Biol120 Lecture Ch, 11: Animal Diversification
Characteristics of Tunicates 450
Are invertebrate marine animals that have defined tissues. They are bilateral in symmetry and deuterostomes. Adult are about size of your thumb and look like ball of brownish green jelly.
Define Placentals
Are viviparous, that has placenta, in which responsible for the transfer of nutrients, respiratory gases, and metabolic waste products between the mother and the developing fetus.
What is another name for Phylum Arthropoda? 432
Arthropods. Ex: insects, spiders, scorpions, lobsters, crabs, shrimps, etc.
2 kinds of jawless vertebrates that still exist 453
1. Lampreys 2. Hagfishes
3 Stages of Complete Metamorphosis 446
1. Larva 2. Pupa 3. Adult
The Roundworms: Common Characteristics 439
1. Long, narrow unsegmented body 2. Bilaterally symmetrical 3. Surrounded by a strong, flexible cuticle 4 Must molt in order to grow larger.
What are necessary evolutionary innovations to move from water onto land? 455
1. Lungs 2. Backbone 3. 4 Legs 4. Eggs that won't dry
2 evolutionary lineages that diverged after amniotic vertebrates appeared 457
1. Mammals 2. Reptiles (includes birds, yes dude, birds)
3 Different groups of Annelids 440
1. Marine Polychaetes (Marine worms) 2. Terrestial Oligochaetes (Earthworms) 3. Leeches
3 lineages of mammals 460
1. Monotremes 2. Marsupial 3. Placental
The mollusk: Common Characteristics 442
1. Most have a shell that protects the soft body 2. Mantle (tissue that forms the shell) 3. Radula (sandpaper-like tongue structure used during feeding) (Found in all mollusk except bivalves)
Common Characteristics of sponges 434
1. No tissue or organs 2. Body consists of a hollow tube with pores in its wall 3. Feed by pumping in water, along with bacteria, algae, and small particles of organic material, through their pores. 4. Free-swimming larvae 5. Sessile as adults.
Terrestrial vertebrates are divided into 2 main groups. What are these groups 456
1. Non-amniotes 2. Amniotes
Give the 4 distinct chordate body structures of subphyla that are found in no other animal groups. 450
1. Notochord 2. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord 3. Pharyngeal Slits 4. Post-Anal Tails
2 Stages of Incomplete Metamorphosis 446
1. Nymph 2. Adult
Q> what are the advantages of walking on 2 feet rather than 4? 462
Bipedal is more energy efficient than quadrupedal. In addition, bipedal allows humans to free their hands for the use of tools.
What kind of spider that when it bites, repeated skin grafts are required to close the wound 448
Brown Recluse
What does coral secretes? 436
Calcium Carbonate, which gives them a hard outer structure. It is used for predator deterrence; makes them taste like rocks.
Take Home Message 448
Centipedes are predators with fangs that inject venom, and millipedes are herbivores that feed on dead plant material. Spiders and scorpions are predatory arthropods that eat insects and, occasionally, small vertebrates. Lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles are predatory marine crustaceans.
How do sponge obtain food?
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Note: All vertebrates are members of the phylum Chordata 450
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Note: Amphibians live a double life 456
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Note: An external skeleton and metamorphosis produced the greatest adaptive radiation ever. 444
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Note: Are some animals smarter than others? 443
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Note: Echinoderms are vertebrates' closest invertebrate relatives and include sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars. (11.12)
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Note: Flatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms come in all shapes and sizes. 438
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Note: How did we get here? The past 100,000 years of human evolution 464
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Note: Humans tried out different lifestyles. 461
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Note: Jellyfishes and other cnidarians are among the most poisonous animals in the world (11.6) 436
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Note: Most mollusks live in shells (11.8)
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Note: Other arthropods include arachnids, crustaceans, millipedes, and centipedes. 447
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Note: Sponges are animals that lack tissues and organs. (11.5) 434
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Note: The evolution of jaws and fins have rise to the vast diversity of vertebrate species (11.14) 453
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Note: The movement onto land required lungs, a rigid backbone, 4 legs, and eggs that resist drying. 455
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Q> How is global warming affecting the coral reefs of the world? 437
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Q> Why do some cockroaches fly and some of them don't? 447
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What does "millipede" and "centipede" translate to? 447
"a thousand feet" or "a hundred feet"
What is the solution for the egg problem? 455
A waterproof covering-a membrane and a shell- to prevent from drying out before they hatch.
Take Home Message 453
All chordates have 4 characteristic structures: a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. The 3 subphyla of chordates are superficially very different, but are united by possessing these 4 structures at some stage of their life cycle.
The Chordates: Common Characteristics 450
All chordates possess 4 common body structures, although in many chordates, these structures are only present during specific life stages 1. Notochord 2. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord 3. Pharyngeal Slits 4. Post Anal tail Members Include: 1. Tunicates 2. Lancelets 3. Vertebrates.
How does bivalves feed? 442
All of them are filter-feeders that draw a current of water in through a tube called the "incurrent siphon", across their gills, where tiny food particles are captured, and out through the "excurrent siphon".
Take Home Message 457
Amphibians are terrestrial vertebrates, but the adults of most species still lay eggs in water. The eggs hatch into aquatic juveniles.
Define Juvenile on amphibian's life stages 457
Amphibians spend their juvenile stage underwater and undergo metamorphosis to develop legs and lungs Example: Tadpole
Define Non-Amniotes 456
Amphibians that reproduce in water and do not have desiccation-proof amniotic eggs. (Egg looses water if left on land)
What is the first terrestrial vertebrate? 456
Amphibians. (Greek word: "Amphibios", meaning "living a double life")
What did Mitochondrial DNA showed us in terms of human evolution? 464
That the initial human migration out of Africa followed 3 major pathways.
Why are jaws needed? 453
That way the animal can seize prey or chew food before swallowing it.
Take Home Message 454
The development of 2 structures in fishes-fins and jaws-set the stage for the enormous diversity of modern vertebrates.
Q> What were the first feathers used for? 459
The fossil record reveals that feathers evolved before birds, appearing in many reptile species, and that the initial evolution of feathers probably had nothing to do with flight. Sinosauropteryx for instance, have feathers that were spiky filaments on the neck, back, and tail, along with shorter filaments covering the body. They were probably brightly colored, and used by male for courtship displays to females (like peacock). Also, they use it for aggressive displays to other males. Lastly, may have used it as insulation.
What do you call the stinging cell of cnidarians? 436
Cnidocysts.
The cnidarians. 436
Common Characteristics: 1. Radially symmetrical 2. Tentacles armed with rows of stinging cells, used to paralyze prey. Members include: 1. Jellyfishes 2. Sea Anemones 3. Corals
What is the last innovation that is necessary to move onto lands? 455
Eggs that resists on drying out.
How does flatworm's digestive system work? 438
Flatworm's gut have only one opening, meaning, they consume food on that opening, and they secrete undigested waste through the same opening.
How do flatworms reproduce? 438
Flatworms are hermaphroditic. Each individual produce both male and female gametes and they engage in both sexual and asexual reproduction.
Do flatworms have body cavity? 438
Flatworms does not have body cavity. the space between the body wall and the digestive tract is not a fluid filled cavity.
Take Home Message 431
From an evolutionary perspective, all extant species are successful. Among the higher levels of taxonomic groupings, however, some groups are represented by more species than others. Of the 36 animal phyla, 9 phyla account for more than 99% of all described animal species.
Homo Erectus 464
Had migrated to Asia at least a million years earlier and was still present on the island of java when modern humans arrived. Same size as modern humans, but smaller brain.
Take Home Message 460
Hair and mammary glands are defining characteristics of mammals. Monotremes are egg-laying mammals. Marsupial mammals give birth after a short period of development in the uterus, and the newborn completes its development in the mother's pouch. Placental mammals have a placenta that provides oxygen and nutrients to the fetus as it undergoes a longer development in the uterus.
The worms described from the book have what? 438
Have Defined Tissues and are protosomes (gut develops from front to back)
Characteristics of Ray-finned fishes 454
Have a rigid skeleton made from bone, a solid connective tissue consisting of specialized cells and an extracellular material (matrix) that cells secrete. Bone is less flexible than cartilage
Take Home Message 463
Human's forward-looking eyes, hands, and feet with 10 fingers and 10 toes, and shoulder and elbow joints that allow the arms to rotate are characteristics retained from our arboreal ancestors. The early ancestors of humans left the trees and took up life on the ground, where they walked on 2 legs. Our success can be traced to an increase in brain size, possibly in conjunction with an omnivorous diet and increased caloric intake.
Note: 11.4 432
Invertebrates are the largest and most diverse group of animals
How many evolutionary lineage does invertebrates have? 432
Invertebrates include 8 separate evolutionary lineages with an enormous diversity of body forms, body sizes, habitats, and behaviors.
Take Home Message 432
Invertebrates, defined as animals without a backbone, are the largest and most diverse group of animals, comprising more than 95% of all living animal species. the invertebrates are not a monophyletic group, however, and include protostomes and deuterostomes.
What is the symmetry of Echinoderms? 448
It is Radially symmetrical.
Define Notochord 450
It is a rod of tissue extending from head to tail. It stiffens the body when muscles contract during movement. In vertebrates, notochord is present only in early embryo and is replaced by the backbone (vertebral column) as the embryo develops.
How can you compare the sting of scorpions? 448
It is no worse than bee's.
What is extant? 431
Means it currently exists. Opposite of Extinct.
What is sessile? 429
Organisms that are fastened in place.
What type of body does leeches have? 441
Segmented Bodies.
The Annelids (Segmented Worms): Common Characteristics 440
Segmented Body Members Include: 1. Marine polychaetes 2. Earthworms 3. Leeches
Define Pharyngeal Slits 450
Slits through which water is passed in order to breathe and feed. In many chordates (including humans), the slits disappear as the animal develops.
Difference between slug and snails 441
Snails have one-piece, curled shell, and slugs are snails that have reduced the shell to a tiny remnant that is not even visible because it covered by the mantle.
Define Neandretal (Homo Neanderthalensis) 464
Species of humans that spread across Europe and the Middle East. Were about the same size as modern humans, but they were more robust and muscular.
How does sponge reproduce? 434
Sponge are Hermaphrodites. They produce only one kind of gamete (egg or sperm) at a time. Sponges that act as males release a cloud of sperm that swim to other sponges, which are acting as females, and fertilize their eggs. They also reproduce asexually. Small buds form on the outside of the sponge and eventually break off, settle to the bottom, and grow into new sponges.
Take Home Message 435
Sponges are among the simplest of the animal lineages. A sponge consists of a hollow tube with pores in its wall; it has no tissues or organs. Sponges reproduce sexually (by producing eggs and sperm) and asexually (by budding). The fertilized eggs grow into free-swimming larvae hat settle and develop into sessile, filter-feeding adult sponges.
Where does insects belong? 444
phylum Arthropods.
Jellyfish, along with sea anemones and corals, belong to what group? 436
phylum Cnidaria.
Another word for sponges? 434
phylum Porifera
Another name for Lancelets 450
subphylum Cephalochordata
What is another name for tunicates 450
subphylum Urochordata
Another name for Vertebrate 452
subphylum Vertebrata
What is the important evolutionary development in the ray-finned fishes? 454
The swim bladder. With this gas-filled organ, it keeps the fish from sinking. Unlike ray-finned fish however, Cartilaginous fishes does not have this organ, hence, they have to constantly move through the water or they will sink.
How does shells form from mollusks? 441
The tissue secretes calcium carbonate to form the shell.
Characteristics of Cartilaginous fishes 454
Their skeleton are made entirely from cartilage, a solid but slightly flexible connective tissue.
Note: (11.2) Distinction 429
There are 4 key distinctions divide the animals
Where did the 4 characteristics from question 170 came from? 455
They evolved from predatory fishes that lived in shallow water, the immediate ancestors of terrestrial vertebrates.
How does sea urchins feed? 449
They feed on algae, scraping them loose from rocks with sharp tooth like surfaces made of calcium
How do lampreys feed? 453
They feed on blood and body fluids that seep out of their prey.
How do hagfishes feed? 453
They feed on dead animals using 2 spiny dental plates that they embed in their prey.
How do flatworms grow? 438
They grow by adding body mass, rather than by molting (replacing exoskeleton).
How do Annelids grow? 440
They grow by adding body mass, rather than molting.
If an animal does not molt, how do they grow? 430
They grow by adding to the size of their body in a continuous matter.
How do Roundworms grow? 439
They grow by molting; meaning, they change their exoskeleton rather than by adding body mass.
What is the characteristic of arthropods? and Why is it belonged to the group of arthropods if they are long and worm-like? 447
They have long, segmented bodies that seem almost worm-like, but their jointed legs and hard exoskeletons are characteristics of arthropods.
Characteristics of Lobe-finned fishes 454
They have sturdy pelvic and pectoral fins on the underside of their body.
What is the most remarkable ability of sponge? 435
They have the ability to reassemble. Ex: Put a sponge into a food blender and puree it, then strain the liquid through a fine sieve to remove all the chunks, leaving a suspension of individual cells, which you then dump into an aquarium. After number of days you will small clumps of sponge forming as the individual cells move around and attack to each other when they meet, and within a week a new sponge will form.
What does sponges lack? 434
They lack tissues or organs, and most lack any symmetry.
How do Corals reproduce? 437
They reproduce sexually, with both external fertilization (releasing sperm and eggs into the water, where they can fuse and form larvae) and internal fertilization (which only sperm are released and can fertilize eggs within female corals.)
What is the consequence of not having a body cavity for flatworms? 438
They will have a reduced capacity for diffusion of gases and nutrients.
How do mollusk form pearls? 442
When a grain of sand is trapped in the shell of a bivalve, the mantle may secrete layer after layer of a shell-like protein material that covers the sand grain and forms the iridescent gem called a pearl.
Another name for Roundworms? 439
Nematodes.
Between humans and chimpanzees, how many percent of their base sequence differ? 462
Differ only about 1 and 1/3 of percent.
What does Gastropods mean?
"Belly footed"
What does Cephalopods mean? 442
"Head footed"
What are the common characteristics of mollusks? 441
1. Defined tissues 2. Bilaterally symmetrical 3. Protostomes 4. Grow by adding tissue, rather than by molting.
2 major categories of jawed fishes 454
1. Cartilaginous 2. Ray-finned fishes
What are the 4 major questions to group animals? 429
1. Does the animal have specialized cells that form defined tissues? 2. Does the animal develop with radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry? 3. During development, does the animals gut develop from front to back or from back to front? 4. Does growth occur by molting orby adding continuously to the skeletal elements?
2 stages in most amphibians before they turn in adult: 457
1. Egg 2. Juvenile
The Echinoderms: Common Characteristics 449
1. Enclosed by a hard skeleton under spiny skin 2. Larvae are bilaterally symmetrical and share some anatomical features with chordates 3. Adults are radially symmetrical 4. Undersides are covered with tube feet that aid in locomotion and grasping. Members Include: 1. Sea Stars 2. Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars 3. Sea cucumbers
What are the common characteristics of crustaceans? 448
1. Five pairs of appendages extending from the head. 2. Mostly aquatic Ex: Lobsters and Crabs
2 characteristics of insects that have been central to their success? 445
1. Flight (They'll be able to to avoid many predators and can efficiently search for food and for mates.) 2. The way they cope with the change in body size as they grow.
What are the anatomical characteristics of humans and the other primates shared to our arboreal origin? 461
1. Forward-directed eyes and binocular vision allow for distances to be judged accurately. 2. Shoulder and elbow joints that allow our arms to rotate. 3. The retention of ten fingers and ten toes allow us to grasp objects.
3 Major groups of mollusks 441
1. Gastropods 2. Bivalve Mollusks 3. Cephalopods
2 Important features that are still present in all mammals that came from early mammals? 459
1. Hair 2. Mammary Glands.
Spiders uses fangs to inject venom when it capture its prey. The venom have 2 kinds of enzymes. What are the functions of those enzymes? 448
1. It paralyzes its prey 2. It dissolves its internal organs When it liquifies, the spider suck on the contents.
A major split happened that allows us to separate the bilaterally symmetrical animals with defined tissues into 2 distinct lineages, what are those 2 lineages? (This refers to the question: During development, does the animal's gut develop from front to back or from back to front?) 430
1. Protostomes 2. Deuterostomes
Examples of Echinoderms 432
1. Sea Stars 2. Sea Urchins 3. Sand Dollars
The Arthropods: Common Characteristics 444
1. Segmented body with a distinct head, thorax, and abdomen 2. Exoskeleton made of chitin (Chitin is made of carbohydrates) 3. Jointed Appendages Members Include: 1. Insects 2. Arachnids 3. Crustaceans 4. Millipedes and Centipedes
2 Types of cnidarian bodies 436
1. Sessile polyp 2. Free floating medusa
Organisms that belong to GASTROPODS? 441
1. Snails 2. Slugs
Arachnids, give an example. 448
1. Spiders 2. Scorpions 3. Mites 4. Ticks
Groups of Cephalopods 442
1. Squid 2. Octopus 3. Nautiluses
3 Characteristics of animals? 428
1. They eat other organisms (rather than making their own) 2. All animals move (at least at some stage of their life cycle) 3. They are multicellular
Vertebrates differ from the other chordates in 2 important ways: 452
1. They have a backbone, formed when a column made from hollow bones (or cartilage in some organisms), called vertebrae, forms around the notochord. This backbone surrounds and protects the dorsal hollow nerve cord. 2. They have a head, at the front end of the organism, containing a skull, a brain, and sensory organs.
Why did the other 3 species vanished? There are 2 possible explanations 464
1. They might have interbred with H. Sapiens 2. Homo Sapiens might have exterminated the other species, either by monopolizing access to food and living space or by killing them in battles for food and space.
Fossils of Neandertals that have injuries provided 2 types of information about them. What are those information? 465
1. They must have lived in organized group. The injured individuals would have been incapacitated for days or even weeks until they healed, and family or clan members must have cared for them during this period. 2. The pattern of injuries in Neandertal skeletons reveal that they probably hunted large mammals (bisons, mammoths, wooly rhinoceroses) with short spears that were used for close-up jabbing instead of being thrown from a safe distance.
In regards of question 215, what are those 3 major pathways? 464
1. Turned west, and spread into Europe. 2. Turned southeast, and spread into southern Asia and Indo-Australian Archipelago 3. Northeast, populating northern Asia.
3 subphyla of Chordata 450
1. Vertebrates 2. Tunicates 3. Lancelets
The Flatworms: Common Characteristics 439
1. Well-defined head and tail regions 2. Hermaphroditic and can engage in both sexual and asexual reproduction 3. Same have a single opening in the body, which serves as a mouth and an anus. Members include: Tapeworm and Flukes
The evolutionary History of Humans 462
1st branch which occurred 4 million years ago, resulted from changes in the jaws and teeth associated with a changing diet, allowing consumption of a wider variety if food types, 2nd branch was about 2 million years ago, where brain size increased and probably with the first use of tools. 3rd branching was 200,00 to 350,000 years ago, was associated with an increase in body size.
How many fraction of the 2 million species in the planet that is classified as animals? 429
2/3
Take Home Message 429
Animals are organisms that share 3 characteristics: all of them eat other organisms, all can move during at least one stage of their development, and all are multicellular.
What is an animal?(11.1) 428
Animals are organisms that share three characteristics: 1. All of them can move during at least one stage of development. 2. All of them eat other organisms. 3. All of them are multicellular.
Vertebrates 432
Animals that do have backbone.
Invertebrates 432
Animals that do not have backbone Ex: Worms, snails, insects, lobsters
What does animals do when they "MOLT"? 430
Animals that molt shed their exoskeleton and replace it with a larger one at regular intervals during development Ex: lobsters and insects
Are annelids protostomes or deuterostomes? 440
Annelids are Protostomes. Their gut develops from front to back.
Why is it that earthworms are valuable for gardeners? 440
Because earthworm's activities mix the soil components, create a more even mixture of nutrients and expedite (happen sooner) the breakdown of organic materials in soil, thus making nutrients available for plants. They do all the work for the plants.
Why does sponge classified an animal? 428
Because it has the characteristic of an animal rather than plants. Ex: They eat other organisms, They move (at least at some stage of their life cycle), and they are multicellular.
What is the evidence that concludes chimpanzees are the modern human lineage? 462
Because of their genetic difference. Only 1 and 1/3 % of it.
Why is that the claim that octopus are smart must be viewed as skeptical? 444
Because the intelligence loses its meaning when animals that live in completely different worlds and respond to entirely different stimuli are compared. Ex: Octopus are good at searching, capturing, and manipulating pray within their marine environment. Spiders construct elaborate webs that are strategically placed in the flight paths of insects; they detect the impact of an insect on the web and rush out to wrap the insect in silk before it can escape. Red squirrel hide more than 3000 acorns every fall and recover 80% of it, whereas humans probably can't manage that.
Why is it that when you got bitten by a leech, the wound it made will continue to ooze blood for several hours? 441
Because the saliva of the leeches contains anticoagulant substance that prevents blood from clotting.
Take Home Message 449
Because they are deuterostomes (as are vertebrates), echinoderms are the invertebrates that are the closest evolutionary relatives to the vertebrates (and other chordates). Their aquatic larvae are bilaterally symmetrical and share some anatomical features with chordates, but adult echinoderms are radially symmetrical.
Why is that Echinoderms are more closely related to humans than to any other invertebrate group? 448
Because they are deuterostomes. Their guts form from back to front.
Why does sponges considered an animal? 434
Because they eat other organisms, they are mobile, and they are multicellular.
Q> Mammals get bigger and bigger the more they eat. Why don't insects? 445
Because they have modular body plan and a rugged exoskeleton, to which their muscles are attached. This exoskeleton prohibits growth.
Why does sponges considered to be efficient at obtaining food? 434
Because they live as sessile suspension-feeders, sponges strain suspended matter and food particles from water.
Why is it necessary to have dry-resistant eggs. 455
Because when eggs are deposited on land, they are exposed to air and lose water by evaporation.
Characteristics of Vertebrates 452
Bilateral in symmetry. Deuterostomes. And have defined tissue. They have the four chordate characteristics at some stage of their lives.
What kind of symmetry does echinoderm's larvae have? 449
Bilateral symmetry. It has left and right side of the body.
Take Home Message 459
Birds are branch of the reptile lineage but, unlike other reptiles, possess feathers and can generate body heat. The complex anatomical and physiological systems that we see in extant animals, such as feathers and endothermy in birds, are the products of hundreds of millions of years of step-by-step changes that began with simple structures. Feathers were originally colorful structures used for behavioral displays; additional function such as insulation and flight evolved later.
What are the differences between birds and crocodile, turtles, and lizards? 458
Birds can fly, whereas reptiles have skin and do not fly. Birds are endotherms, meaning they use the heat produced by cellular respiration to raise their temperature. Whereas reptiles are ectotherms- they bask in the sun to raise their body temperature and seek the shade when toe air is too warm.
How do corals catch their food? 437
Corals use the tentacles to catch small fish and plankton, which are directed into the mouth by the tentacles, then digested in the stomach.
Take Home Message 438
Corals, sea anemones, and jellyfishes are radially symmetrical animals with defined tissues, in the phylum Cnidaria. All cnidarians are carnivores and use specialized stinging cells located in their tentacles to capture prey.
What did biologist use to help them identify 4 major groupings of animals? 429
DNA and RNA sequencing
Are echinoderms Protostomes or Deuterostomes? 448
Deuterostomes. Their guts forms from back to front)
Note: 11.3
Everything that is not extinct is evolutionarily successful.
Define Amniotes 456
Examples of this are reptiles and mammals that have amniotic eggs (Hard shell and a membrane to prevent water loss).
Flatworms have well-defined head and tail regions, with clusters of light sensitive cells. What do you call that cell? And what is the function of it? 438
Eyespot. It helps them orient themselves within their environment.
Define Marsupials 460
Female marsupial mamma species has a pouch on her abdomen in which the young complete their development, following a short period of embryonic life in the uterus.
Where can we get an idea of what we the ancestral primate looked like? 461
From the modern species of three-living (aboreal) mammals commonly called "prosimians"-a group that includes the lemurs.
Where did mammals evolved from? 459
From the reptiles, originally as small, nocturnal insect-eaters.
What happens in Pupa? 446
Genes are activated the codes for the adult body form, and the proteins that made up the larva are broken down to amino acids, which are recycled to synthesize adult proteins and reassembled into the adult form.
3 anatomical characteristics that differs between humans and chimps. 462
Humans are bipedal, whereas chimpanzees walks with 4 legs. Humans have 3 times larger brain than chimps. And humans are generally bigger than chimpanzees.
Humans are what part of lineage? 461
Humans are part of Primate Lineage.
Take Home Message 455
In the transition of vertebrates from life in water to life on land, fins were modified into libs, vertebrae were modified to transmit body weight through the limbs to the ground, and the site of gas exchange was transferred from gills and swim bladders to lungs. The only entirely new feature to appear in the early development of terrestrial vertebrates was an egg that resisted drying out.
Other than Legs and Lungs, what other parts does the vertebrate need to move onto land? 455
It needs structural support to resist the pull of gravity.
Snail have their shells to protect themselves, but slugs have very little shell material that other defense mechanisms are necessary. What defense is this? 441
It secretes slime that sticks to the predator. Sea slugs, some species of it, synthesize toxic chemicals. Others feed on sponges, recycle sponge toxins into their own slime.
What is a third group of fish that only represents 8 species? 454
Lobe-finned fishes.
Q> Where did the legs and lungs came from? 455
Lungs developed from the swim bladder found in ray-finned fishes.
Define Viviparity feature 460
Mammals that gives birth to babies ("live birth") rather than laying eggs.
Monotremes 460
Mammals that lays egg.
How do millipedes feed? 447
Millipedes feed on decaying plant material.
Take Home Message 464
Moder Humans (Homo Sapiens) evolved in Africa between 200,000 and 100,00 years ago, and all living humans are descended from that evolutionary radiation. About 100,000 years ago, a small group of modern humans moved out of Africa, and the descendants of their group ultimately populated Europe, Asia, and the Americas. 3 other species of humans were at this time, all of which became extinct between 30,000 and 12,000 years ago, after modern humans had spread into the areas where they were living.
Take Home Message 443
Mollusks are protostome invertebrates that do not molt. They are the second most diverse phylum of animals and include snails and slugs, clams and oysters, and squids and octopuses. Most mollusks have a shell for protection, a mantle of tissue that wraps around their body, and a specialized tongue called radula.
Note: Multicellular Animals 429
Most animal posses sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, antennae, whiskers, etc.) that enable them to acquire information about their environment and, among other things, detect potential prey and predators.
Characteristics of an arachnids 448
Most have 4 pairs of walking legs that is positioned only on the middle section of their body (the thorax). They have special feeding apparatus.
What is the characteristics that hold the bird-crocodile-dinosaur group together? 457
Most similarities in bones and DNA sequences. Also, reptiles are amniotes and have amniotic eggs.
Homo Florensies 464
Much shorter species of human, with about 3 feet of height.
Define Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord. 450
Nerve cord that extends along the animal's back. In vertebrates, the nerve cord eventually forms the spinal cord and brain.
Do insects grow after Pupa? 446
No they don't. For this reason, some insects does not eat to grow, rather they will focus on reproduction.
Are jellyfishes fish? 438
No, they are not fish, they are cnidarians.
Q> Is your kitchen sponge an animal? Is it alive? 435
No, they are not. they are produced from synthetic material.
Are worms make a monophyletic group? If not, why is it? 438
No, they don't. because their general body plan has evolved several times independently, and their evolutionary relationships are not always obvious Ex: Segmented worms are believed to be more closely related to mollusks (snails, clams, octopuses) than to the roundworms. And the roundworms are believed to be more closely related to the arthropods (insects) than to either the flatworms or the segmented worms.
Does related organism always share much physical resemblance? 441
No. Example: a colossal predatory squid are more than 40 feet long and have a razor-sharp beak. A small snail, and an oysters. All of these are mollusks.
Are invertebrates monophyletic group? 432
No. All invertebrates are protostomes-except for one large group, whose members are all deuterostomes. (Echinoderms)
Are all leeches blood feeders? 441
No. Some leeches, like horse leech, feeds on smaller annelid worms, snails, and aquatic insect larvae.
Does echinoderms have brain? 449
No. They have a nervous system that consists of a central ring of nerves, with branches that extend into each of their appendages and help them gain information about and respond to their environment.
If an animal does not have tissues, where does it belong? 429
Phylum Porifera A.K.A. Sponges
Q> Are octopuses smart? 444
Plenty of TV shows and magazines described octopuses smart because of its manipulative skills (they know how to open a jar). In addition, their intelligence also compared with mammals, which many claims that octopus are smarter.
What kind of body does cnidarians have? 436
Radial symmetry. That is, no front and back.
"Protostomes" and "Deuterostomes" names refers to what? 430
Refers to the way the gut develops-from front to back or from back to front.
Exoskeleton 432
Rigid external covering
What is sea anemones? 437
Sea anemones resemble flowers and some of the colorful species are popular additions to saltwater aquaria. Looks a bit like an upside-down medusa form of a jellyfish-the tentacles with heir stinging cells are at the top of the anemone's body, surrounding its mouth.
Define Post-Anal Tail 450
Tail that extends beyond the posterior (back) end of the digestive system. Some vertebrates (including humans) have a tail only briefly, during embryonic development.
What did Darwin described regarding species' relationship to their environment? 431
That one species was never better or worse than another. Ratherm each species was differentiated from the others, showing specializations that adapted individuals of that species to the particular niche in which they lived.
Take Home Message 431
The animals probably originated from an ancestral protist. 4 Key distinctions divide the extant animals into monophyletic groups: 1. Tissues or not. 2. Radial or bilateral symmetry. 3. Protosome or Deuterostome development. 4. Growth through molting or through continuous addition to the body.
Take Home Message 447
The arthropods are protosome invertebrates, and with nearly one million species (and probably at least as many more yet to be identified), they outnumber all other forms of life in species diversity. The ability to fly and the development of a body with a rugged exoskeleton have contributed to the enormous ecological diversity of insects. The life cycle of most insects includes a larval stage that is devoted to feeding and growth, a pupal stage during which metamorphosis occurs, and an adult stage in which the insect reproduces,
How does tapeworm's digestive system work? 438
They don't have a digestive system, therefore, these parasitic worms live in their host's gut and absorb nutrients from the host directly through their body wall.
Take Home Message 444
The predatory behavior of octopuses involves exploration and manipulation, behaviors often considered as intelligent by humans. But the concept of intelligence cannot be applied objectively to other species, which have evolved in response to the selective forces at work in their own particular niches.
What is the characteristic that all amphibians share? 456
They are all tetrapods. (tetra = 4, Poda = feet)
Characteristics of Lancelets 450
They are bilateral in symmetry, Deuterostomes, and are slender, eel-like invertebrate animals. About the size of little finger.
How do Earthworms feed? 440
They are bulk-feeders. It consume particles of soil and organic material. The organic material is digested as it passes through the worm's gut, and the fecal material plus the inorganic part of the soil is excreted as feces.
What type of food cnidarian eat? 436
They are carnivores, and they use their tentacles to capture and feed on a wide variety of marine organisms, from protists to fish and shellfish.
Describe Vertebrates. 450
They are deuterostome animals, have defined tissues and bilateral symmetry. They belong to phylum Chordata
How do Lancelets feed? 450
They are filter feeders
How do Tunicates feed? 450
They are filter-feeders: Cilia draw a current of water through the mouth into the pharynx and out through the pharyngeal slits, and microscopic food items are trapped by the bars between the slits.
How do centipedes feed? 447
They are predators that use fangs with venom to kill insects and even snakes and small mammals. They use their jaws to tear prey into pieces that are small enough to swallow.
Is the inside of corals soft or hard? 436
They are soft-bodied, with stinging tentacles surrounding a mouth.
How does sand dollars feed? 449
They capture floating particles of algae and other organic matter by trapping them in streams of mucus, which are moved toward their mouth by beating cilia.
What is the larva's job? 446
To eat and grow large enough to enter the next life stage.
Deuterostomes 430
Translated as "Mouth second" Gut develops from back to front. The anus is the first opening to form, and the second is the mouth
Protostomes 430
Translated as "mouth first" Gut develops from front to back. First opening that forms becomes the mouth of the adult animal, and the last opening becomes the anus.
What kind of information did the DNA and RNA sequencing gave the biologists? 429
Whether or not an animal has descended from an ancestor with that adaption. (figure11-2)
If an animal developed with radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry, where does it belong? 429
With Radial Symmetry example: 1. Jellyfish 2. Corals 3. Sea anemones (Have no front or back ends) With Bilateral symmetry example: 1. Humans 2. Cows 3. Scorpions (Have left and right sides that are mirror images)
Take Home Message 441
Worms are found in several different phyla and are not a monophyletic group. All are bilaterally symmetrical protostomes with defined tissues. The flatworms and segmented worms (annelids) do not molt; the roundworms do. Flatworms include parasitic flukes and tapeworms, many of which infect humans. Many roundworms are parasites of plants or animals and a are responsible for several widespread human diseases. Earthworms are annelids that play an important role in recycling dead plant material.
Q> Birds are reptiles? 457
Yes, birds are reptile. The fossil record shows a remarkably clear series of animal forms that bridge the transition between bare-skinned dinosaurs and feathered birds. Note: Birds lays amniotic eggs. Ever wonder why??
Q> Were 2 species of humans ever alive at the same time? If so, what happened? 464
Yes, they were not alone. There are 3 other species of humans. 1. Homo Neanderthalensis 2. Homo Floresiensis 3. Homo Erectus
Why is that bone is less flexible than cartilage 454
because its extracellular matrix is mineralized by crystal of calcium phosphate.