BIO103 U2 CH 3,4,&28

Where are ribosomes typically located in a cell?

Free in the cytoplasm Attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Of the following choices, which one is the smallest? Chloroplast Frog egg Human egg Plant cell

chloroplast

Which two eukaryotic organelles function to convert energy into a form that cells can use?

chloroplasts mitochondria

cell wall

Cellular structure that surrounds a plant, protistan, fungal, or bacterial cell and maintains the cell's shape and rigidity; composed of polysaccharides.

The substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins in a eukaryotic nucleus is called . When highly condensed, as it is in preparation for cell division, this material is called .

chromatin chromosomes

Spherical-shaped bacteria are called

coccus

The semifluid medium within a cell is called the .

cytoplasm

The semifluid medium within a cell is called the ______.

cytoplasm

In a bacterial cell, ribosomes are located in the

cytoplasm.

As cell size increases, surface area-to-volume ratio

decreases

Each year, influenza viruses undergo small changes due to mutations in genes coding for spike proteins, a process called antigenic

drift

Each year, influenza viruses undergo small changes due to mutations in genes coding for spike proteins, a process called antigenic .

drift

The nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum are components of the

endomembrane system

SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, is a(n) Blank______ virus with a(n) Blank______ genome.

enveloped; RNA

shape of virus

helical. spherical. polyedron

Two examples of latent viruses include

herpesviruses. retroviruses.

Most common colds are caused by

rhinovirus

What cell structure is assembled in the nucleolus of the nucleus?

ribosome

The organelles that function in protein synthesis are called

ribosomes

The MMR vaccine is used to protect against measles, mumps, and

rubella

The main function of a vacuole is ______.

st

The fluid-filled space inside a chloroplast is called the

stroma

A large membranous sac located in the cytoplasm of a cell is called a

vacuole

Both chickenpox and shingles are caused by

varicella-zoster virus.

Both chickenpox and shingles are caused by`

varicella-zoster virus.

An infectious agent consisting of a naked piece of circular RNA is called a(n)

viroid

Of the following, which is the largest? 1. Bacterial cell, 2. virus, 3. protein 4. amino acid

virus

components of the cytoplasm.

water salts dissolved organic molecules

What enzyme found within the peroxisome functions to degrade hydrogen peroxide?

catalase

Which theory states that all organisms are made up of cells that are capable of self-reproduction and come only from preexisting living cells?

cell theory

The basic unit of living organisms which can carry out all of the necessary functions of life is the?

cells

Identify the two domains listed below which contain cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus?

1 Archaea 2. Bacteria

Arrange the six steps of the reproductive cycle of a typical enveloped animal RNA virus in the correct order.

1. attachment 2. entry 3. replication 4. biosynthesis 5. assembly 6. budding

Arrange these events in measles infection according to the order in which they occur.

1. breathing in viral particles 2. 7-12 day incubation period 3. fever and flu like symptoms 4. rash on face 5. rash on trunk and limbs

On average, all cells are approximately the same size whether they are found in elephants or beetles. What is the best explanation for why cells are so small?

1.Small size allows for more efficient exchange of materials with the surrounding environment.

In less-developed countries, the fatality rate of measles infection is

10-15%

One micrometers (μm) is equal to how many nanometers (nm)?

1000

Select all of these diseases that are caused by viruses.

AIDS influenza chickenpox common cold

Identify the scientist that is credited with making one of the first microscopes

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Which of these cells have a membrane-bound nucleus?

Eukaryotes only

True or false: During the biosynthesis phase of virus replication, viral proteins are normally synthesized by viral ribosomes.

FALSE

True or false: Peptidoglycan is a structural component of the cell walls of bacteria, archaeans, and eukaryotes.

FALSE

True or false: The main characteristic that distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell is a cell wall.

FALSE

Functions of the lysosome include:

Intracellular digestion Autophagy

Which of the following are characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19?

It has an RNA genome. It has crown-like spike proteins on its surface. It is an enveloped virus.

Which of these are correct statements regarding antigenic drift?

It is a concern for manufacturers of influenza vaccines. It occurs in influenza viruses. It may allow the virus to evade the host immune response. It occurs following mutation of genes coding for viral spike proteins.

Which of these are correct statements regarding antigenic shift?

It may allow the virus to evade the host immune response. It may result in worldwide influenza epidemics. It occurs in influenza viruses. It is due to reassortment of viral RNA between different viruses infecting the same cell

Which of these organelles contains the genetic material in a eukaryotic cell?

Nucleus

Identify all of the functions of the glycocalyx.

Prevents the cell from drying out. Protects the bacteria from the immune system of the host.

A viroid is composed entirely of

RNA

Who was the first scientist to use the term "cell"?

Robert Hooke

Which of these are internal cellular membranes that contain light-sensitive pigments needed for photosynthesis?

Thylakoids

True or false: Vacuoles may function in storage or elimination of water from a cell and intracellular digestion.

True

Which of these materials are found in the cell walls of fungi?

cellulose and chitin

The ability of a virus to infect a certain type of cell is determined largely by the interaction between

a viral spike protein and a host cell receptor.

describe characteristics of viruses.

acellular require host cell to reproduce parasitic

Occasionally, when two different influenza viruses infect the same cell, their RNA segments can become reassorted, a process called antigenic

antigenic shift

Select all examples of cells that are prokaryotic.

archaeal cell bacterial cell

Arrange the following in order from smallest to largest

atom, protein, virus, chloroplast, human egg

A rod-shaped bacterium is called a

bacillus

correct statements about bacterial chromosomes.

bacterial chromosomes are located in the nucleoid region of the cell bacteria typically have only one chromosome

A virus that infects bacterial cells is called a(n)

bacteriophage

In the plasma membrane of cells, the phospholipids are arranged in a

bilayer

The smooth ER synthesizes primarily_____________ molecules while the rough ER is involved with the production of ________________molecules.

lipid protein

Select all of the correct statements about bacterial chromosomes. bacterial chromosomes are composed of DNA, RNA, and proteins bacterial chromosomes are surrounded by a protective membrane some bacteria have a plasmid instead of a chromosome bacterial chromosomes are located in the nucleoid region of the cell bacteria typically have only one chromosome

located in the nucleoid region of the cell bacteria typically have only one chromosome

Tay-Sachs occurs when ________ cannot clean up cellular debris

lysosomes

Of these viral diseases, select all that are currently preventable by vaccination.

measles shingles influenza

Tay-Sachs occurs when lysosomes cannot clean up damaged cellular debris. This leads to a breakdown of which type of cells?

neural

A nuclear pore is best described as a(n) opening in the Blank______ that permits the passage of molecules into and out of the nucleus.

nuclear envelope

A nuclear pore is best described as a(n) opening in the _____ that permits the passage of molecules into and out of the nucleus

nuclear envelope

The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum is called the Blank______.

nuclear envelope

In a bacterial cell, the chromosome is located in a region called the _________.

nucleoid

n a bacterial cell, the chromosome is located in a region called the

nucleoid

A darkly staining region that may appear within the nucleus on an electron micrograph is called a(n) Blank______. This is the location of rRNA production.

nucleolus

The semifluid material enclosed by the nuclear envelope is called

nucleoplasm

The semifluid material enclosed by the nuclear envelope is called

nucleoplasm.

Viruses cannot reproduce outside of a living host cell—therefore, they are___________intracellular parasites.

obligate

Chromatin consists of DNA and associated ______.

proteins

The small structures within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that perform specific functions are called .

organelle

Another term for entry of a virus into a host cell is

penetration

Select all of the following that are components of the plasma membrane of prokaryotes. plasmids phospholipids cellulose peptidoglycan proteins

phospholipids proteins

Cyanobacteria have internal membranes called thylakoids, which are involved in what biochemical process?

photosynthesis

The _____________membrane separates the cytoplasm from the surrounding environment and regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell.

plasma

The main cellular structure that regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell is the?

plasma membrane

Which biomolecules make up the glycocalyx in bacteria cells?

polysaccharides

Bacterial ribosomes are generally a good target for antibiotic drugs because

prokaryotic ribosomes are structurally different from eukaryotic ribosomes.

What is the main function of the bacterial cell wall?

protection

An enveloped virus usually acquires its envelope from

the plasma membrane of the host.

True or false: Both plant and animal cells contain organelles.

true