BIO STUDY GUIDE Chapter 15 and 17
Which kingdom contains organisms with the following characteristics? Eukaryotic No cell walls No chloroplasts Multicellular Heterotrophs
Kingdom Animalia
Which kingdom contains organisms with the following characteristics? prokaryotic unicellular cell walls do not contain peptidoglycans very ancient and primitive
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Name the seven levels of classification in the system proposed by Linnaeus.
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Which kingdom contains organisms with the following characteristics? Eukaryotic Cell walls composed of chitin No chloroplasts Heterotrophs
Kingdom Fungi
Name the kingdoms that belong to the Domain Eukarya.
Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
In what language is the scientific name written?
Latin
How many kingdoms were in this early system of classification?
Linnaeus classified all organisms into two kingdoms
He classified all plants into what three groups?
Plants herbs shrubs trees
Cell Type
Prokaryotic
Kingdom
Protista
This is the "catch-all" Kingdom proposed by Haeckel. It contains organisms that have characteristics of both plants and animals
Protista
Analogous structures
Similar in function but not in structure. Analogous structures are not derived from a common ancestor.
Examples
Sponges, worms, mollusks, arthropods, fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals.
Examples
Strep, staph, E.Coli
This branch of biology classifies organisms and assigns each organism a universally accepted name.
Taxonomy
Terms
Terms
Taxonomy
The branch of biology that classifies organisms and assigns each organism a universally accepted name.
Phylogeny
The evolutionary history of an organism.
Vestigial Structure:
A structure that is reduced in size and seems to be "left over" from a previous ancestor.
What were these kingdoms?
the plant kingdom and the animal kingdom.
What scientist was the first to attempt a scientific classification of living organisms in the 1700's?
Carolus Linnaeus
Cell Structures
Cell walls are composed of chitin. No chloroplasts
Cell Structures
Cell walls composed of cellulose in some. Some have chloroplasts.
Cell structures
Cell walls composed of peptidoglycans
Cell structures
Cell walls do not contain peptidoglycans. These are very "ancient" organisms. Very primitive
Cell Structure
Cells walls are composed of cellulose. Chloroplasts are present.
When classifying an organism today, what additional information is considered?
Cellular Organization Evolutionary Relationships Biochemical Similarities Genetic Similarities Embryological Similarities
What scientist first proposed this idea?
Charles Darwin
This is a new system of classification that uses "shared derived characteristics" to show evolutionary relationships.
Cladistics
What is the problem with using common names when classifying living organisms?
Common names are very misleading and very confusing. For example: "Starfish" are neither stars nor fish.
DOMAIN
Bacteria
The system of naming that assigns a scientific name consisting of two parts.
Binomial Nomenclature
Examples
Ameba, Paramecium, Algae, Slime molds, giant kelp.
Kingdom
Animalia
Worms insects and birds
Animalia
Aristotle classified all animals into what three groups?
Animals Land dwellers Water dwellers Air dwellers
Domain
Archaea
Includes cells that can survive in very harsh and extreme conditions
Archaebacteria
Kingdom
Archaebacteria
Which kingdom contain prokaryotic organisms?
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Who was the first person to attempt the classification of the living organisms on Earth?
Aristotle
Food getting?
Autotroph or heterotrophs
Food Getting?
Autotrophs
Food getting
Autotrophs or heterotrophs
Food Getting?
Autotrophs ro heterotrophs
The thermophiles that live in these cauldrons of boiling water, belong to which domain and kingdom?
Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaebacteria
Name the three domains.
Domain Archaebacteria Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya
E. coli and Strep belong to which domain and kingdom?
Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria
Fungi and mold belong to what domain kingdom?
Domain Eukarya Kingdom Fungi
Trees and plants belong to which domain and kingdom?
Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae
These organisms belong to which domain and kingdom?
Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista
What taxonomic level has most recently been added to the 7 levels of classification?
Domains
Includes prokaryotes such as strep and staph
Eubacteria
Kingdom
Eubacteria
The "true" Bacteria
Eubacteria
Domain
Eukarya
Cell Type
Eukaryotic
Kingdom
Fungi
Mushrooms, puffballs,mold, and mildews
Fungi
These organisms have cell walls composed of chitin
Fungi
Food Getting?
Heterotrophs
On what did he base his system of classification?
His system was based on structural similarity.
What name is given to structures that are similar in structure but different in function?
Homologous structures The arm of a human is homologous to the wing of a bat.
Homologous structures
Homologous structures have the same structure, but different functions.
What was the problem with the system of classification proposed by Aristotle?
Many organisms were placed in groups in which there was no relationship with the other organisms found there.
Examples
Methanogens Halophiles Thermophiles
Examples
Mosses, ferns, liverworts, cone-bearing plants, flowering plants
Cell Organization
Most are multicellular. Some are unicellular.
Cell Organization
Most are unicellular. Some are colonial. Some multicellular.
Cell Organization
Multicellular
Cell organization
Multicellular
Examples
Mushrooms, yeasts, puffballs, molds, mildews, smuts, and rusts.
NAME THAT KINGDOM
NAME THAT KINGDOM
Organisms that are best suited to their environment will most likely survive, reproduce and pass these traits on to their offspring. This principle is known by what name?
Natural Selection
Cell Structure
No cell walls. No chloroplasts
The study of the evolutionary relationships among organisms is known as:
Phylogeny
Includes mosses,cone-bearing plants and the flowering plants
Plantae
Kingdom
Plantae
What are the two parts to the scientific name?
The scientific name consists of the genus and the species names.
Describe the way that the scientific name must be written.
The scientific name must be written in italics or underlined. The genus is capitalized and the species is never capitalized.
Binomial Nomenclature
The system of assigning a scientific name that consists of two parts.
In the system proposed by Linnaeus, what is the definition of a "species"?
Two organisms are placed in the same species when they can mate and produce fertile offspring.
Cell Organization
Unicellular
Cell Organiztion
Unicellular
A structure that is reduced in size, and seems to be "left over" from a previous ancestor is called a?
Vestigial structure Example: The human appendix