BIOL 1201 Learning Catalytics

An acid

A compound that donates hydrogen ions to a solution is __________________.

One of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative

A covalent bond is likely to be polar if ________________________.

Is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

A covalent bond__________________.

0.032 g

A mole of methanol (CH3OH) weighs 32 g. The number of grams of methanol that are needed to produce 1 L of a 1 millimolar solution is __________.

100 times less H+

A solution at pH 10 contains __________ than the same amount of solution at pH 8.

A base

A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is __________.

Lower the hydrogen ion concentration and increase the pH

Adding a base tends to __________ of a solution.

The clinging of one substance to another substance

Adhesion is best described as __________.

All help give each biological molecule its unique properties

Although the structures of the functional groups that are most important to life vary, they share one thing in common: They __________.

A compound that donates hydrogen ions to a solution

An acid is __________.

Water (H2O)

Biologically important chemical groups include all of the following except ____________.

Substances that minimize changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution

Buffers are __________.

6; 4; 4

Carbon's atomic number is 6. This means that it has __________ electrons. After completing the first energy level, carbon has __________ valence electrons and can form __________ bonds.

They contribute to the molecular shape of a molecule and its unique properties

Chemical groups are significant because __________.

Acid; Amino

Choose the pair of terms that completes this sentence about functional groups in organic chemistry: Carboxyl is to __________ as __________ is to base.

Mirror-image isomers of a molecule

Enantiomers are __________.

Stir 360 g of glucose in water to dissolve the sugar, and then add enough water to bring the total volume of the solution up to 1 L

Glucose has a molecular mass of 180 daltons. To make a 2-molar (2 M) solution of glucose, __________.

Partial opposite charges on molecules come close enough to attract each other

Hydrogen bonds occur when _________________.

Are charged molecules that are attracted to the partial charge of the water molecule

Hydrophilic molecules __________.

Are uncharged, nonionic substances that seem to repel water

Hydrophobic molecules __________.

Abiotic compounds cycled through the apparatus and were sampled for organic compounds

In Miller's 1953 laboratory experiment, __________.

Half-Life

In a process called radiometric dating, scientists measure the ______________ of an isotope to determine the age of the Earth.

Reactants;Products

In chemical reactions, the _________________ are the starting materials that are converted into the ________________.

The transfer of valence electrons results in the completed valence shell for each ion

In ionic interactions, ________________.

May not be equally effective

In the pharmaceutical industry, two enantiomers of a drug __________.

organic carbon always has a hydrogen atom covalently attached to it

Inorganic carbon such as CO2 differs from organic carbon because __________.

Attraction between ions that have opposite charges

Ionic bonds form as a result of _____________________.

Atomic Mass

Isotopes of an element will always differ in _________________.

The absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds.

Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temperature?

Can produce similar effects as the naturally occurring molecules

Molecular mimics ___________.

Called Hydrocarbons

Molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen are __________.

Equal in their electronegativity

Nonpolar covalent bonds are always formed from atoms that are _________________.

A three-dimensional space where an electron spends most of its time with no more than 1 other electron, forming a pair

Orbitals are best described as _______________.

Are important tools in biological research and medicine

Radioactive tracers ____________.

A variety of simple organic compounds could be spontaneously synthesized from components in Earth's primitive atmosphere

Stanley Miller's experiments were significant because he demonstrated that __________.

The same molecular formula but different covalent arrangements of their carbon skeletons

Structural isomers have __________.

Heat of Vaporization

Sweating has a cooling effect because of water's high __________.

False

T/F Chemical reactions have different numbers of a given atom on each side of the equation arrow.

True

T/F Chemical reactions involve the making and breaking of chemical bonds

False

T/F Chemical reactions reach a chemical equilibrium when the amounts of products and reactants are equal

False

T/F Chemical reactions represent the way matter is created and destroyed.

False

T/F For essential elements and living organisms, all organisms require 25 of the 92 naturally occurring elements to survive.

True

T/F For essential elements and living organisms, although all forms of life require iron, other elements are required only by certain species.

False

T/F For essential elements and living organisms, given their low concentrations in nature, the toxicity of some elements is generally now a factor in the evolution of biological. communities

False

T/F For essential elements and living organisms, the element carbon, hydrogen nitrogen, and oxygen make up 20-25 percent of living mass

False

T/F In chemical reactions, only inorganic molecules can participate in chemical reactions.

False

T/F The atom has fewer protons than does a neutral atom of the same element

True

T/F The atom has more electrons than protons.

False

T/F The atom has more neutrons than protons

False

T/F The atom has more protons than electrons.

False

T/F The net charge of an atom is -1.

Both caused by water's partial charges

The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and water's ability to dissolve substances that have charges or partial charges are __________.

Increases the oceanic concentration of carbonic acid; increases the oceans' acidity and lowers pH; reduces the carbonate ion concentration in the oceans and threatens calcifying organisms in marine ecosystems; increases the hydrogen ion concentration in the oceans but decreases the carbonate ion concentration and threatens the livability of the oceans for calcifying organisms

The absorption of human-generated CO2 by the oceans __________.

The specific heat of that substance

The amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 g of any substance by one °C is defined as __________.

The heat of vaporization of that substance

The amount of heat required to convert 1 g of any substance from the liquid to the gaseous state is defined as __________.

Valence electrons in the outermost electron shell

The behavior of an atom depends on the __________________.

A carbon atom can complete its valence shell by forming four covalent bonds

The carbon atom is tetravalent; this means that __________.

Lacking hydrogen atoms

The carbon skeleton can vary in all of the following except __________.

Number of electrons in its outermost shell

The chemical characteristics or reactivity of an element depend mostly on the ____________.

Carboxyl group (-COOH)

The chemical group that acts as an acid is the __________.

Sulfhydryl group (-SH)

The chemical group that helps stabilize protein structure is the __________.

Methyl group (-CH3)

The chemical group that is involved in regulating DNA is the __________.

The unstable isotope has a nucleus that decays spontaneously, is radioactive, and can be transformed into an atom of another element

The difference between a stable isotope and an unstable isotope of an element is that_________________>

It more strongly pulls shared electrons toward itself when forming a covalent bond with a less electronegative atom

The fact that oxygen is an atom that is strongly electronegative means that _________________.

It determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another

The molecular shape of a biological molecule is important because ___________________.

It determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another

The molecular shape of biological molecule is important because ______________.

Equals the number of electrons

The number of protons in an uncharged atom ______________________.

The unequal sharing of electrons between the hydrogen and the oxygen atoms of a water molecule

The partial charges on a water molecule occur because of __________.

Cohesion

The phenomenon responsible for maintaining the upward movement of water through a vessel is __________.

The existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell

The reactivity of an atom arises from _________________.

The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1°C

The specific heat of a substance is __________.

Are required by an organism in minute quantities

Trace elements _________.

10,000,000 times as much

Urine, at pH 6, contains __________ H+ as household bleach, at pH 13.

The opposite ends of the molecule have opposite electrical charges

Water is a polar molecule. This means that __________.

A higher boiling point

Water molecules have __________ than molecules of similar size, such as ammonia and methane, reflecting its capacity to absorb large amounts of heat.

Cohesion and Adhesion

Water moves up a plant because of hydrogen bonds by a process called __________.

Form when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen is attracted to another electronegative atom

Weak chemical bonds such as hydrogen bonds ________________.

Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon

What are the four most abundant elements found in living systems?

Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphate, and sulfur

What are the six most important chemical elements of life?

Electron

What has negligible mass?

ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes.

What is ATP's importance in the cell?

R-COOH

What is a weak acvid?

Both -COOH and -NH2

What is found in all amino acids?

Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

What is not a property of hydrogen bonding properties?

R-NH2

What molecule is a weak base?

Neutron

What subatomic particle has appreciable mass and lacks a charge?

Structural Isomers

What term correctly describes the relationship between these two sugar molecules?

cis-trans isomers

When a double bond joins two carbon atoms, __________ can form.

Ions

When a very electronegative atom strips a valence electron away from its partner, __________ form.

Hydrogen Bonds

When ice forms, the __________ are farther apart than in liquid water, allowing the ice to form an organized crystal structure and float.

A covalent bond

When one or more pairs of valence electrons are shared by two neutral atoms, what type of bond is formed?

It has decreased by 10,000 times

When the pH of a solution shifts from 3 to 7, the hydrogen ion concentration has changed, and __________.

Is an ion

When the proton number and electron number are unequal, the atom or molecule ________________.

ATP

When three phosphate groups are covalently attached to adenosine, __________ is formed.

Amino

Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base?

Carbon

Which element is always associated with organic chemistry?

Sulfhydryl

Which functional group is not present in this molecule?

Hydrophobic, nonpolar, and a good source of stored energy

Which of the following are properties of hydrocarbons?

Surface Tension

You can fill a glass of water to just slightly above the rim without it spilling over the glass. What property of water best explains this phenomenon?

Surface Tension

__________ is an emergent property of water that allows insects like the raft spider to walk on water.