virus capsid proteins

Once inside a hot cell, what does a virus first do during a lytic cycle? 1. Burst out of the host cell 2. Find another virus in the cell to exchange genetic information with 3. Incorporate itself into the host genome and allow it to reproduce 4. Use the host cells' ribosomes to make more virus capsid proteins

Conjugation

Prokaryotes do not reproduce sexually, but they do acquire genetic changes via ___. 1. Conjugation 2. Endosymbiosis 3. Independent assortment 4. Random fertilization 5. All of the above

Inbreeding and loss of genetic variation in the Florida population

The Florida panther is a distinct population of cougar that lives in southern Florida. In the 1970s, the population of Florida panthers was as low as 20 individuals, and there was a higher incidence of heart and immune problems relative to other populations of cougars. Why did the Florida population have a higher incidence of these problems? 1. Climate change and higher temperatures over-stressed the panthers 2. The Florida climate is unsuitable for panthers 3. Inbreeding and loss of genetic variation in the Florida population 4. Increase genetic drift of diseases into the Florida population 5. Natural selection favoring these conditions in a small population

Synapomorophies

The common ancestor of all insects was wingless and molted throughout its life. However, most insects belong to a monophyletic subgroup called the Pterygota, which have evolved wings, and molting stops at adulthood. In insects, the possession of wings and the cessation of molting in adults are... 1. Coevolved traits 2. Homologies 3. Synapomorophies 4. Sympleisiomorphies

The genetic information on the bacterial DNA could become incorporated into another bacterium's genome when the virus carrying the bacterial DNA infects another cell

What can happen when a piece of bacterial DNA becomes packaged in a viral capsid? 1. The genetic information on the bacterial DNA could become incorporated into another bacterium's genome when the virus carrying the bacterial DNA infects another cell 2. The virus begins to evolve into a bacterium 3. The virus can become resistant to certain antibiotics 4. The virus can become infected by bacteria 5. It is impossible for bacterial DNA to be packaged in a viral capsid

They began the process of oxygenating the atmosphere

What role did cyanobacteria play in the early history of the Earth? 1. They helped cool the planet from its initial molten state 2. They began the process of oxygenating the atmosphere 3. They started the nitrogen cycle moving 4. They cleaned up toxins in the early oceans 5. They are the ancestor of all other living organisms

The help cycle nitrogen in ecosystems, converting it into forms that certain plant species can utilize.

What role do bacteria that utilize nitrogen in energy acquisition play in ecosystems? 1. They can form the basis of ecosystems where no other energy source is available, such as deep-sea vents. 2. They converted the nitrogen in the atmosphere of prehistoric earth to oxygen. 3. The help cycle nitrogen in ecosystems, converting it into forms that certain plant species can utilize. 4. A and B 5. None of the above

Gypsy moth caterpillars defoliating trees in New England.

Which of the following is NOT an example of an ecosystem service? 1. The biting midge Forcipomyia pollinating cacao flowers in Central and South America 2. Butterfly species visiting flowers in a garden. 3. Populations of native damsel bugs eating aphids feeding on soybean plants in farm fields 4. Gypsy moth caterpillars defoliating trees in New England. 5. Wetlands along a river acting as a buffer against flooding.

Nuclei

Which of the following is NOT hypothesized to form the direct basis of a plastid in some lineage of photosynthetic protists? 1. Cyanobacteria 2. Green algae 3. Nuclei 4. Red algae 5. All of these have are the evolutionary ancestors of a plastid in some photosynthetic protist

Create conservation area with the largest size possible

Which of the following is a good way to preserve genetic variation in endangered populations? 1. Create conservation area with the largest size possible 2. Create conservation areas as far apart as possible in case something happens to one 3. Contain individuals in their own local populations to prevent spread of disease 4. Prevent migration between population to avoid genetic mixing 5. Allow invasive species, habitat fragmentation, and climate change to continue. The challenges this places on species will spur evolution and adaptation.

HGT can occur between species, no matter closely or distantly they are related to each other

Which of the following is a true statement about horizontal gene transfer? 1. HGT can only happen among individuals of the same species 2. HGT only occurs in prokaryotes 3. HGT can occur between species, no matter closely or distantly they are related to each other 4. HGT has had little to no impact on the evolution of species

Phylogenetic trees are scientific hypotheses proposing a set of evolutionary relationships

Which of the following is an accurate statement about phylogenies? 1. Phylogenetic trees are scientific hypotheses proposing a set of evolutionary relationships 2. Phylogenetic trees depict the taxonomic classifications of a group of species 3. Phylogenetic trees are based on the intuition and experience of expert taxonomists 4. Phylogenetic trees depict the true evolutionary relationships among species

Some prokaryotic organisms are as different from each other as they are from eukaryotic organisms

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the 3 domains of life? 1. All single-celled forms of life are grouped into one domain 2. The division of life into three domains dates back to the ancient Greeks 3. Prokaryotic organisms are not included among the 3 domains 4. Some prokaryotic organisms are as different from each other as they are from eukaryotic organisms 5. The three domains of life arose from separate, independent origins of life

Cells infected by a virus in its lysogenic phase can continue to grow and divide.

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the lysogenic cycle? 1. Cells infected by a virus in its lysogenic phase can continue to grow and divide. 2. Lysogenic viruses are harmless. 3. Lysogenic viruses have a membranous envelope to assist in infecting a host cell. 4. Viruses in the lysogenic phase have no discernable impact on the host cell.

Multicellularity

Which of the following traits is homologous among protists? 1. Ability to photosynthesize 2. Multicellularity 3. Circular chromosomes 4. Possession of mitochondria 5. A, B, and C

Virus vector vaccine

Which type of vaccine requires certain viral genes (such as for a spike protein in a viral capsid) to be incorporated into genome of the individual receiving the vaccine? 1. Attenuated or weakened virus 2. Inactivated virus vaccine 3. mRNA vaccine 4. Virus vector vaccine

They experience more genetic drift and less gene flow

Why are small, isolated populations at greatest risk of extinction? 1. They experience more genetic drift and more gene flow 2. They experience less genetic drift and more gene flow 3. They experience more genetic drift and less gene flow 4. They experience less genetic drift and less gene flow

Most likely has a similar healthy gut flora as you do

Why is a family member that lives with you the best source for a stool sample for fecal transplant? 1. Considered to be the most ethical source 2. Less chance of transplant rejection by your body 3. Most convenient source 4. Most likely has a similar healthy gut flora as you do

3 is the best, 2 is the worst

You are a conservation officer tasked with designing a wildlife refuge in a fragmented landscape. You determine you have the resources for four natural areas. Which of the following refuge designs is the best, and which is the worst? 1. 1 is the best, 2 is the worst 2. 1 is the best, 3 is the worst 3. 2 is the best, 1 is the worst 4. 3 is the best, 2 is the worst

Chemoautotrophic

You are studying the metabolism of a new species of bacteria. You conduct an experiment with the following treatment groups and results. The control group had access to light, carbon dioxide, and organic molecules. Note that "0" means the bacteria did not grow/divide/reproduce. What metabolic strategy does this bacteria species use? 1. Chemoautotrophic 2. Chemoheterotrophic 3. Photoautotrophic 4. Photoheterotrophic