Bio Test 1

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The function of the nucleus is

to store genetic information

Doubled-stranded DNA consists of two antiparallel strands, meaning that one strand is oriented in the 5' to 3' direction, while the other is oriented in the 3' to 5' direction.

true

Lysosomes function in the destruction and recycling of old organelles.

true

Water provides structural support due to its inability to be compressed.

turgid pressure in plants

isomers

two structures with an identical molecular formula but different structures and characteristics

chloroplasts

type of plastid, specialize plant organelle, site of photosynthesis, inner and outer membrane, membranes enclose thylakoids(disc like structure), grana (stack of thylakoids), and stroma (surrounds stacks of thylakoids like cytosol)

peroxisome

used in break down of fats and contains the enzyme catalase

motor proteins

uses ATP to move vesicles within cells, uses ATP to bend filaments

endomembrane system

uses vesicles to transport proteins, sorts proteins for secretion

hydrolysis

"bust up" with water; polymers broken into smaller units by adding water

mitochondria

"power plants" of the cell; sites of oxidative metabolism

monosaccharides

"simple sugars" 3 triose-glyceraldehyde 5 pentose-ribose and deoxyribose 6 hexose- glucose, fructose, and galactose(structural isomers)

Hydrogen bonding of water provide it with unique chemical properties that support life

1. High specific heat capacity 2. Cohesion and adhesion 3. Solid is less dense than liquid(expands when frozen) 4. Dissolves polar molecules 5. Dissociates into ions->pH

factors that influence protein folding and stability

1. hydrogen bonds: weak individually, strong together 2. ionic bonds 3. hydrophobic effects- go closer together(make a loop) 4. disulfide bridges 5. van der waals forces: maintain a perfect distance between each other

monomer to macromolecule 1. Nucleotide 2. Amino Acid 3. Monosaccharide 4. Fatty Acid

1. nucleic acid 2. protein 3. carbohydrate 4. lipid

protein hierarchy of structure

1. primary: linear sequence of amino acids 2. secondary: alpha helix or beta sheet folds depend on H bonds 3. tertiary: side chains interact 4. quaternary: multi polypeptide interaction

1. Trees take up water from their roots. Water must travel against ________ up to all the branches and leaves. 2. The _____ of water molecules, resulting from the ______ bonds between water molecules, causes a movement of the water through the plant's vessels, as it moves up from the roots. 3. As water _______ the pores of the leaves, more water is pulled up from below resulting in a constant supply of water moving up through the vessels of a plant.

1. surface tension 2. cohesion, hydrogen 3. evaporates from

microtubules

25nm in diameter and composed of alpha and beta tubulin proteins. They exhibit polarity with a positive and negative end.

Adding NH3 (ammonia) to water makes NH4+. What will be the general pH of this new solution, and what will happen to the ion concentrations?

Alkaline; decreased H+ ions and increased OH- .

_______ are the building blocks of proteins. They are made up of a center carbon atom bound to a positively charged ____ group and a negatively charged _____ group and a side chain.

Amino acids, amino, carboxyl

carbohydrates

C, H, O; c-h bond makes a good energy store, typically categorized as mono, di, and poly saccharrides;

The sequence that best describes the transportation of proteins through the endomembrane system is

Coat proteins form around the vesicle holding cargo receptor-bound proteins; the vesicle is then pinched off from the ER and transported to the Golgi for packaging.

chromatin

DNA and proteins that help package chromosomes

If the products in a chemical equation include H2O, what specific type of reaction is occuring? Are bonds made or broken in this equation?

Dehydration, bonds are made

Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles that arise from

Golgi apparatus.

Polar covalent O-H bonds in water molecules enable hydrogen bonds to form between water molecules. Which of the following properties of water result from hydrogen bond formation?

High heat of vaporization, high specific heat, surface tension, adhesion, cohesion

What types of chemical bonds are easily broken in water?

Hydrogen bonds and Ionic bonds

A mutation has developed that has deleted a gene responsible for the formation of vesicles at the trans end of the Golgi apparatus. What effect will this have on the function of lysosomes?

Lysosomes will not form because they arise as vesicles from the trans end of the Golgi apparatus.

lipids: phospholipids

MEMBRANES, polar head and nonpolar tails, composed of 1 glycerol, 1 charged N region, 1 phosphate group (polar head) 2 fatty acids (nonpolar tail), forms a bilayer to avoid water(head toward water, tails away from water)

actin filaments

Microfilaments that are the smallest cytoskeletal filaments but are important in cell shape and strength

When water ionizes it produces

OH- ions and H+

What are the most abundant elements in living things?

Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen

_______ formed by ______ reactions link amino acids together, forming a linear chain.

Polypeptides, dehydration

intermediate filaments

Tension-bearing fibers that are stable. Keratins provide mechanical strength in skin

Heat of vaporization

The heat energy required to convert 1 mole of a substance from liquid to gas

Specific heat

The heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

Heat capacity

The heat energy required to raise the temperature of an entire object

Heat of fusion

The heat energy that must be released from a substance to convert it from liquid to solid

In a micelle, which portion of the ampipathic molecule is oriented toward the surface of the sphere?

The polar region

When a chemical reaction has reached equilibrium

The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction

flagella

This is not part of the cytoskeleton. It is a component that facilitates movement of a cell.

intermediate filaments

a strong structural protein that maintains cell shape

Which of the following properties are shared by many chemical reactions that occur in cells? a. They tend toward equilibrium b. They require energy c. They are not reversible d. They require a catalyst

a. They tend toward equilibrium b. They require energy d. They require a catalyst

Bases

absorbs H+ ions

A substance that releases hydrogen ions into solution is called a

acid

Cohesion

aids the movement of fluids through plant vessels

cell theory

all living organisms are made up of one or more cells, cell is the smallest unit of life, cells arise from cells

High heat of vaporization

allows animals to cool themselves through evaporation

Surface tension

allows some insects to walk the surface of water without sinking

Adhesion

allows water to coat the surface of the digestive tract

Functional groups help define the properties of macromolecules. The _____ functional group(s) is/are found within amino acids, while carbohydrates contain the _____ functional group(s).

amino and carboxyl; hydroxyl

basic funtional groups

amino, positive charge, polar, forms part of peptide bonds, amino acids

Electronegativity is the ability of an electron to

attract electrons

Which of the following are common features of chemical reactions? a. Chemical reactions cease when they reach equilibrium b. Chemical reactions proceed towards equilibrium c. Many chemical reactions that occur in cells require catalysts d. Some chemical reactions require an energy input e. Many chemical reactions in living organisms take place in a watery environment

b. Chemical reactions proceed towards equilibrium c. Many chemical reactions that occur in cells require catalysts d. Some chemical reactions require an energy input e. Many chemical reactions in living organisms take place in a watery environment

Which of the following best describes how a hydrogen bond forms? a. Hydrogen and oxygen share electrons when each is present on polar molecules b. Partially + and - charged atoms in two polar molecules are attracted by electrostatic interactions c. Hydrogen forms a covalent bond with another atom and shares its electrons unequally

b. Partially + and - charged atoms in two polar molecules are attracted by electrostatic interactions

Which of the following statements is true of a polar covalent bond? a. The two atoms have similar electronegativity values b. The shared electrons are closer to one nucleus than the other c. Electrons are shared equally between the two atoms d. One or more electrons is transferred from one atom to the other

b. The shared electrons are closer to one nucleus than the other

Which of the following statements describe hydrophilic molecules? a. They contain many nonpolar covalent bonds b. They are soluble in water c. They are smaller than hydrophobic molecules d. They are uncharged

b. They are soluble in water

Ionic bond

bond between an anion and cation

Hydrogen bond

bond between atoms with partial positive and partial negative charges

Nonpolar covalent bond

bond in which two atoms share electrons equally

Polar covalent bond

bond in which two atoms share electrons unequally

Hydrogen bond

bonds between charged molecules or portions of a molecule; weak attraction between slightly charged parts of molecules, which are readily broken and reformed; bonds between water molecules

Hydrolysis reactions

break apart molecules via water

lysosomes

break down macromolecules, contain acid hydrolase- hydrolytic enzyme causes hydrolysis, functions in acidic environment, works on carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, autophagy, R1-R2+H2O acid hydrolase->R1-OH+R2-H

catabolism

breaking down molecules or macromolecules in the cell

autophagy

breaking down molecules to components and recycle

transfer RNA (tRNA)

brings in individual amino acids to ribosome

acidic functional groups

carboxyl, phosphate, and sulfate, negative charge, acetic acid, DNA

protein function

catalysis, support, defense, transport, motion, regulation, and storage

Chemical reactions require a source of energy but may still require a(n) __________. Most chemical reactions proceed towards __________.

catalyst, equilibrium

peroxisomes

catalyze reactions that break molecules down by detoxification (adding oxygen); by product: hydrogen peroxide H2O2 of many chemical reactions, catalase in peroxisomes breaks hydrogen peroixe down to make water and oxygen gas

microtubules functions

cell shape, organization of cell organelles, chromosome sorting in cell division, intracellular movement of cargo; cell motility -> motor proteins and microtubules

mitochondria

cellular respiration-> ATP production, outer and inner membrane, cristae, mitochondrial matrix

polysaccharide

cellulose, starch, glycogen

binary fission

chloroplasts and mitochondria divide via binary fission, contain their own circular chromosome mitochondrial and chloroplast genome

microtubules

chromosome sorting during mitosis

microtubules

cilia and flagella; long, hollow, and cylindrical; made of tubulin subunits, have a plus and minus end, minus end may be anchored, dynamic instability (changing) to alter (grow, add, or shorten subunits)

While hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking and reforming a large percentage of the hydrogen bonds between water molecules exist at all times.

cohesive force

functional groups

commonly occurring groups of atoms in specific formation and specific characteristics

The amount of solute in grams dissolved in a given volume of a solution is the solution's

concentration

Two or more molecules combining to form a larger molecule with a loss of water is known as a ______ reaction

condensation/dehydration

endomembrane system

consists of the nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisome, vesicles

lipids

contain a high proportion of nonpolar hydrocarbon bonds which causes them to be hydrophobic and not water soluble, energy storage 3 main types: fats-triacylglycerols, phospholipids, steroids

organic molecules

contain carbon, make up living organisms

Hydrophobic molecules

contain many nonpolar covalent bonds, dissolve well in nonpolar solvents, are not soluble in water

structural isomers

contain some atoms but have a different bonding relationship

nucleus

contains DNA, contains a nucleolus

messenger RNA (mRNA)

contains info for making polypeptide from amino acids

the addition of acid

decreases pH

phagocytic vacuoles in protists and WBCs

degrade molecules via digestive enzymes

Water is formed when two molecules come together to form a large molecule.

dehydration reaction

cell structure

determined by 4 factors: matter, energy, organization, and information

lysosomes

digest worn out organelles and cell debris; digest material taken up by endocytosis

hydrophillic

dissolve in H2O, polar, charged molecules

Hydrophobic molecules usually

dissolve well in nonpolar solvents, are not soluble in water, contain many nonpolar covalent bonds

nuclear envelope

double membrane-outer membrane continuous with ER membrane

DNA

double stranded, housed within the nucleus of an animal cell, nitrogenous bases ATGC

Ionic bond

electrons are transferred between two atoms creating positively and negatively charged atoms, which are then attracted to one another, salt

flagella/cilia

eminate from basal body; anchor, central structure = axenome- 9+2 arrangement, ring of 9 pairs of microtubules and 2 single center microtubules

essential amino acids

essential for function but we cannot produce

The temperature of water rises slowly due to its high specific heat; requiring a lot of energy to convert liquid water to water vapor.

evaporative cooling

cytoplasm

everything within plasma membrane

contractile vacuoles in protists

expel excess water as a form of locomotion

cisternae

fluid filled tubes in ER

cristae

folds formed in inner membrane ->increase surface area for cellular respiration

vacuoles

functions vary with organism and environment

monosaccharide

glucose, fructose, c6h12o6

golgi processses

glycosylation continued from ER, protease cuts proteins/large polypeptides into smaller [proteolysis-breaking up proteins], secretion through secretory pathway to material from golgi packed into secretory vesicles and transported to other locations and plasma membrane

An ampipathic molecule

has polar and nonpolar regions

ampipathic

has polar and nonpolar regions

eukaryotic cells

have membrane bound organelles, same components, different morphologies in different types of cells, serve different purposes, form fits function, compartmentalization

polysaccharides

hundreds of thousands of monosaccharides linked, energy storage starch and glycogen, structural cellulose, support chitin

A base will absorb _______ ions in solution

hydrogen

In the secondary structure of a protein, what bonds, other than peptide bonds, are formed?

hydrogen bonds

The addition of water can break apart molecules into two smaller molecules.

hydrolysis

When H2O is added to a compound in a chemical equation, a new compound can be formed via what type of reaction?

hydrolysis

The lysosome contains ________ enzymes.

hydrolytic

The plasma membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer, with the _____________ of the phospholipids_____________.

hydrophilic heads; sticking out toward the interior and exterior of the cell

In the stable form of protein, what is generally oriented to the interior of the protein molecule?

hydrophobic portions

polar functional groups

hydroxyl, carbonyl, ketone, and aldehyde: hydrophilic, dissolve in h20, alcohols

Water is less dense at 0°C compared to 4°C.

ice floats

stereoisomers

identical boding, but different position of atoms: cis and trans isomers-different in position around double bond; entantiomer-mirror images

intermediate filaments

in many animal species- rope like, made of different protein subunits, keratin, desmin, cumin, cell shape, provide cells with mechanical strength, anchorage of cells and nuclear membrane

the addition of a base

increases pH

Electronegativity differences between atoms dictate the polarity of molecules by

influencing whether covalent bonds are polar or nonpolar

nuclear pores

inner and outer member connect and allow passage of molecules

nucleus

instructions for protein synthesis and cell reproduction; contains genetic information

motor proteins

interact with microtubules or actin filaments for movement; use ATP, move cargo via motor proteins, move and bend filaments

endoplasmic reticulum

intracellular compartment forms transport vesicles; participates in lipid synthesis and synthesis of membrane or secreted proteins

disaccharide

lactose, sucrose, maltose, c12h22o11

macromolecules

large complex organic molecules

condensation/dehydration reactions

links monomers to make polymers or link polymers to maker larger polymers; water is a product

phosphodiester bonds

links sugar to phosphate of other nucleotide a->t c->g

steroids

lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton containing four fused rings, vary by the functional groups added to those four fused rings, include cholesterol and many hormones

What are the four classes of biological molecules?

lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

unsaturated fatty acid

liquid at room temperature; oil; found primarily in plants and plant products; double bonds with carbon backbone; trans fats are a synthetic for that has a higher melting point

nucleolus

location of the assembly of ribosomes

Alkaline solutions have the ________ proton concentration. Acidic solutions have the ______ proton concentration.

lowest, highest

Due to hydrogen bonding, water tends to adhere to surfaces, such as the lining of the digestive tract.

lubricant

Cotranslational sorting occurs when

mRNA to proteins occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and then moves to other organelles.

disaccharides

made by a dehydration reaction, covalently bonded, sucrose, lactose, maltose

nucleotides

made up of a pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group

central vacuoles in plants

maintain turgor pressure(pressure on cell wall that maintain structure of plant cells and plant, helps drive expansion of cell wall) store water, waste, lipids, pigments, and proteins

When mixed with water, ampipathic molecules may aggregate into spheres called

micelles

centrosome

microtubule organization center

semiautonomous organelles

mitochondria, choloroplasts, can self replicate (contain their own DNA), but still require some things from other organelles to function, take up molecules from cytosol

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

network of membranes form fluid filled tubes =cisternae

saturated fatty acid

no double bonds with carbon backbone; solid at room temperature; comes primarily from animals and animal products

saturated fats

no double bonds, solid at room temperature, all bond positions occupied by H

smooth ER

no ribosomes, contains enzymes that: detoxify [convert hydrophobes to hydrophilles], calcium balance by calcium pumps, synthesize and modify lipids, carbohydrate metabolism

methyl

nonpolar functional group, hydrophobic, may be attached to DNA, carbohydrates and proteins

nuclear matrix

nuclear lamina and membrane organize chromosomes

unsaturated

one or more double bonds, liquid at room temp

proteins

one or more polypeptides folded into specific 3-d structure

golgi apparatus

packages proteins for export from cell; forms secretory vesicle

centrioles

pair of structures within centrosome

What type of bonds link individual amino acids together?

peptide bonds

The correct structure of DNA nucleotides can be presented as

phosphate-sugar-base.

The unequal sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms within a water molecule makes water a ____ molecule

polar

polypeptides

polymers of amino acids linked by a peptide bond [condensation/dehydration]

nucleic acids

polymers of nucleotides, DNA stores hereditary info, RNA expresses it

the _______ of a protein is the sequence of amino acids that are attached together by _________ bonds

primary structure, peptide

In a dehydration reaction, water is a

product

nucleus functions

protect, organize, and replicate genetic information; assembly of ribosomes***(make protein)

Ribosomes are the site of

protein synthesis

cytoskeleton

provides cell shape, organization, and movement; network of 2 protein filament types: microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments/actin filaments, made of multiple protein monomers

DNA _______. RNA, on the other hand, ________.

provides the instructions for the specific sequence of amino acids used to build a protein; functions to convert a nucleotide sequence into an amino acid sequence

The ________ of a protein exists if multiple polypeptides bind together to form a functional protein

quarternary structure

vacuole

regulates water levels in plant cells

Acids

release H+ ions into solution

hydrophobic

repel H2O, nonpolar molecules, lipids

In the _________ of a protein the polypeptide is folded through the mechanism of amino acids rotating around bonds and folding into a alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheet structure and stabilized by __________ bonds

secondary structure, hydrogen

plasma membrane

semi-permeable boundary between intra and extracellular environment; functions: transport of components in and out of cell, cell signaling -> receptors, cell adhesion -> protein-protein interactions between adjacent cells

cytosol

semifluid matrix, contains sugars, salts, and amino acids

plasma membrane

separates contents of cell from surroundings, made up of phospholipid bilayer

Prokaryotic cells

simple structure, plasma membrane: phospholipid bilayer; cytoplasm; nucleoid region, ribosomes, no membrane bound organelles, structures outside of plasma membrane, cell wall, glycocalyx, appendages

RNA

single stranded, ribose sugar within backbone, nitrogenous bases AUGC

inner membrane of mitochondria

site of ATP synthesis

ribosomes

site of polypeptide synthesis via translation, info within a gene ultimately translated into a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide, located in various regions of cell, including on ER, made in nucleolus, bring mRNA and tRNA together

chloroplasts

sites of photosynthesis

actin/micro filaments

smallest subunits, made of actin monomers, has positive and negative end, twisted, rope like(strong), cell shape, cell strength, intracellular movement of cargo, cell movement (amoeboid movement), cytokinesis in animal cells(end result of cell division)

A liquid that can dissolve substances is known as a

solvent

The charged ends of a water molecule allow it to surround a solute in solution.

solvent

As a result of the electron configuration of a water molecule, water is a great ______ because water can break up and surround a _______, as long as it is not ______, dissolving it into solution.

solvent; solute; nonpolar

ER lumen

space inside each cisterna

mitochondrial matrix

space within inner membrane

golgi apparatus

stack of flattened, membrane bounded compartments, relative to ER location cis(closest), medial, trans (farthest), vesicles transport materials between stacks, secretion, processing, protein sorting, post office of cell

Covalent bonds

strong chemical bond due to the sharing of electrons, bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule

actin

structural protein used to move cells, structural protein used in muscle contraction

rough ER

studded with ribosomes, protein sorting, inserting proteins into ER membrane and modifying carbohydrates by adding a protein or lipid to it(glycosylation)

thiol functional groups

sulfhydrl, have sulfur, form disulfide bridges, some amino acids

metabolism

sum of all biochemical reactions within a cell

cytosol

surround organelles in plasma membrane, 20-50% of cell volume, central hub for many metabolic activities

anabolism

sythesizing molecules and macromolecules in the cells

adhesion

tendency for molecules to stick to other molecules

cohesion

tendency for molecules to stick to themselves

In the ________ of a protein the amino acid side chains of the folded polypeptide interact, forming a complex __________

tertiary structure, 3-dimensional shape


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