bio test
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
- DNA - ribosomes - cytoplasm - plasma membrane
animal cell
- does not have a cell wall or chloroplast and a small vacuole - needs nutrients from environment -all organelles in membrane
Eukaryotic cells
- evolved from pro. - larger more complex - has nucleus - has organelles - single or multicellular - multiple linear chromosomes EXAMPLE: plant and animal cells
prokaryotic cell
- oldest cell type - small and simple -no nucleus -lacks organeelles - single celled - unicellular chromosomes
Animal / plant cell similarities
- ribosomes -nuclues -cell membrane -dna -cytoplasm -cytoskeleton
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Plant cells
1) have cell wall 2) have chlorophyll/chloroplasts 3) large central vacuole
If the ocular (eyepiece) is marked 10x, and the objective is 20x what is the greatest total magnification of this microscope
200x
Photosynthesis is a process involving carbon dioxide, water, glucose, oxygen, and sunlight. Which is the correct chemical equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2+6H20 ---energy---> C6H12O6+6O2
Which of the following is synthesized by all living organisms during aerobic respiration?
ATP
Ava conducted an experiment to determine respiratory rates during different activities. She counted the number of breaths per minute. Ava noted that the number of breaths increases as physical activity increases. Why is there an increase in the number of breaths per minute as activity increases?
As activity increases, the oxygen needs of cells increase.
homeostasis-
BALANCE// ability to maintain a steady state, despite constant change
How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells similar?
Both contain ribosomes.
How are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells similar?
Both types of cells contain ribosomes.
Which is true about cell membranes?
Cell membranes form barriers around the cell.
Anaerobic, what is required? What are the products? Also known as fermentation
Doesn't need oxygen, produces 2 ATP and CO2 Alcoholic fermentation (bacteria and yeast) Lactic acid fermentation
How are cells differentiated in organisms?
Each cell contains the same DNA but gene expression is different.
Cellular Respiration
Equation: C6H12O6 + O2 -------> CO2 + H20 +ATP
Cytoplasm-
Form: thick, jelly-like substance in cells Function: suspends organelles and organizes and holds them in cell
Cell Wall-
Form: thick, rigid layer surrounding the plasma membrane. Made of cellulose (only in plant cells) Function: provides plant cells with additional support, barrier protects the plant cell from outside forces
Cell Membrane
Form: two layers of phospholipids, called the lipid bilayer, that is very flexible. Function: regulates what goes in and out of the cell, the cell membrane also keeps the cell organized
Chloroplast-
Form: unique to plant cells, Chlorophyll makes plants green Function: plant cells use chloroplasts to get light from the sun and convert it to ATP energy through photosynthesis.
A biologist observed an organism found in a soil sample. Which most likely would lead the biologist to conclude that the cell was prokaryotic?
It had flagella and lacked a nucleus, unlike eukaryotic cells.
Osmosis, diffusion and facilitated diffusion are all forms of what type of transport.
Passive transport
During the daytime, what is happening in the leaf of a plant?
Photosynthesis- converting light energy to usable chemical energy
A student wants to model the greatest movement of water into a cell using a bag, water, large beaker, and salt. Which setup could he use to model the net movement of water into the cell?
Place a bag containing a 30% salt solution into a beaker containing a 10% salt solution
are prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells smaller
Prokaryotic
describes a primary function of the cell wall of a plant cell?
The cell wall provides structural support.
During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water combine in the presence of light energy to produce glucose and oxygen. 6CO2+6H20---sunlight--->C6H12O6+6O2 What is BEST represented by the equation shown?
a chemical reaction happening in a plant cell
What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
absorb light energy to make glucose through photosynthesis
Endocytosis, Exocytosis, pinocytosis are all forms of what type of transport
active transport
If energy is needed to move materials into or out of a cell, what is most likely occurring?
active transport
If an animal has a limited supply of O2, which process would be most affected?
aerobic cellular respiration
In a human, which factor would most likely limit the production of ATP through cellular respiration?
availability of reactants such as glucose
Which of the following is a typical example of a unicellular organism?
bacteria
Why are prokaryotic cells considered less complex than eukaryotic cells?
because the nuclear body is not bound by a membrane and has one circular chromosome
A student observes a flask containing a mixture of yeast, water, and a carbohydrate; the top of the flask is covered by a balloon. After 30 minutes, what waste products would she expect to find in the flask and balloon?
carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol
A lipid bilayer allows certain molecules to pass through and blocks other molecules. Which structure is most often protected by a lipid bilayer?
cell
Which cellular structure in an animal cell helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the transportation of substances into and out of the cell?
cell membrane
Which maintains homeostasis for the cell by regulating the movement of substances into and out of the cell?
cell membrane
Which is a primary component of a plant cell wall?
cellulose
Respiration is a process during which energy is released from glucose. This energy is used for processes such as growth of the body. Which type of energy does respiration release?
chemical
Which type of change is most likely occurring when leaves change color in the fall?
chemical change
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
Which best describes the function of eyespots in Euglena?
detects the direction and intensity of light for the Euglena
What process best explains how a nerve cell and a muscle cell can both develop from the same fertilized egg?
differentiation
Which organ system performs the same job for a multicellular organism as a lysosome performs for a cell?
digestive system
Isotonic-
equal concentration of solute on inside and outside of cell -------------- cell is at equilibrium, water can flow in AND out
How does the structure of a mitochondria affect its function?
folds within the structure allow for more surface area in producing energy
Mitochondria-
form: double membrane, bean shape, folded cristae = increase surface area, allows for more glucose collection function: cell's energy center, turns food into chemical energy called ATP energy.
Nucleus
form: held by the nuclear envelope, basically another membrane. function: control the cell's growth and reproduction, contains the cell's hereditary information, such as DNA.
During photosynthesis, plants convert sunlight into what substance to be used for energy?
glucose
which of these is a product of photosynthesis and a requirement for cellular respiration?
glucose
Photosynthesis Products
glucose and oxygen
Any time a bond is broken, a small amount of_____ is also produced.
heat
Hypotonic-
less solute concentration on the outside, more inside --------------water flows in, cell swells and bursts AKA cytolysis
Where does cellular respiration occur?
mitochondria
Which of these cell structures converts nutrients to energy for cell functions?
mitochondria
Hypertonic-
more solute on the outside, less inside --------------water flows out, cell shrinks and shrivels AKA plasmolysis
Which function do Euglena and a Paramecium. have in common?
movement
Aerobic, what is required? What are the products?
needs oxygen (O2), CO2, H2O, and 36 ATP
Which organelle stores hereditary material and coordinates the activities of the cell?
nucleus
Why is pH within the cell so important to cellular function?
pH affects protein shape, so most enzymes have a small, functional pH range.
Which cell organelle is most associated with protein synthesis
ribosomes
The cell membrane of red blood cells will allow water, carbon dioxide, and glucose to pass through. Due to other substances being blocked from entering, this membrane is called
semi-permeable
E. coli is a bacteria found within the human gut. Which best characterizes E. coli?
small, unicellular, with a circular chromosome
Photosynthesis equation
sunlight + H20 + CO2 -----> C6H12O6 + O2
Which organelles work together to provide a plant cell with structure and support?
the cell wall and large central vacuole
Which results in differences among the specialized cells of an organism?
the expression of certain genes in some cells and not in other cells
Organisms contain DNA. What makes prokaryotic DNA different from eukaryotic DNA?
the molecular shape
Photosynthesis Where does it occur?
thylakoid discs in the chloroplasts, inside of chlorophyll
What is the main function of the chloroplasts in plant cells?
to produce glucose
Which is the primary function of a vacuole?
to store food and water
