BIO STUDY GUIDE Chapter 15 and 17

Which kingdom contains organisms with the following characteristics? Eukaryotic No cell walls No chloroplasts Multicellular Heterotrophs

Kingdom Animalia

Which kingdom contains organisms with the following characteristics? prokaryotic unicellular cell walls do not contain peptidoglycans very ancient and primitive

Kingdom Archaebacteria

Name the seven levels of classification in the system proposed by Linnaeus.

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Which kingdom contains organisms with the following characteristics? Eukaryotic Cell walls composed of chitin No chloroplasts Heterotrophs

Kingdom Fungi

Name the kingdoms that belong to the Domain Eukarya.

Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

In what language is the scientific name written?

Latin

How many kingdoms were in this early system of classification?

Linnaeus classified all organisms into two kingdoms

He classified all plants into what three groups?

Plants herbs shrubs trees

Cell Type

Prokaryotic

Kingdom

Protista

This is the "catch-all" Kingdom proposed by Haeckel. It contains organisms that have characteristics of both plants and animals

Protista

Analogous structures

Similar in function but not in structure. Analogous structures are not derived from a common ancestor.

Examples

Sponges, worms, mollusks, arthropods, fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals.

Examples

Strep, staph, E.Coli

This branch of biology classifies organisms and assigns each organism a universally accepted name.

Taxonomy

Terms

Terms

Taxonomy

The branch of biology that classifies organisms and assigns each organism a universally accepted name.

Phylogeny

The evolutionary history of an organism.

Vestigial Structure:

A structure that is reduced in size and seems to be "left over" from a previous ancestor.

What were these kingdoms?

the plant kingdom and the animal kingdom.

What scientist was the first to attempt a scientific classification of living organisms in the 1700's?

Carolus Linnaeus

Cell Structures

Cell walls are composed of chitin. No chloroplasts

Cell Structures

Cell walls composed of cellulose in some. Some have chloroplasts.

Cell structures

Cell walls composed of peptidoglycans

Cell structures

Cell walls do not contain peptidoglycans. These are very "ancient" organisms. Very primitive

Cell Structure

Cells walls are composed of cellulose. Chloroplasts are present.

When classifying an organism today, what additional information is considered?

Cellular Organization Evolutionary Relationships Biochemical Similarities Genetic Similarities Embryological Similarities

What scientist first proposed this idea?

Charles Darwin

This is a new system of classification that uses "shared derived characteristics" to show evolutionary relationships.

Cladistics

What is the problem with using common names when classifying living organisms?

Common names are very misleading and very confusing. For example: "Starfish" are neither stars nor fish.

DOMAIN

Bacteria

The system of naming that assigns a scientific name consisting of two parts.

Binomial Nomenclature

Examples

Ameba, Paramecium, Algae, Slime molds, giant kelp.

Kingdom

Animalia

Worms insects and birds

Animalia

Aristotle classified all animals into what three groups?

Animals Land dwellers Water dwellers Air dwellers

Domain

Archaea

Includes cells that can survive in very harsh and extreme conditions

Archaebacteria

Kingdom

Archaebacteria

Which kingdom contain prokaryotic organisms?

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Who was the first person to attempt the classification of the living organisms on Earth?

Aristotle

Food getting?

Autotroph or heterotrophs

Food Getting?

Autotrophs

Food getting

Autotrophs or heterotrophs

Food Getting?

Autotrophs ro heterotrophs

The thermophiles that live in these cauldrons of boiling water, belong to which domain and kingdom?

Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaebacteria

Name the three domains.

Domain Archaebacteria Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya

E. coli and Strep belong to which domain and kingdom?

Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria

Fungi and mold belong to what domain kingdom?

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Fungi

Trees and plants belong to which domain and kingdom?

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae

These organisms belong to which domain and kingdom?

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista

What taxonomic level has most recently been added to the 7 levels of classification?

Domains

Includes prokaryotes such as strep and staph

Eubacteria

Kingdom

Eubacteria

The "true" Bacteria

Eubacteria

Domain

Eukarya

Cell Type

Eukaryotic

Kingdom

Fungi

Mushrooms, puffballs,mold, and mildews

Fungi

These organisms have cell walls composed of chitin

Fungi

Food Getting?

Heterotrophs

On what did he base his system of classification?

His system was based on structural similarity.

What name is given to structures that are similar in structure but different in function?

Homologous structures The arm of a human is homologous to the wing of a bat.

Homologous structures

Homologous structures have the same structure, but different functions.

What was the problem with the system of classification proposed by Aristotle?

Many organisms were placed in groups in which there was no relationship with the other organisms found there.

Examples

Methanogens Halophiles Thermophiles

Examples

Mosses, ferns, liverworts, cone-bearing plants, flowering plants

Cell Organization

Most are multicellular. Some are unicellular.

Cell Organization

Most are unicellular. Some are colonial. Some multicellular.

Cell Organization

Multicellular

Cell organization

Multicellular

Examples

Mushrooms, yeasts, puffballs, molds, mildews, smuts, and rusts.

NAME THAT KINGDOM

NAME THAT KINGDOM

Organisms that are best suited to their environment will most likely survive, reproduce and pass these traits on to their offspring. This principle is known by what name?

Natural Selection

Cell Structure

No cell walls. No chloroplasts

The study of the evolutionary relationships among organisms is known as:

Phylogeny

Includes mosses,cone-bearing plants and the flowering plants

Plantae

Kingdom

Plantae

What are the two parts to the scientific name?

The scientific name consists of the genus and the species names.

Describe the way that the scientific name must be written.

The scientific name must be written in italics or underlined. The genus is capitalized and the species is never capitalized.

Binomial Nomenclature

The system of assigning a scientific name that consists of two parts.

In the system proposed by Linnaeus, what is the definition of a "species"?

Two organisms are placed in the same species when they can mate and produce fertile offspring.

Cell Organization

Unicellular

Cell Organiztion

Unicellular

A structure that is reduced in size, and seems to be "left over" from a previous ancestor is called a?

Vestigial structure Example: The human appendix