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Net Filtration Pressure

GBHP-CHP-BCOP

tubular reabsorption and secretion

Many molecules and ions are reabsorbed from the nephron via sympoters, antiporters, passive reabsorption

Alkaline/ Basic

OH- ( Hydroxide concerntration high or HC03-HIGH)

Calcitrol

Stimulates absorption of calcium and calcium ions along the GI tract

hematuria

frequent urination

the nephron

functional unit of the kidney

glucosuria

glucose in the urine

glomerulus and bowman's capsule

have special features for filtering blood

respiratory alkalosis

high pH, low CO2 hyperventilation Decreased Pco2

Angiotensin II

increases ion reabsorption- raises BO

Aldosterone

increases ion reabsorption- raises BP, increases sodium

produces urine

kidney

respiratory acidosis

low pH, high CO2 hypoventilation Increased Pco2

Anatomy and Physiology

maintains homeostasis of blood composition, volume, pH, and pressure kidney filters blood and restores selected amounts of water and solutes to the bloodstream urine dilution and urine concentration, kidney, function evaluation

urination is also called

micturition

edema

occurs when excess interstitial fluid exceeds reabsorption

dysuria

painful urination

hhcmetabolic alkalosis

presence of alkali in the blood causes include ingestion of alkali, prolonged vomiting, or extreme Increased HCO3

metabolic acidosis

presence of excess acid in the blood causing ingestion of acid, production of keto acids in uncontrolled diabetes, and kidney failure Decreased HCO3

ADH

promotes thirst to cause them to drink water, and reabsorb water-which causes increased BP&BV

proximal convoluted tubule

reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients

distal convoluted tubule

related of control of blood pressure and blood volume

the kidneys

release 3 hormones

Erythropoietin

released in response to low oxygen levels in kidney tissues

Loop of Henle

responsible for conserving water and minimizing the volume of the filtrate

Renin

simulates the conversion of

external urethral sphincter

skeletal muscle, voluntary

proteinuria

small amount of protein are normal

internal urethral sphincter

smooth muscle, involuntary

Angiotensin II

stimualates aldosterone production in the adrenal cortex

urinary bladder

stores urine

angiotensis II

triggers the release of ADH and aldosterone (which reduce water loss in the u

Urethra

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

urobilinogenuria

urobilinogen in urine, breakdown product of hemoglobin

collect duct

variable reabsorption of water and sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and bicarbonate

filtration membrane 3 layers

1. glomerular endothlieum 2. Basement membrane- 3. Foot processes of podocytes with filtration slits

three stage of urinary system

1.glomerular filtration 2.tubular reabsorption 3.tubular secretion

acid=H+

1.secretion H+ into the filtrate 2. Reasbsorbing filtrated HCO3 3. Producion new HCO3-

structure of urinary system

2 kidneys 2 ureters 1 urinary bladder 1 urethra

Normal pH of urine

4.5-8.0

Normal pH

7.35-7.45

Atrial natriuretic peptide

decreases blood pressure

countercurrent flow

aids in water reabsorption along the loop of henle

albuminuria

albumin in the urine protien

ANP

atrial natriuretic peptide 1. increase sodium ion loss in urine 2. increased glomerular filtration 3. inactivaed the rennin- ang

noctural enuresis

bedwetting

Bilirubinuria

bilirubin in urine, breakdown of hemoglobin from red blood cells, liver failure

high specific gravity

can indicate dehydration or any other condition relation to high concentrations of solutes

angiotensis II

cause vasoconstriction, which increases blood pressure instantly

urea recycling

causes increased density in the renal medulla

the kidney and blood pressure

within th distal and convolute tubule, cells from juxtaglomerular apparatus, which secretes an enzyme


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