Bio study guide #2

The genetic material of all living things is DNA, as far as we know. Viruses, however, may also use ______ as their genetic material.

RNA

Viruses can have which of the following forms of genetic material?

RNA, DNA

Influenza is a(n) ______ virus surrounded by ______.

RNA; a capsid and an envelope

Which characteristic of proteins allows influenza to specifically target its host cells?

Specific, complex, three-dimensional shape

Glycoproteins found on the surface of influenza A, the types of which are included in the name of the virus, are called ______.

Spikes

Which of these contains more genes?

The genome of a living thing

Which process of flu vaccine production uses only a small portion of the virus, its H spike protein?

The recombinant process

Which of these explains the general process of how viruses reproduce?

Viruses use the machinery of their host cell to make copies of themselves.

What does the process of RNA viral reproduction have to do with viral evolution?

When RNA is copied to DNA or mRNA, reverse transcriptase or RNA polymerase can introduce mistakes that cause variation in new viruses

Can the RNA of influenza be examined over time?

Yes, because it has genetic information that can be gathered from each strain over time.

Nonspecific immune cells destroy pathogens and infected cells, while specific immune responses target_________ present in the body cells or its fluids.

antigens

The cytokines released by the white blood cells in response to infection

are proteins that alert the organs to the presence of a pathogen.

When the immune system mistakenly identifies a protein or carbohydrate as an antigen when it is not, generating a specific immune response against healthy cells

autoimmune disorders, like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, can arise.

Select all that apply. Select the examples of innate immune defenses.

bacteria on the surface of the skin inhibit bacterial growth the identification and destruction of pathogens via macrophages hydrochloric acid in the stomach destroys bacteria and other pathogens the removal of dead cells and pathogens via neutrophils during the inflammatory response

Why are there fewer differences (mutations) between closely related organisms?

because there has been little time for a mutation to arise

The various chemical signals of the immune response, which include small proteins like histamine, are collectively called

cytokine

Flu symptoms like nausea, fever, and chills are caused by

cytokines release during the body's immune response to the influenza virus.

Select all of the characteristics of influenza viruses.

envelope capsid RNA spikes

The influenza virus targets which types of cells in the human body?

epithelial cells

Which of these viruses uses the lytic pathway?

influenza A

Because it includes the body's external barriers and cellular and chemical mechanisms that add general protection against pathogens,__________ immunity is also referred to as nonspecific immunity.

innate

General, nonspecific immune defense against pathogens is called

innate immunity

Cytochrome c is a protein important in the

mitochondria of cells.

Arrange the following structures of the respiratory tract to trace the path of the influenza virus through the body. Begin with the first structure, where the virus would enter the body, at the top.

mouth, pharynx, trachea, bronchioles, alveoli

Which molecules within a cell are involved in nearly every cellular process?

proteins

What would you expect to see when comparing the embryo of a chicken or tortoise to that of a human embryo?

similar embryonic structures

Which characteristic would you expect to see in a living thing but not in a virus?

the ability to process energy and materials

The genes of a living thing contain

the information needed to produce proteins and RNA.

Antigenic drift is a process that occurs when

there are changes on the surface spikes of the influenza virus because of mutations.

How many people were infected by the Spanish flu in 1918?

~ 500 million

Select all of the stages of the lysogenic cycle.

Release Attachment Integration Maturation Penetration Biosynthesis

Select all of the explanations of how influenza vaccines are produced.

Using fertilized chicken eggs Using H spike proteins to infect insect cells Using mammalian cell cultures

What is the structure on a virus known as a spike?

a glycoprotein on the surface of the virus that assists the virus in identifying and entering its host cell

A flu virus with the name A/duck/Alberta/35/76 (H1N1) originated in which host?

Duck

The lytic cycle is best defined as

a viral life cycle during which a virus penetrates a host cell and immediately begins to use the cell's materials and machinery to copy itself.

All viruses have genetic material and a

protein capsid

Antigenic shift is a process that occurs when

two different forms of the influenza virus infect the same host cell, which reproduces elements of both virus to create a new form.

Select all of the criteria used to choose influenza strains for annual vaccines.

Ability to produce an effective vaccine against the strain A strain's potential to cause a worldwide pandemic

The protein coat that surrounds the DNA or RNA of a virus is called its

Capsid

When an organism dies, its ______ may become mineralized, forming fossils.

Hard parts

When are strains of influenza chosen for vaccine production in the Southern hemisphere?

September prior to the start of flu season.

Which statement summarizes the scientific evidence that supports the idea that populations evolve over time?

The idea that populations evolve over time is supported by physical evidence (including fossils, homologous structures, and embryonic development) and chemical evidence (including DNA and protein sequences).

How does the immune system system distinguish "self" from "non-self" as it targets and destroys cells in the body?

The immune system recognizes the glycoproteins on the surface of its own cells as "self."

Which of the following is true of Hox genes?

They are similar in closely related organisms.

What role do H spikes play in influenza A infections?

They identify a specific glycoprotein embedded in the membrane of a host cell.

During his voyage on the HMS Beagle, which of these observations did Darwin note as evidence for natural selection?

Very similar species of large, flightless birds in South America and Africa

Structures that serve the same purpose but evolved independently are called _____ structures.

analogous

The field of________ anatomy studies structural similarities, including structures that serve the same function but evolved independently, or those that have been inherited from a common ancestor

comparative anatomy

Which molecule plays the role of a molecular tag during innate immune defense, identifying pathogens for destruction by the immune system?

complement proteins

An extreme phenotype is favored, shifting a distribution curve all the way right or all the way left in cases of_______selection

directional

Which type of selection favors one extreme variant for a trait within a population?

directional selection

Categorize the structures that appear above as either homologous or analogous.

homologous---->cat foreleg and human forearm, dolphin flipper and wing of a bat Analogous-----> legs of a spider and legs of a dog, wing of a bat and wing of an insect

Hox genes are developmental genes found in

All animals

In all organisms, except retroviruses, the flow of information is from

DNA--> RNA--> Protein

Which of these is a description of how the flu affects the body systems?

The virus releases proteins that disrupt respiratory epithelial cells and the immune system releases cytokines in response to the virus that cause multiple symptoms in the respiratory and other body systems.

The term ______ is used to describe an organism that can evade the immune system.

antigenic

Which method of influenza evolution usually involves animal hosts?

antigenic shift

A protein with a large sugar group attached to it is called a

glycoprotein.

Arrange these steps in producing vaccines using the recombinant method, beginning with the first step at the top. Instructions

Add H protein to a virus that infects insect cells. Culture the cells to produce large amounts of the H spike protein. Extract H spike protein and use it to make the vaccine.

Proteins are involved in __ cellular processes.

Almost all

Drag the function of each of these common vaccine additives to the ingredient it describes. Instructions

Aluminum salts-----> Enhance the ability of the immune system to detect the virus Egg proteins-----> Remnant from (some forms) of vaccine production Thimersol-----> Preservative found in multi-dose vials of vaccines

Why is Archaeopteryx considered to be a transitional fossil?

Because it has features of both birds and dinosaurs

Why do some scientists think that viruses should be classified with the living organisms?

Because of the discovery of a new group of viruses, some of which can produce their own proteins

Why is it more challenging for an RNA virus to replicate inside a living host than it would be for a DNA virus?

Because the RNA virus uses a different genetic material than its living host, whose machinery for making proteins begins with DNA.

Why haven't viruses historically been classified as living things?

Because they are unable to process energy or materials and require host cells to carry out many functions associated with living things

Which of these choices explains how the process of evolution relates to the study of biology?

Biology is the study of the natural world and the process of evolution is a part of that world.

Select all of the following which are characteristics of all viruses.

Protein capsid Genetic material

Because of their complex three-dimensional shapes, the___________ attached to the capsid of a virus are specific in the molecules they identify on a host cell.

Protein or spike

Drag the flu symptom to its cause.

Proteins produced by the flu virus that disrupt the normal function of epithelial cells--------> Congestion/trouble breathing from fluid accumulation in the lungs Increased blood flow and collection of immune cells in the respiratory tissues------> Mucus production Cytokines released in the immune response------> Loss of appetite

What is the primary function of epithelial cells?

Regulation; they separate the body's tissues from the external environment

Select all of the stages of the lytic cycle. Multiple select question.

Release Penetration Biosynthesis Maturation Attachment

Drag each field of biology to its relationship with evolution.

Systematics------> studies evolution as it relates to the relationships of organisms Genetics------> studies evolution as it relates to changes in DNA over time Ecology-------> studies evolution as it relates to organisms and their ability to fill a niche in an ecosystem

Arrange these steps to create an example of how a virus like influenza might evolve into a strain that threatens humans.

Human influenza viruses originate in animals, like birds and pigs These viruses combine to exchange genetic material, still in an animal host. Then, the virus mutates to produce new strains. Human influenza outbreak occurs

Which body system is most responsible for the majority of flu symptoms?

Immune System

Which of these is a component of the process of natural selection?

Individuals vary in their traits.

The WHO naming conventions for influenza A and influenza B each include a unique characteristic. Drag each characteristic to the type of influenza it is associated with.

Influenza A------> Characterized by the types of spikes on its surface Influenza B-------> Includes a lineage destination to help identify the history of the virus

Arrange the steps of influenza infection, beginning with the virus reaching the respiratory tract at the top.

Influenza viruses can enter the respiratory system through the mouth or nose, Once influenza viruses have entered the respiratory system, they quickly make their way to the pharynx, From the pharynx, the viruses make their way to the trachea and lungs, In the lungs, there are millions of tiny air sacs called alveoliwhere gas exchange occurs. The alveoli are lined with a single layer of epithelial cells, the target cells of the influenza virus.

Arrange these steps in producing vaccines with fertilized eggs, beginning with the first step at the top.

Inject the virus into fertilized chicken eggs Allow the eggs to incubate for a few days while virus replicates Extract the liquid portion of infected eggs Kill viruses Isolate and purify viruses and use to make vaccines

Select all that apply. If you were to explain the role of the immune system in protecting the body from pathogens, which of these would you include in your explanation?

It destroys pathogens. It produces antibodies. It destroys infected cells.

What must an RNA virus overcome before it can reproduce within a living host?

It must manufacture mRNA without the normal starting material, which is DNA.

Which characteristic of an RNA virus, like influenza A, presents a challenge when it enters a living host to copy itself?

Its genetic material, which is not compatible with the living cell's gene expression processes.

Which type of influenza A spike helps to initiate penetration of the virus in the host cell?

N Spikes

Match each description to the genome described.

The genes of a viral genome------> contains the instructions needed to produce a protein capsid, in some cases contains the information to produce surface glycoproteins The genes of a living thing------> contain the information needed to produce all of the proteins for cellular metabolism, contain the information needed to produce RNA

Which body system is closely involved with the immune system in the protection of the body from pathogens like viruses and bacteria?

The lymphatic system

During which viral life cycle is viral DNA replicated along with the host cell DNA, creating new cells that contain the virus?

The lysogenic cycle

Which viral life cycle includes integration of genetic information with the host cell DNA and a latent period?

The lysogenic cycle

During which viral life cycle does viral reproduction begin almost immediately once the virus has entered the host cell?

The lytic cycle

The nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, and small intestine are

The nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, and small intestine are

Which process of vaccine production is the most rapid?

The recombinant process

During the inflammatory response, histamine

allows white blood cells and clotting factor to be delivered quickly because blood flow is increased, Its release causes the capillaries to leak fluid that slows pathogen movement while also increasing blood flow.

When does the infection cycle begin, once influenza A reaches the respiratory tract?

almost immediately

A virus can be defined as

an obligate intracellular parasite.

A macrophage becomes a(n) ______ when it engulfs a pathogen and then displays a small portion of that pathogen on its surface.

antigen-presenting cell (APC)

Which method of influenza evolution can be attributed in large part to the efficiency of RNA polymerase?

antigenic drift

Select all that apply to complete this sentence. Fossils often form when the ______ of once-living organisms mineralize over time.

bones, teeth, shells

The ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions and evolve is a characteristic of

both viruses and livings things.

The evolution of a species is driven by genetic________ which can be passed from one generation to the next.

changes

Evolution, by its scientific definition, refers to

changes in a species or population over time.

The H1N1 flu outbreak in 2009, to which the human immune system was slow to respond, resulted from

changes in the virus caused by antigenic shift.

Homologous structures can be observed during the embryonic development of which organisms?

chick (chicken) tortoise human

Cytokines that restrict blood vessels in the skin cause which flu symptom?

chills

Agents such as viruses, radiation, and chemicals are examples of

common causes of genetic mutation.

Select all of the characteristics of a viral envelope

composed of remnants of host cell plasma membrane, assists in attachment and entry into host cell, surrounds the capsid

The recombinant method of vaccine production produces large amounts of viral protein using

cultured insect cells that have been infected with a virus combined with a target viral protein.

Proteins released by the white blood cells of the immune system during influenza infection are called

cytokines.

The importance of transitional fossils is that they

demonstrate relationships between two groups of organisms.

Which of these is suggested by similarities among embryos (like human and chicken) despite differences in the adult forms of these animals?

descent from a common ancestor

Which of these is a role of complement protein during innate immune response?

destroying bacterial cells by creating holes in its membrane

Select all of the effects of influenza infection on epithelial cells.

disruption of normal function programmed cell death

Antigenic________is a mechanism of influenza evolution that causes changes to the spikes on the viral surface.

drift

Which process of vaccine production requires the longest development time?

egg method

Global influenza outbreaks are most likely the effect of

evolution of the virus via antigenic shift.

Transitional fossils can tell us about the ______ among groups of organisms.

evolutionary relationships

The forelimbs of modern vertebrates are homologous structures, meaning that they may have changed evolutionarily to perform different functions, but they

evolved from the same body part in a common ancestor.

Reproductive success among individuals with favorable traits, which they pass on to the next generation is often described using the term

fitness

One of the components of the process of natural selection is based upon an individual's ability to compete for resources in order to survive and reproduce. This component addresses the

fitness of individuals

The mineralized traces of formerly living species are called

fossils

Which of these are possible consequences of antigenic shift in the influenza virus?

global outbreak slow adaptation by the immune system a new combination of H and N spikes on the surface of the virus

Which of these helps the immune system to distinguish the body's own cells from foreign cells, like pathogens?

glycoproteins

Select all that apply. If you were to create a list to summarize the scientific evidence that supports the idea that populations evolve over time, which of these items would you include?

homologous structures fossils DNA molecules

Structural similarities due to common descent are seen in

homologous structures.

During the inflammatory response, macrophages

identify and destroy bacteria or viruses in the vicinity of the wound.

In the northern hemisphere, influenza strains are chosen to produce the vaccinations for the following flu season

in February of each year.

Which of these lists the general contents of a vaccine?

inactivated or weakened viruses and additives to preserve the contents of the vaccine

The pace of influenza evolution is ______ because of an enzyme called RNA polymerase, which is not very efficient and may introduce mutations when the virus reproduces within a host.

increased

The genetic material of living things, DNA, or of a virus, which may be DNA or RNA, contains

instructions for specific traits.

Which of the cytokines typically associated with immune response signals nearby cells when a cell has been infected by a virus?

interferon

Which of the cytokines commonly involved in immune responses is a glycoprotein that helps to regulate the general immune response?

interleukin

In order to compare similarities and differences in the genetic material of influenza over time,

its RNA can be examined and compared from strain to strain and/or year to year.

Which quality of the flu virus makes it difficult to choose influenza strains to use in vaccines?

its potential to evolve quickly

Select all that apply. Which of these are consequences of antigenic drift as it applies to the influenza virus?

local influenza outbreaks reduced effectiveness of influenza vaccine

The viral life cycle during which a virus immediately begins using a host cell's resources to manufacture new viruses is called the ______ cycle.

lytic

Which of the following is an example of a glycoprotein involved in the immune response?

major-histocompatibility complexes

Glycoproteins involved in identifying self are collectively called

major-histocompatibility complexes, or MHCs.

The cell-based method of creating vaccines uses what kind of cells?

mammalian

When vaccines are produced using the cell-based method, the virus is injected into

mammalian cell cultures.

When comparing the cytochrome c protein between different species, the cytochrome c protein produced by a closely related species is

more similar than the cytochrome c protein produced by a distantly related species.

Which of the following immune cells function to destroy pathogens using a process called phagocytosis?

neutrophils macrophages dendritic cells

Select all that apply. Choose the organs and tissues of the lymphatic system from this list.

nodes and vessels thymus spleen red bone marrow

DNA is made up of subunits called ______, which are a combination of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.

nucleotides

The individual subunits of DNA are called

nucleotides

When fossils are arranged and compared according to their age, from__________successive evolutionary change becomes apparent.

oldest to youngest

The recombinant process of producing vaccines uses

only a small portion of the virus

In a DNA molecule, information is stored in the ______ of the molecule.

pattern of nucleotides

Major-histocompatibility complexes are

plasma membrane glycoproteins, glycoproteins involved in the immune response.

As influenza infection progresses, immune cells are deployed to the respiratory tissues and chemical signals increase blood flow to these tissues. This causes swelling and inflammation increase, along with

production of large amounts of mucus.

Complement proteins are

protective proteins that can tag pathogens so the immune system recognizes they need to be destroyed.

Because of the efficiency of RNA polymerase, which produces mRNA from viral RNA, the flu virus is able to

quickly acquire mutations and evolve rapidly.

What occurs because of the inflammatory response?

redness at site of infection or injury swelling at site of infection or injury

An RNA virus that must convert its RNA to DNA before using its host cell's machinery to reproduce is called a(n)

retrovirus.

The enzyme that converts viral RNA to DNA in a host cell is called

reverse transcriptase.

Antigenic______is a mechanism by which the flu virus may evolve in such a way that slows the ability of the immune system to react, threatening widespread outbreak.

shift

Drag the influence each type of selection has on a trait in a population.

stabilizing selection------> favors the average, or most common variant for a trait directional selection-------> favors an extreme variant for a trait disruptive selection-------> favors two extremes, selecting against the most common variant for a trait

Human birth weight, which favors an intermediate and not either extreme is an example of

stabilizing selection.

A DNA molecule stores information in the

structure of the molecule, particularly the order of the nitrogen bases, stores information.

Which of the following is a characteristic of a viral envelope?

surrounds the viral capsid

Select all of the characteristics used to define something as living.

the ability to maintain an internal environment, the ability to reproduce, the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions

Select the two circumstances necessary for evolution to occur.

the ability to pass traits from one generation to the next variation for a trait within a population

Which of these is an example of an innate immune defense?

the body's initial inflammatory response to injury, natural killer cells that destroy body cells infected with pathogens

What is an antigen presenting cell (APC)?

the cell formed when a small portion of a pathogen attaches to the surface of pathogen that engulfed and digested it

The cell-based method of vaccine production is most like which other method?

the fertilized egg method

A virus that is much larger than a typical virus and can produce its own proteins belongs to which group?

the giant viruses

After influenza has entered the respiratory system, in which of these places would you expect it to be found next?

the pharynx

The field of systematics includes classification of living things based on

their evolutionary relationships.

The trivalent influenza vaccine contains

three different strains of influenza, which are chosen specifically each year.

In the case of severe infection, what is one of the roles of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?

to release cytokines that recruit more immune cells

The target cells of influenza virus, which are epithelial cells in the respiratory system, are identified by the virus because

viral capsid proteins (spikes) identify specific glycoproteins embedded in the host cell membrane.

An obligate intracellular parasite that can only replicate itself using the cellular machinery of a host cell is called a(n

virus.

Select all of the common causes of genetic mutations.

viruses radiation chemicals

During the process that turns an animal virus into a strain that may infect humans,

viruses that originate in animal hosts like pigs or birds combine to exchange genetic material and then continue to mutate in their animal hosts.

The Spanish flu infected one-third of the world's population, killing between____ and_____ million people

30 and 40 million

Which form of influenza is named to include information about the spikes on its surface?

A

Which of these explains one of the processes by which the influenza virus evolves?

A mutation that changes the viral spikes is introduced into the genetic material. Two different forms of the same virus infect the same host cell and a new virus is created with parts of each form.

Drag each description to the group it describes. Instructions

A viral genome-----> May use DNA or RNA, relatively fewer genes Genome of a living thing------> Only uses DNA, Relatively far more genes

What is a retrovirus?

A virus that must convert its RNA into DNA before it can replicate in a host cell.

Select the forms of the influenza virus that are most common in humans.

A,B

Which type of immunity is capable of identifying infected body cells as well as pathogens in the blood because it responds to the presence of specific antigens?

adaptive immunity

Arrange the events during an inflammatory response.

1. Fluid increases in the area of the injury 2. Macrophages identify and destroy bacteria or viruses in the vicinity of the wound. 3. Neutrophils remove dead cells, wound debris, and pathogens by phagocytosis. 4.Eventually, clotting factors close off the wound, causing pressure to build.

Drag the function of each of these common vaccine additives to the ingredient it describes

Formaldehyde-----> Inactivates toxins from vaccine production Gelatin-----> Stabilizer to protect from temperature variation Antibiotics-----> Prevent bacterial growth during vaccine preparation and storage

Smallpox, Hepatitis B, and mononucleosis are examples of which type of virus?

DNA viruses

Categorize each of the following as a DNA virus or an RNA virus. Instructions

DNA viruses----> smallpox, chickenpox, herpes RNA viruses-----> HIV, influenza

Nitrogen bases in DNA and RNA

DNA: A-T, C-G RNA: A-U, C-G

Drag the ideas and sources of ideas to the scientist to which each is attributed.

Charles Darwin-----> Studied biogeography on the west coast of South America and the Galapágos Islands, Proposed descent with modification, Proposed the process of natural selection Alfred Russel Wallace------> Studied biogeography in the South Pacific Islands, Proposed the concept of speciation

Match the flu symptom to its cause.

Cytokines produced by the immune system that break down muscle fibers and cause fluid accumulation------> Joint and muscle aches Cytokines produced by the immune system that restrict blood vessels in the skin-------> Chills Inflammation in the epithelial tissues caused by the proteins release by the flu, which interfere with epithelial cell function-------> Sore throat

Match each immune system cell to the description of its function. Instructions

Destroy pathogens via phagocytosis----> macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils Destroy body cells infected with bacteria or viruses----->natural killer cells (NK cells) Produce antibodies that target specific antigens----> B lymphocytes Target cells that have been infected by a specific pathogen------->T lymphocytes

Which of these offers an explanation of the relationship between biology and evolution?

Evolution is the unifying theme of biology. This process helps to explain nearly every aspect of the biological sciences.

What is a cytokine?

a chemical signal of the immune response

What are Hox genes?

Genes responsible for pattern formation of the body and appendages in early embryos. (mutations do not occur in hot genes)

Which type of influenza A spike helps the virus to identify receptors on the host cell?

H Spikes

An influenza A virus is able to identify a host cell because of its

H spikes

Drag each description to the type of spike described to differentiate between the H and N spikes of the influenza A virus.

H spikes------> Hemagglutinin, identifies receptors on the host cell, 17 different variations N spikes------> neuraminidase, break down mucous material surrounding host cell in the respiratory tract, initiate penetration of virus into host cell, 10 different variations

One human virus that uses the lysogenic cycle is _____.

HIV

What is reverse transcriptase?

The enzyme a retrovirus uses to convert its RNA to DNA before reproducing inside a host cell.

How does the influenza A virus target a host cell?

The virus has H spikes that are specific to receptors on the surface of the host cell.

Which of the following describes how the flu affects the respiratory system?

The virus targets epithelial cells in the respiratory system, producing proteins that interfere with their function.

How are epithelial cells affected by influenza infection?

Their function is disrupted by proteins produced by the virus; some die.

What is a transitional fossil?

a fossil that provides a link between groups of organisms

Which of these can be attributed to the outbreak of the Spanish flu in 1918?

a new variant of the influenza virus

Antigens are formed when

a pathogen is engulfed and digested by a macrophage.

The viral structure known as the capsid is

a protein coat that surrounds the genetic material of the virus.

Select all of the following components of a flu vaccine.

Three to four strains of the influenza virus Additives, including antibiotics, stabilizers, and remnant egg proteins Weakened viruses or inactive viral particles

What is regulated by Hox genes?

Transitions or changes in body segment types during embryonic development

Distinguish between these three types of flu vaccinations by dragging each description to the vaccine described

Trivalent vaccine-----> The most common flu vaccine, Contains three inactivated strains of influenza virus Quadrivalent vaccine-----> Contains B/Phuket/3073/2013 (Yamagata lineage) virus, Contains four inactivated strains of the virus Nasal spray vaccine-----> Contains weakened versions of the flu virus, Effectiveness of this vaccine is debated Choice, May produce some flu-like symptoms May produce some flu-like symptoms

Using the WHO naming convention criteria, match each part of this flu virus' name to what that component of the name tell us about a virus named A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2).

Type of influenza ----> A Host of origin------> Human Geographical Location------> Perth, Australia Strain Number------> 16 Type of Spikes--------> Type 3 H Spikes, type 2 N spikes

Choose the best definition of antigenic.

a term used to describe an organism that can evade the immune system

What is epithelium?

a thin layer of epithelial cells that separate body tissues from the external environment.

The lysogenic cycle is best defined as

a viral life cycle that includes a period of latency during which the viral DNA is copied along with the host cell DNA, creating new cells that contain the virus.

Which of these best explains how influenza vaccines are produced?

Viral strains are selected well ahead of flu season based on their threat and our ability to make a vaccine against them. Vaccines are then produced using one of three common methods. This process can take up to six months.

Which of the following is a pair of analogous structures?

a butterfly's wing/ a bird's wing

A glycoprotein consists of a protein attached to:

a carbohydrate