bio *

How many amino acids are coded for by the strand of mRNA shown here? Assume the reading frame begins with the first nucleotide

2

Chromosome

A portion of DNA that is condensed and rod-like

Gene

A portion of a chromosome that codes for a single protein

Codon

A set of 3 nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid

How come transcription MUST happen in the nucleus?

DNA cannot leave the nucleus

What is the central dogma of genetics / biology?

DNA needs to get its information to the ribosome through mRNA and tRNA reads the code on mRNA to produce proteins.

translate dna to mrna

DNA: ATA CTG GGA mRNA: _UAU GAC CCU_

You are trying to explain to your classmate how DNA is used to make proteins. What should you include in your explanation?

During translation, the genetic code in mRNA is read and used to put amino acids in place to make a protein. During transcription, DNA is used as a template to make a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) which then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm DNA contains all of the instructions an organism needs to live. DNA sequences must be converted into messages that can be used to produce proteins which do most of the work in our bodies.

Messenger RNA carries a(n) ___________ of the DNA's instructions out of the nucleus to the ___________.

Exact copy; ribosome

Starting with mRNA, describe the process of transcription.

Messenger RNA goes into the nucleus, the DNA unzips and the mRNA reads the nucleotide complementary base pairs. Making a message for the mRNA to copy.

Write the correct sequence of molecules, as a gene goes from coded information in the nucleus, to the product the cell wants to make.

Nucleus—mRNA—-ribosome—tRNA—amino acid—-protein

translate to rna DNA: CGA DNA: TGA DNA: GTT

RNA:_GCU RNA:_ACU RNA:___CAA

Nucleotide

Subunit that makes up nucleic acids

Amino Acid

Subunit that makes up proteins

Which is an accurate description of the processes used to turn the DNA code of a gene into a protein?

Transfer RNA delivers specific amino acids to the ribosome, matching messenger RNA codons.

what would you need for transcription and translation

Translation: ribosome, mrna, trna, polypeptide Transcription: dna and mrna

tRNA has

anticodons

The result (what is created)(translation)

copy of dna instructions

location it occurs (transcription)

cytoplasm ribosome

What does it show to be the result of translation?

formation of a protein

a cell builds proteins from instructions encoded in its what?

genes/ dna

Type(s) of RNA involved in translation

mrna

the molecule copied directly from DNA is called the

mrna

The sequence of ________________ in a DNA molecule determines the protein that will be produced.

nucleotides

Location in the cell where the process occurs(translation)

nucleus

What type of bond holds the amino acids together in a protein?

peptide bonds

The result (what is created)(transcription)

proteins

What type of biomolecule (macromolecule) is produced at the ribosome?

proteins

tRNA brings amino acids to the

ribosomes

What type of RNA acts like a delivery truck, delivers amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis, and then leaves empty again, to go collect another amino acid?

tRNA

During the process of _______________, the genetic message from DNA is transformed into mRNA.

transcription

The step of protein synthesis that occurs in the cytoplasm is

translation

What process IMMEDIATELY preceeded protein synthesis at the ribosome?

translation

tRNA transfers amino acids during

translation

During the process of _______________, the genetic message from mRNA is transformed into proteins.

translation_

types of rna involved in transcription

trna

If a portion of a messenger RNA molecule contains the base sequence A-A-U, then the corresponding anti-codon on the tRNA base sequence is

uua

This model shows the process of protein synthesis including transcription and translation. What is the best explanation for what is occurring at the arrow?

The codon on the mRNA pairs with the anticodon on the tRNA which transfers amino acids into the proper sequence to form a protein.

AUG is a start codon, GAU codes for aspartic acid, and GGU codes for glycine. This is true for the simplest bacteria, the amoeba, and multicellular plants. What description best explains this phenomenon?

The genetic code is universal and suggests common ancestry across all groups of life.

Once mRNA completes, describe how the process of translation ends with the production of a protein.

The mRNA goes out of the nucleus and a ribosome attaches. tRNA comes in and reads the code with its anticodon that says what amino acid to attach to the amino acid chain next. Once all the amino acids are attached, you have the protein.