Cultural Anthropology Midterm Studying!
When anthropologists take a stance on a practice of belief after trying to understand it in its cultural and historical context, they are practicing
critical relativism
Push-pull factors
describe the factors that "push" people to migrate from their homes and that "pull" them to host countries.
Animal call systems express information about things that are not currently in their present environment fail to communicate in response to to real-world stimuli are highly irregular among primates do not combine calls to make new call meanings
do not combine calls to make new call meanings
According to Itzaj beliefs, humans and nature exist in the same realm. humans and nature exist in separate realms. cutting down trees brings good luck. water is the elixir of life.
humans and nature exist in the same realm.
The key scenario differs from other kinds of symbols because it
implies how people should act
A hypothetical common ancestral language of two or more living languages is called a prelanguage. proto-language genealogical language. kinship language
proto-language
The alphabet and numbers are examples of traditions culture norms symbols
symbols
World systems theory would be most suited to which of the following research projects? an ethnographic study of village-level political leaders a comparative study of the economic potential of different policy mechanisms to promote global trade a program evaluation of a non-profit organization a historical study of indigenous resistance to colonialism
A historical study of indigenous resistance to colonialism
Anthropologists and journalists are similar in which of the following ways? Both interview people to learn what is happening in the community Their first priority is to "do no harm" Both have constitutional protections that allow them to conceal their sources Their data come directly from daily involvement
Both interview people to learn what is happening in the community
____________________ was responsible for the theory of functionalism. Alfred Kroeber Bronislaw Malinowski Franz Boas E. B. Tylor
Bronislaw Malinowski
Which of the following is not an explanation as to why animal call systems are distinct from human language? Calls cannot be combined to produce a new call with a different meaning Call systems are stimuli dependent Children do not learn them from their parents They are nearly always the same within a species
Children do not learn them from their parents
Which is not true of the textbook authors' definition of culture? Culture is obvious Culture is shared Culture is integrated with daily life Culture is dynamic
Culture is obvious
Which of the following would be of least interest to an anthropologist of postcolonialism?
Government subsidies
When Zambia became independent from British colonial rule, why did they choose several official languages instead of just one? No one could agree which language was the most appropriate They held a national ranked election In practice, everyone was likely to know one of languages, encouraging national identity The government wished to avoid the creolization of languages and so encouraged the separate development of multiple languages
In practice, everyone was likely to know one of languages, encouraging national identity
Which is NOT true of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study? It promised Black participants medical treatment but instead blocked access to a proven cure. It discovered useful information about how to cure syphilis. It was initially conceived to explore possibilities for mass treatment for syphilis. It is one of the most ethically flawed and unjustified medical studies ever done in the USA.
It discovered useful information about how to cure syphilis.
Which of the following is NOT true of the Ticha digital humanities project?
It has been created to counteract the lack of interest in the history and language of Zapotec peoples of Mexico
A world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except it is useful for analyzing postcolonial conditions. it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology. it highlights resistance at the periphery. it explains how and why global capitalism has disrupted so many societies.
It lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology
(Blank) are not social institutions. Pattern of kinship and marriage Political forms Media and television corporations Economic activities
Media and television corporations
Which of the following is not true of how food preferences relate to gender? Foods take on qualities associated with one gender or another Men and women are enculturated to eat certain foods Men always love meat, no matter which culture they are from Foods are linked to gender-appropriate beahviors
Men always love meat, no matter which culture they are from
Which of the following is an example of a social sanction? A man cannot buy a candy bar after his credit card has been declined Customers return defective cell phones after the manufacturer issues a recall Someone preparing for a job interview is careful to wear a clean shirt to impress the hiring committee People at a meeting refuse to recognize an attendee who interrupts other speakers instead of waiting for a turn
People at a meeting refuse to recognize an attendee who interrupts other speakers instead of waiting for a turn
_____________ refers to the structure of speech sounds Parole Cognates Syntax Phonology
Phonology
According to Albert Barlett, the greatest shortcoming of the human race is our inability to understand the exponential function. True False
True
America's pattern of gender inequality is built into our linguistic practices
True
Globalization and localization are complementary dynamics. True False
True
Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called development anthropology. action anthropology. participant observation. rapid appraisal.
action anthropology.
An anthropologist interested in a cultural insider's perspective on that insider's culture is seeking
an emic perspective
Enculturation starts around two years old as soon as we are born around five years old after puberty
as soon as we are born
Cultural anthropologists do research by gathering data to produce statistical models. focusing on single dimensions of people's lives. studying economic data. building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time.
building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time.
In evolutionary terms, humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because we can speak using a larynx. can learn American Sign Language. have much smaller brains have much larger brains.
can speak using a larynx
Multisited ethnography is an example of which method?
comparative method
Financial globalization has allowed for corporations to move factories from one country to another industries to stabilize in their traditional geographic areas wealth to be evenly distributed throughout the world the minimum wage to stay the same
corporations to move factories from one country to another
An anthropologist who studies how Levi's jeans are affecting fashion among rural Indonesians is a(n) linguistic anthropologist physical anthropologist cultural anthropologist archeologist
cultural anthropologist
When one social group makes a unilateral decision to take control over the symbols, practices and objects of another, they are engaging in what phenomenon? inventing tradition cultural appropriation cultural relativism holism
cultural appropriation
Hybridization is about
cultural mixing
One of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model for administering protected environmental areas is
dominant models assume nature must be uninhabited by people
Anthropologists draw their conclusions from information they verify via observation, rather than through logic or theory alone. This research method is known as ethnocentrism. empiricism. paradigmatic. comparative.
empiricism.
People who study the effects of global economic changes on human-nature relationships and the impact of sustainable development initiatives on certain groups are __________ anthropologists
environmental
___________ is the field of study that examines moral questions of right and wrong.
ethics
Sam is an American who traveled to Kenya and was continuously telling his travel companions how everything in the USA was better and more advanced. Sam was being
ethnocentric
Ellen Isaacs' work, presented in a TEDx Broadway talk, explores how ethnography is mainly practiced in rural areas. ethnography can discover "the hidden obvious," that influences people's behavior. anthropologists have become involved in studying American business. Broadway culture has shaped language and culture in the USA
ethnography can discover "the hidden obvious," that influences people's behavior.
Gerald Murray's development project to plant trees in Haiti was a success for many reasons, BUT NOT because money was funneled through private voluntary organizations in Haiti, no the government the project created a nursery to produce light-weight micro-seedlings of fast growing, drought resistant trees farmers were paid a salary to grow the trees using advanced management techniques farmers were recognized as owners of the trees and given freedom to harvest them as they wished
farmers were paid a salary to grow the trees using advanced management techniques
An important element required for successful "rapid appraisal" data collection is a comfortable armchair good general knowledge of the area/topic being studied a parachute a good translator
good general knowledge of the area/topic being studied
A cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape are inefficient in their adaptation to nature are a relatively new example of cultural adaptation to nature are living backwards and need to modernize
have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape
What anthropological theory of culture argues that individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo unique processes of change? neo-evolutionism cultural materialism historical particularism poststructuralism
historical particularism
Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies? history technology sexuality language
history
Anthropologists study the diversity of diets, the complex interactions between nutrition and the environment, cultural beliefs surrounding food, and political and economic processes, meaning that they study food ethnocentrically indifferently structurally holistically
holistically
Which of the following modes of subsistence is associated with requiring the highest energy inputs per calorie of food output?
industrial agriculture
The people anthropologists gather data from are called employees. partners informants. subjects.
informants.
Which of the following terms refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships? intersubjective objective subjective ethnographic
intersubjective
Interpretive anthropology argues that culture is a shared system of meaning and people make sense of their world through symbols and symbolic activities like rituals. operates through mental models and logical systems. can only be understood through language and interpretation. is unknowable and invisible. The role of anthropology is to tell people's stories as a way to help them interpret a chaotic world.
is a shared system of meaning and people make sense of their world through symbols and symbolic activities like rituals.
Anthropologists are interested in the nutrition transition because it will aid the creation of sustainable agriculture it demonstrates in a powerful way how foodways mark social boundaries it explains widespread changes in bodily form, eating patterns, and everyday life in urban settings it directs attention to the spread of nutritious foods because of industrial agriculture
it explains widespread changes in bodily form, eating patterns, and everyday life in urban settings
An anthropologist doing a project on how the Internet and text message technology have changed how we communicate would most likely be a __________ anthropologist.
linguistic
Eating practices are marked by identities such as gender, age, and ethnic group. unique to each culture, and rarely show similarities across cultures. influenced only by elders in a society. disconnected from political and economic processes in a society.
marked by identities such as gender, age, and ethnic group.
A qualitative analysis of a needle exchange program would emphasize needle-users' perspectives on the accessibility and utility of the program. the statistical data on the spread of infectious diseases via dirty needles the most efficient exchange locations based on traffic data the number of needles collected and distributed.
needle-users' perspectives on the accessibility and utility of the program.
If you wanted to let informants discuss a topic and make connections to other issues in that process, what kind of interviews should you conduct? survey interview structured interview casual interview open-ended interview
open-ended interview
Social institutions are organized sets of social relationships that link to each other in structured ways the most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture symbolic expressions or intrinsically desirable principles or qualities typical patterns of behavior viewed as how things should be done
organized sets of social relationships that link to each other in structured ways
Which of the following is an explanation as to why America has so many accents and dialects?
patterns within peer groups
According to Peter Alfandary, globalization is a myth because the idea that people benefit from global linkages is false people of different cultural backgrounds continue to have many differences transnational corporations are not truly global there are still many different currencies and languages in the world
people of different cultural backgrounds continue to have many differences
An anthropologist who runs tests on how modern humans walk and what evolutionary mechanisms were at play would most likely be a(n) ______________. archaeologist linguistic anthropologist cultural anthropologist physical (biological) anthropologist
physical (biological) anthropologist
An important ethical concern for anthropologists is to protect the ethnographic data protect the first amendment protect themselves protect their informants
protect their informants
The purpose of field notes is to
provide written records of information that an anthropologist collects
Holism is part of the scientific method is a universal truth counts, measures, and constructs statistical models synthesizes the entirety of human experience
synthesizes the entirety of human experience
A linguistic anthropologist would be least interested in which of the following research projects? the formation of a local dialect or accent the circulation of American graphic t-shirts in sub-Saharan Africa the role of the mouth in forming words a language revitalization project
the circulation of American graphic t-shirts in sub-Saharan Africa
The concept of "fortress conservation" would be applicable to all of the following situations except the construction of ecotourist facilities to protect visitors from wandering lions in the Tanzanian savannas. the prevention of pastoralists from moving through a game reserve to gain access to a waterhole during the dry season in Morocco. the eviction of a local community from a national park to keep it pristine in the Brazilian Amazon. the criminalization of local people who practice traditional hunting in formally protected Costa Rican rain forests.
the construction of ecotourist facilities to protect visitors from wandering lions in the Tanzanian savannas.
An environmental anthropologist studying obesity and overweight would focus on the effect of industrial agriculture on nutrition transition. cultural body norms. changes in physical activity with the rise of technology biological predispositions toward weight gain.
the effect of industrial agriculture on nutrition transition.
If Benjamin Whorf was trying to find further proof that grammar shapes the way people perceive the world, which of the following would not be a focus of his research? the number of basic color terms compared with English the structure of tenses in English and other languages spoken in the United States the literacy rates in urban and rural communities in the United States the structure of person pronouns in the several languages
the literacy rates in urban and rural communities in the United States
Traditions are typical patterns of behavior viewed as rules of how things should be done. something that conventionally stands for something else. symbolic expressions of intrinsically desirable principles of qualities. the most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture.
the most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture.
A key feature of financial globalization is the reduction or elimination of tariffs to promote trade governments imposing new regulations on trade greater coordination of multinational corporations equalization of financial opportunities around the world
the reduction or elimination of tariffs to promote trade
If an anthropologist was attempting to collect the cultural knowledge, language, and artifacts of a specific group of people, for fear they might be dying out, this person would be employing the salvage paradigm the ethical standards of contemporary anthropology historical archaeology. preservation anthropology
the salvage paradigm
Frances Moore Lappé is known for arguing that: population growth exceeds the pace of food production, so a global collapse will result the world produces enough food to feed all its inhabitants, but hunger persists due to inequities and lack of political will people only intensify food production when demand exceeds capacity of existing systems people prefer foraging because it requires the least investments of labor
the world produces enough food to feed all its inhabitants, but hunger persists due to inequities and lack of political will
A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that they articulate how and why cultures converge through mixture and hybridity. they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity. they explain why development appeals to all people around the world. they explain the rise of cultural conflict in the world.
they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity.
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists to alleviate poverty to improve working conditions for farmers to expand state power to enhance new technologies such as cell phones
to expand state power
What is the term that refers to the proliferation of similar norms and knowledge shared across national boundaries?
world culture
