BIOL 1001H Exam #4
Which part of the density-dependent population growth equation represents the proportion of unused resources? dN/dt = Nr (K-N)/K Nr (K-N)/K dN/dt
(K-N)/K
Which of the following are NOT affective for addressing climate change? Doom scrolling on your phone. Legislative solutions like caps on carbon emissions. Biological solutions like planting trees. Technological solutions like cheaper solar arrays.
Doom scrolling on your phone.
The unlimited population growth of organisms is . . . slow. exponential. rapid. linear.
Exponential
Human populations are not limited like other organisms. True False
False
Some organisms have no limits on population growth. True False
False
When infant mortality is high, individuals should invest in reproduction, not survival. True False
False
Match the historical selection pressure with the secondary evolutionary outcome that resulted. A mutation that provides resistance to malaria homozygotes for this mutant allele have sickle cell anemia A mutation that provides some resistance to tuberculosis homozygotes for this mutant allele have cystic fibrosis A CCR-5 cell receptor mutation that provides resistance to small pox
Just read this and study :)
Why do we see so many age-related diseases in the modern era? Exposure to chemicals and radiation increase the mutation rates in body cells. Selection for greater reproduction at young ages has increased the effects of antagonistic pleiotropy. Telomeres are getting shorter. Low extrinsic mortality allows late-acting mutations to be expressed in older individuals.
Low extrinsic mortality allows late-acting mutations to be expressed in older individuals.
Your ecological footprint is a measure of your resource consumption and includes all of the following, EXCEPT: time seafood fossil fuels land for development forest products
time
Which pair of species represents an obligate mutualism A flower pollinated by only one species of moth that eats only that flower's pollen. A plant that is pollinated by a species that also pollinates other species. A flower species that is eaten by insect species that also eats other flowers. a bee species that has a plant-pollinator mutualism with two plant species.
A flower pollinated by only one species of moth that eats only that flower's pollen.
Which of these examples illustrates a vertical transmission of a parasite? (2 answers) A fungal pathogen infects a plant and deposits spores in the seeds that infect the plant's offspring. A child catches a cold from her classmate. HIV spreads between sexual partners. A pregnant mother passes HIV to her child. A child catches a cold from her mother.
A fungal pathogen infects a plant and deposits spores in the seeds that infect the plant's offspring. A pregnant mother passes HIV to her child.
Of the examples below, what would be the most extreme example of a semelparous life-history? A tree that reproduces each year and lives several hundred years. An annual herb that germinates, reproduces and dies all in one year. A plant that reproduces clonally during drought years and sexually during wetter years. A flowering plant that reproduces in the fall, but overwinters as a bulb, and reemerges in the spring
An annual herb that germinates, reproduces and dies all in one year
What are some ways to reduce human population growth? Implement programs to reduce poverty and encourage economic development. Make contraceptives widely available. Provide medical care to countries with high infant mortality. Educate and empower women in countries with high birth rates.
All answers are correct
Which species is least likely to go extinct due to climate change? A bird who's migration is cued by day length rather than temperature. A butterfly adapted to high altitude environments. A tortoise who reaches reproductive maturity at 15 years. An annual plant, common across North America. A species of bee that feeds on the pollen of only one type of orchid.
An annual plant, common across North America.
A bee species is the only pollinator of two species of flowers, eating the nectar as they pollinate. Other species of insects also eat the nectar but are unable to pollinate. What is likely to happen if the bee species goes extinct? Choose 2 that apply. Another insect species will evolve to pollinate the flowers. Another insect species that eats only those flowers will go extinct. The two flower species will go extinct. Another insect species that eat those flowers and other flowers will go extinct.
Another insect species that eats only those flowers will go extinct. The two flower species will go extinct.
Of the evolutionary explanations below, which is a genetically determined trade-off in life-history evolution? Contrasting effects on survival and reproduction caused by testosterone Differences in extrinsic mortality at early vs. late life-stages Contrasting telomere lengths caused by different exposures to chronic stress Differences in longevity caused by differences in diet
Contrasting effects on survival and reproduction caused by testosterone
Which age distribution graph shows a population that will experience the most growth from population momentum? Graph A: Graph B: Graph C: Graph D: Graph C Graph D Graph B Graph A
Graph B
All of the following are ways an iteroparous species might evolve to prevent the physiological process of aging EXCEPT... Invest more energy in mechanisms, like the p53 gene, that repair DNA damage Prevent the accumulation of senescent cells Produce enzymes that maintain or lengthen telomeres after cell division Increase the production of free radicals
Increase the production of free radicals
Why does melting permafrost accelerate climate change? Select 2 that apply. Melting permafrost releases CO2 and methane from soil and decomposing plants. Melting permafrost can no longer support large animals. Plant communities on melting permafrost soil can no longer store carbon in the soil.
Melting permafrost releases CO2 and methane from soil and decomposing plants. Plant communities on melting permafrost soil can no longer store carbon in the soil.
Which statement is false? Wealthy, developed countries emit more CO2 per capita than poor underdeveloped countries. Climate change threatens agricultural production. Neither the public nor private sector can do anything to alleviate environmental problems. Environmental problems due to overpopulation are made worse by poverty. Population growth has exceeded growth in food production since the 1980s.
Neither the public nor private sector can do anything to alleviate environmental problems.
Which of the following are examples of brood parasitism? One subgenus of bumble bees invaded the hives of other bumble bee species, kills their queens, and manipulates the host workers into taking care of their larvae. Parasitic wasps lay their eggs inside the bodies of other insects. Their larvae eat the host from the inside. Cowbirds lay their eggs in the nests of other bird species and allow them to rear the young.
One subgenus of bumble bees invaded the hives of other bumble bee species, kills their queens, and manipulates the host workers into taking care of their larvae. Cowbirds lay their eggs in the nests of other bird species and allowterm-62 them to rear the young.
Complete the sentences by matching the beginning of the sentence to the phrase that completes it. Semelparity is Semelparity is favored when Iteroparity is Iteroparity is favored when
Semelparity is explosive, 1-time reproduction Semelparity is favored when extrinsic mortality is high. Iteroparity is repeated reproduction. Iteroparity is favored when extrinsic mortality is
Which statement best describes the greenhouse effect proposed by Joseph Fourier in 1820? The Earth's atmosphere distributes water and heat throughout the Earth's surface. The Earth's atmosphere protects life from the harsh conditions of space. The Earth's atmosphere acts like a shield protecting the Earth's surface from harmful radiation. The Earth's atmosphere traps heat that entered as sunlight and prevents it from escaping into space.
The Earth's atmosphere traps heat that entered as sunlight and prevents it from escaping into space.
The modern extinction crisis is often referred to as the Sixth Extinction because it resembles past mass extinction events. In what way does the modern extinction crisis resemble past mass extinction events? Mass extinctions occur roughly every 70 million years, and we just happen to be living in one. Enough species have already gone extinct in the past 500 years to equal that of past extinction events. The current rate of species extinction is approaching past mass extinction rates. The same phylogenetic groups of species are going extinct now as in the past.
The current rate of species extinction is approaching past mass extinction rates.
The plant in a plant-pollinator obligate mutualism dies. Which other species is NOT likely to also go extinct? The insect that eats that plant and other plants. The secondary consumer that only eats the pollinator. The pollinator The non-pollinating insect that only eats that plant.
The insect that eats that plant and other plants.
What are the potential ecological consequences of mutualism between plants and pollinators? Select 2 that apply. The plant supports high pollinator populations in a region. The pollinator supports high plant population growth. The pollinator has mouthparts that can access plant nectar. The plant has showy petals and other structures to atract effective pollinators.
The plant supports high pollinator populations in a region The pollinator supports high plant population growth.
Why do scientist predict that, if unabated, climate change will lead to mass extinction and loss biodiversity? The rate of modern climate change is too fast for species to adapt or move Species don't know the climate is changing and cannot prepare for it. Climate change always results in mass extinction.
The rate of modern climate change is too fast for species to adapt or move
A species can only be part of one food chain True False
True
Due to the lag between global temperature rise and CO2 rise, we have probably not yet seen the full impact of current greenhouse gas levels on climate. True False
True
The bulk of global N inputs into biological systems come from agricultural fertilizers. True False
True
Why do warming oceans accelerate climate change? The influx of fresh water from the polar ice caps reduces the salinity of oceans. Warming oceans change current patterns. Warm water holds less CO2 than cold water.
Warm water holds less CO2 than cold water.
Why does the melting polar ice cap accelerate climate change? Select 2 that apply. Melting ice releases water vapor. Water absorbs more heat than ice. Ice reflects more light than water.
Water absorbs more heat than ice. Ice reflects more light than water.
Some species of ants tend aphids. The aphids supply a nutritious body secretion which the ants eat, while the ants protect the aphids from predators. This is an example of... character displacement. a parasitic relationship. commensalism. competitive exploitation. a mutualistic interaction.
a mutualistic interaction.
Species loss from a community not only affects overall biodiversity but can disrupt the food web, leading to even more rapid destabilization of the ecosystem. This is known as... character displacement. a trophic cascade. eutrophication. biomagnification.
a trophic cascade.
Intrinsic growth rate (r) will decrease if . . . (select 2 that apply) death rates decrease death rates increase birth rates increase birth rates decrease
death rates increase birth rates decrease
Which factors listed are the density independent? drought fire food flood disease space
drought fire flood
The total amount of biomass available at each trophic level is reduced as you move up the food chain. This is due to... predation energy lost as heat during respiration increase in average body size of consumers photosynthesis decomposition
energy lost as heat during respiration
Populations of organisms that exhibit a "K-selected" life-history generally inhabit stable environments and can be characterized by extensive parental care of offspring and iteroparous reproduction. relatively short life spans and small body size. very high intrinsic growth rate. bearing a large number of offspring and semelparous reproduction.
extensive parental care of offspring and iteroparous reproduction.
According to the theory of island biogeography, a single, large island will have which one of the following characteristics? No answer text was provided. higher extinction rate more edge effects greater species diversity
greater species diversity
Early in the recovery of this bison population, when it was really small, what process most likely threatened its viability and future growth? competition inbreeding depression outcrossing depression food limitation
inbreeding depression
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of habitat fragmentation and edge effects? increased exposure to diseases increased biodiversity reduction of population sizes species endangerment
increased biodiversity
pyramid with plants at base, herbivores above that, then carnivores, ending with a single carnivore at the top. Ecologist use an energy pyramid because a pyramid shape shows . . . Select 2 that apply. loss of energy across trophic levels. decrease in net productivity across trophic levels. phosphorous and nitrogen pools in different trophic levels.
loss of energy across trophic levels. decrease in net productivity across trophic levels.
You are studying two populations of possums: one lives on an island where there are no predators; one lives on the mainland and is subject to a very high predation rate. You have determined that island possums have evolved longer lifespans than those from the mainland. This is because island animals have larger litters. island animals are smaller than those from the mainland. lower extrinsic mortality selects for an acceleration in the onset of senescence. lower extrinsic mortality selects for a delay in the onset of senescence. island animals have better diets.
lower extrinsic mortality selects for a delay in the onset of senescence.
Using the annual precipitation vs average temperature graph below, match the region to its distance from the equator and its primary productivity level. subtropical desert tundra furthest from the equator has highest primary productivity Lowest primary productivity
nearest the equator furthest from the equator tropical rainforest tundra
Indicate whether each cause of aging is a proximal (physiological) or ultimate (evolutionary) cause. shortening of the telomeres accumulation of late-acting mutations antagonistic pleiotropy is ultimate oxidative effects of free-radicals on DNA
proximal ultimate ultimate proximal
For each statement, decide the type of species it describes. small bodied describes ["r-selected species", "k-selected species"] experience low competition describes ["k-selected species", "r-selected species"] experience high competition describes ["k-selected species", "r-selected species"] large body describes ["k-selected species", "r-selected species"] limited by density-independent factors describes ["r-selected species", "k-selected species"] Limited by density-dependent factors describes ["r-selected species", "k-selected species"]
r-selected species r-selected species k-selected species k-selected species r-selected species k-selected species
A density-dependent growth rate . . . No answer text provided. increases as the density of the population increases. slows as the density of the population increases. No answer text provided.
slows as the density of the population increases.
What is the approximate carrying capacity of the population of bison shown in the figure below? 250 325 200 Not enough information 400
325
You are inspired by your professor's lecture on sustainability to decrease your ecological footprint. Which of the following steps would best help you accomplish this goal? Trade-in your sedan for an SUV you can use for camping. Start a high-protein diet that replaces refined carbohydrates with meat. Heat your home using the fireplace instead of natural gas. Live out in the countryside, even if your job is in the city. Eat meat-free meals at least one day a week.
Eat meat-free meals at least one day a week.
What are the four major threats to biodiversity caused by human activity? Correct! invasive species Correct! overexploitation war Correct! habitat loss and alteration fire Correct! pollution
invasive species overexploitation habitat loss and alteration pollution
Which of these are carbon sinks that remove carbon from the atmosphere? (There is more than one.) volcanoes photosynthesis plant respiration oceans soil respiration deforestation animal respiration fossil fuels
photosynthesis oceans
Suppose a food chain consists of three trophic levels, beginning with primary producers. If the amount of energy fixed by the producers is denoted by X, approximately how much energy will be available to the third trophic level (secondary consumers)? 0.01*X X 0.1*X 0.001*X 0.0001*X
0.01*X
Why do late-acting harmful mutations persist in populations? Selection is stronger on mutations whose effects are seen in young individuals. Late-acting harmful mutations rarely are "detected" by selection, since so few individuals make it to old age. All of the answers listed are correct. Late-acting harmful mutations may have beneficial effects earlier in life.
All of the answers listed are correct.
The rate at which a pathogen spreads in a population depends on what factor? Whether the pathogen is vertically or horizontally transmitted. The behavior of the host. The incubation time of the pathogen. All options are correct. The virulence of the pathogen.
All options are correct.
You are monitoring the health of a fresh water lake at risk of turning eutrophic due to a recent industrial spill from a local hog farm. What observation would indicate that the eutrophication process has accelerated in the lake? An increase in aerobic microbes. A decline in floating algae. An increase in nitrogen-fixing bacteria. A population boom of small prey fish. An increase in predatory fish.
An increase in aerobic microbes. A decline in floating algae.
In the nitrogen cycle... Humans are predominantly removing nitrogen compounds from biological systems. Nitrogen in the atmosphere is the most important greenhouse gas. Gut symbionts convert nitrogen compounds to methane. Nitrogen gas (N2) is directly absorbed by plants. Bacteria convert nitrogen gas (N2) to forms that plants can use (ammonium, nitrates).
Bacteria convert nitrogen gas (N2) to forms that plants can use (ammonium, nitrates).
Why are plant defense chemicals like pyrethrin in chrysanthemums and nicotine in tobacco called secondary compounds? Because they are not essential for plant survival or reproduction. Because they attract secondary consumers to feed on primary consumers. Because they are expressed later in development.
Because they are not essential for plant survival or reproduction.
Bison would be considered a K-selected species because their populations stabilize at their carrying capacity. Given this, what is most likely true of bison life history? Bison have a low intrinsic growth rate. Bison life-history has evolved primarily in response density-independent factors. Bison are generally not limited by resources. Bison have relatively short lifespans.
Bison have a low intrinsic growth rate.
At what point was this population of bison growing the fastest? B C A E D
C
Order the population growth patterns in the Population vs. time graphs below based on the relative growth rates that produce them, from lowest growth rate to highest growth rate. Graph A: Line increases quickly, bounces around k and then stabilizes at k. Graph B: Line increases quickly, then cycles evenly above and below k. Graph C: Line increases slowly, stabilizing at K. Graph D: Line increases quickly, then bounces above and below K erratically. D-B-C-A D-B-A-C C-A-D-B C-A-B-D
C-A-B-D
What are the 5 (five) elements that make up DNA and RNA and are essential for life on Earth? Use the element symbols (they are capital letters), list them in alphabetical order, separated by a space. You need be an exact match to get this one correct.
CHNOP
Which factors contributed to the great extinctions at the end of the Permian, Triassic, and Cretaceous eras? Select 3 correct answers. asteroid impact volcanic activity eutrophication greenhouse gases human activity
Correct! asteroid impact Correct! volcanic activity Correct! greenhouse gases
What is the most concerning thing about the continuing rise in CO2 concentrations in our earth's atmosphere? We have never seen CO2 levels this high in Earth's past. Global temperatures have not caught up, meaning temperatures will continue to rise. The CO2 concentrations are currently not toxic to humans, will be become so soon. Increasing CO2 concentrations will be counterbalanced by a decline O2 in the atmosphere, threatening life.
Global temperatures have not caught up, meaning temperatures will continue to rise.
Which of these three causes of human population growth is inevitable and difficult to change? unwanted fertility population momentum desire for large families
population momentum
Select the false statement about telomeres. Children with progeria have short telomeres. Telomeres become shorter after each DNA replication. Telomeres protect functional DNA from degrading during replication. Telomeres contain a gene that codes for the enzyme telomerase. Cells can only divide a certain number of times before the telomeres are degraded.
Telomeres contain a gene that codes for the enzyme telomerase.
You are studying two experimental populations of mice, Population A and B. All individuals in both populations were born at the same time Population A has been treated with telomerase, while population B has not. Which population will live longer? Population B Not enough information They both will have similar lifespans Population A
Population A
What were the ecological consequences of the rinderpest parasite for wildebeests and buffalo in the African Savannah? Choose 2 answers. They learned to avoid the cattle ranches that spread the disease. Populations grew exponentially after the rinderpest vaccine was introduced. They developed heightened immunity to invasive parasites. It held populations below carrying capacity.
Populations grew exponentially after the rinderpest vaccine was introduced. It held populations below carrying capacity.
Climate change has already affected species around the world. What are some "finger prints" of climate change observed in species over the last couple decades? Species have gone extinct do to lack of habitat. Species have shifted their ranges northward. Species have changed when they flower.
Species have gone extinct do to lack of habitat. Species have shifted their ranges northward. Species have changed when they flower.
One reason to be concerned with the health and stability of an ecosystem is that it will be better able to provide humans important services like cleaner water and air. What aspect of an ecosystem is an indicator of its heath? Biome type Proximity to human development Species richness Annual rainfall Geographic extent
Species richness
Which statement is not true about edge effects? Small islands have a greater proportion of edge habitat than large islands. Environmental conditions such as light and temperature differ between the edge and center of habitats. Edge effects contribute to loss of biodiversity in fragmented habitat. Species that live in the edge of a habitat are less prone to extinction than those that live at the center.
Species that live in the edge of a habitat are less prone to extinction than those that live at the center.
How does agriculture contribute to the collapse of lake ecosystems? Place the events in the correct order. Event 1 Crop plants do not use up all applied nitrogen fertilizer. Event 2 Excess nitrogen fertilizer leaches from agricultural soil into nearby bodies of water. Event 3 Algae that were formerly limited by nitrogen grow in excess. Event 4 Algal blooms use of oxygen in the water. Event 5 Eutrophication creates dead zones in which fish and other large organisms cannot survive.
Study
The proportion of unused resources and population growth rates change depending on a population's size (N). Match the N K statements to the descriptions. dN/dt = Nr (K-N)/K When N > K the proportion of unused resources is (K-N)/K < 0 When N=K proportion of unused resources is (K-N)/K = 0 When N = 0 proportion of unused resources is (K-N)/K = 1 Growth stops . . . when N=K Population declines . . . when N>K Growth is exponential . . . when N=0
When N > K the proportion of unused resources is (K-N)/K < 0 When N=K proportion of unused resources is (K-N)/K = 0 When N = 0 proportion of unused resources is (K-N)/K = 1 Growth stops . . . when N=K Population declines . . . when N>K Growth is exponential . . . N = 0
Match the organisms to its role in the nitrogen cycle. importing nitrogen from the atmosphere into biological systems cause nitrogen to exit biological systems and return to the atmosphere recycle nitrogen from dead biomass and waste into a form that can be used by living organisms
nitrogen-fixing bacteria denitrifying bacteria decomposers
Match each term to its definition. characteristics of the physical or chemical environment characteristics of the living organisms in the environment a regionally-defined area with all of its associated species and its associated physical and chemical processes the study of the distribution and abundance of species as influenced by biotic and abiotic factors
abiotic factors biotic factors ecosystem ecosystem ecology
Which of the following is not a benefit of biodiversity for fisheries? greater productivity in catching fish lower extinction rate better tasting fish greater resilience to collapse
better tasting fish
Ecosystems services are benefits that people derive from healthy ecosystems. The _______ of an ecosystem plays a key role in maintaining its health. area biodiversity biome type latitude
biodiversity
Free radicals can also damage DNA. What are free radicals? selfish genetic elements by-products of metabolism (breaking down of food) toxic chemicals in our food photons from ultraviolet radiation
by-products of metabolism (breaking down of food)
The figure below shows variation in beak size for multiple populations of two finch species. Given the data in the figure, what process has occurred on the islands (bottom graph) where the two species co-occur? competitive exclusion competitive exploitation competitive interference local extinction character displacement
character displacement
Read through the summaries of each of the three actual scientific studies. For each, identify whether their research questions fall under the realm of community ecology or coevolution. Study A: The rusty crayfish is an invasive species through the Midwest and the Northeastern United States. Lodge and Lorman (1987) conducted an experiment to test the effects of invasive crayfish on lake ecosystems. they found that the abundance and diversity of aquatic plants and snails were lower in enclosures where crayfish were included than where they were excluded. They concluded that the rusty crayfish disrupt the ecosystem by grazing on plants and invertebrates. Study A is in the realm of ["community ecology", "coevolution"] . Study B: McArt et al. (2010) wanted to test how the genetic diversity of plants influences the insects that visit them. They surveyed insects on evening primrose growing in polycultures (multiple genotypes per plot) and monocultures *one genotype per plot). They found that polycultures had a lower diversity of arthropods due to a higher abundance of the dominant insect species, Plagiognathus politus, a but that eats both plants and other insects. Study B is in the realm of ["coevolution", "community ecology"]. Study C: Milkweeds use chemicals to defend themselves against herbivores. Monarch butterflies use milkweed defense chemicals *cardenolides) as a defense against predators. Cardenolides act as an emetic that causes birds to vomit, teaching them to avoid monarchs and their larvae. Fink and Brower (1981) found flocks of orioles in Mexico had learned to pick out the edible parts from high-cardenolide butterflies. As a result, the Mexican butterfly population had a lower level of cardenolides than California and Massachusetts populations, where birds avoid high-cardenolide butterflies. Study C is in the realm of ["community ecology", "coevolution"] .
community ecology community ecology coevolution
Neanderthals inhabited Europe before modern humans. When modern humans arrived in Europe, however, the two species competed for similar resources, often to the disadvantage of the Neanderthals. Humans would eventually come to replace Neanderthals as the only hominin in Europe. This ecological outcome is referred to as... character displacement interference competition exploitation competition competitive exclusion
competitive exclusion
Antagonistic Pleiotropy can cause aging because . . . genes that increase reproduction early in life also increase survival later in life. genes the increase survival in old age have negative effects on reproduction earlier in life. genes that decrease reproduction early in life also increase the likelihood of survival. genes that increase reproduction early in life have negative effects on survival later in life.
genes that increase reproduction early in life have negative effects on survival later in life.
Why does net productivity decrease in ascending trophic levels? heat lost from respiration biomagnification of toxins energy expenditure of acquiring food stronger competition among predators
heat lost from respiration
What circumstances will be most likely to result in future growth primarily due to population momentum? high birth rate and low death rate, followed by a reduction in birth rate. high birth rate and death rate, followed by a reduction in birth rate. low birth rate and death rate, followed by an increase in birth rate. low birth rate and high death rate, followed by a reduction in death rate.
high birth rate and low death rate, followed by a reduction in birth rate.
Choose the characteristics that make a parasite is more virulent. Choose 4 answers. Hosts live in a dense herd. It spreads through horizontal transmission. It spreads through vertical transmission. It spreads to multiple hosts by killing my original host. It spreads into new hosts very quickly so it doesn't need hosts to survive or reproduce. Hosts are solitary. It needs the host to survive for a long time in order to spread into new hosts. It spreads to a one new host at a time without killing my original host.
hosts live in a dense herd it spreads through horizontal transmission It spreads to multiple hosts by killing my original host. It spreads into new hosts very quickly so it doesn't need hosts to survive or reproduce.
Female cuckoos (a type of bird) do not build their own nests but instead lay their eggs in the nests of other bird species such as sparrows. The host sparrows incubate the cuckoo eggs and feed and raise the cuckoo young, and usually raise no young of their own. This relationship is best described as... parasitism. predation. commensalism. competition. mutualism.
parasitism.
Which one of the following processes is responsible for the movement of abiotic carbon from the atmosphere into the biotic component in the carbon cycle? cellular respiration decomposition evapotranspiration photosynthesis
photosynthesis
Which one of these is NOT a carbon source that add carbon to the atmosphere? oceans fossil fuels plant respiration animal respiration volcanoes soil respiration photosynthesis
photosynthesis
Choose the correct word to complete the story about climate change. Twice in the history of life on Earth, ["ice ages", "global warming events"] has occurred when the amount of CO2 captured by plants exceeded the amount released into the atmosphere. In the time of the snowball Earth, petroleum was formed by dead ["microbes", "land plants"] depositing sediment at the bottom of the ocean. More recently, coal was formed by dead ["microbes", "land plants"] whose tissues could not be broken down. Now the situation has change and we are releasing all the carbon trapped in petroleum and coal. If CO2 released into the atmosphere exceeds CO2 removed, ["global warming events", "ice ages"] occur.
ice ages microbes land plants global warming events
Select all the causes of death listed below that contribute to extrinsic mortality. infection head injury car accident old age heart failure cancer predation starvation
infection head injury car accident predation starvation
For each of these examples, identify whether it represents interference or exploitation competition. Example A: A plant excretes chemical from its roots that inhibit growth and seed germination of neighboring plants. Example A is ["interference competition", "exploitation competition"] . Example B: Some trees have fast growing roots that reach water before their competitors. These trees grow faster. Example B is ["interference competition", "exploitation competition"] . Example C: Two crayfish species compete for shelter under rocks. Both species are equally effective at defending their shelters from competitors, but species A moves faster and occupies shelters before species B can claim them. Example C is [ Select ] ["interference competition", "exploitation competition"] . Example D: Two crayfish species compete for shelter under rocks. Both species are equally effective at claiming shelters, but species A is better at taking over shelters that are already occupied. Example D is ["interference competition", "exploitation competition"] .
interference competition exploitation competition exploitation competition interference competition
Which historical factor began the human population explosion? discovery of antibiotics invention of vaccines invention of agriculture industrial revolution
invention of agriculture
Which of the following are ecological consequences of predation by lions? There are 2. sociality in prey vigilance in prey limited population size of prey selfish herd behavior in prey fast running speed of prey low population size of competing predators
limited population size of prey selfish herd behavior in prey low population size of competing predators
2020 saw record-setting temperatures in the Arctic. The town of Verkhoyansk, Russia reached 100.4 °F in June 2020, the highest temperature ever recorded above the Arctic circle. The Arctic is also warming 3X faster than the rest of the globe. This is in part do to shrinking sea ice. "If ice masses shrink, this changes how much of the sunlight that hits Earth's surface is reflected back into space," said climate scientist Nico Wunderling of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. The feedback mechanism Dr. Wunderling is describing is due to... thawing permafrost. the albedo effect. the Coriolis effect. ocean acidification. the greenhouse effect.
the albedo effect.
Population ecology deals with . . . the change in population size of a species through time. the effects of the physical environment on communities. the interactions among populations of different species. the human impacts on a natural system.
the change in population size of a species through time.
