Biological Psychology: Chapter 2/Lecture 2
Myelencephalon
(medulla)
Metencephalon
(pons and cerebellum)
number of ventricles
2 lateral ventricles third ventricle 4th ventricle
The Basal Ganglia Are Located Deep Within the Cerebral Hemispheres
A collection of nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres that participate in the control of movement.
contralateral
A directional term referring to structures on opposite sides of the midline.
medial
A directional term meaning toward the midline.
ipsilateral
A directional term referring to structures on the same side of the midline.
lateral
A directional term meaning away from the midline.
proximal
A directional term that means closer to center; usually applied to limbs; opposite of distal.
spinal cord
A long cylinder of nervous tissue extending from the medulla to the first lumbar vertebra.
midsagittal section
A sagittal section that divides the brain into two approximately equal halves.
subthalamic nucleus
A small nucleus, located ventral to the thalamus, that is part of the basal ganglia.
Hypothalamus
Aggression; regulation of hunger, thirst, sex, temperature, circadian rhythms, hormones
coronal section
An anatomical section dividing the brain front to back, parallel to the face. Also known as a frontal section.
horizontal / axial section
An anatomical section that divides the brain from top to bottom.
sagittal section
An anatomical section that is parallel to the midline.
midline
An imaginary line dividing the body into two equal halves.
neuraxis
An imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain.
meningitis
An infection of the meninges
subarachnoid space
Between the arachnoid and pia mater layers is the subarachnoid space, with sub meaning below
Hindbrain
Consists of the: Myelencephalon (medulla) Metencephalon (pons + cerebellum)
Hippocampus
Declarative memory formation
Forebrain
Diencephalon telancephalon
The Forebrain
Diencephalon, Telencephalon
The three layers of the meninges are
Dura mater Arachnoid membrane Pia mater
The Cranial Nerves
Enter and exit the brain directly to serve the region of the head and neck
Amygdala
Fear, aggression, memory
The Midbrain
Mesencephalon
The Hindbrain
Myelencephalon (medulla) Metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
Olfactory bulbs
Olfaction (smell)
ventricle
One of four hollow spaces within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.
parietal lobe
One of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex; located between the frontal and occipital lobes.
lobe
One of the four major areas of the cerebral cortex: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.
vertebral artery
One of the important blood vessels that enter the brain from the back of the skull.
caudate nucleus
One of the major nuclei that make up the basal ganglia.
putamen
One of the nuclei contained in the basal ganglia.
carotid artery
One of the two major blood vessels that travel up the sides of the neck to supply the brain.
Comparative Convolutions of the Cortex
RAT vs SHEEP Vs HUMAN BRAIN\ -size difference
MEDULLA
Regulation of breathing and heart rate Tissue damage in this area often fatal
Thalamus
Relay Station
Hypothalamus
Sleep Arousal Temperature regulation Motor control ALSO controls pituitary gland (hormone secretion)
RETICULAR FORMATION
Sleep and arousal Temperature regulation Motor control
Diencephalon
Thalamus and Hypothalamus of the
telancephalon
The Basal Ganglia The Limbic System The Cortex Lobes of the cortex Localization of function in the cortex
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Cranial Nerves The Spinal Nerves The Autonomic Nervous System
Limbic System
The Limbic System Participates in Learning and Emotion
vertebral column
The bones of the spinal column that protect and enclose the spinal cord.
central nervous system
The brain and spinal cord.
central sulcus
The fissure separating the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex.
lateral sulcus
The fissure separating the temporal and frontal lobes of the cortex.
meninges
The layers of membranes that cover the central nervous system and the peripheral nerves.
temporal lobe
The lobe of the cerebral cortex lying ventral and lateral to the frontal and parietal lobes and rostral to the occipital lobe.
frontal lobe
The most rostral lobe of the cerebral cortex, separated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus and from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus.
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The nerves exiting the brain and spinal cord that serve sensory and motor functions for the rest of the body.
dura mater,
The outermost layer is known as the dura mater, Our word durable comes from the same root.The dura mater is composed of leatherlike tissue that follows the outlines of the skull bones
central canal
The small midline channel in the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid.
cerebrospinal fluid
The special plasmalike fluid circulating within the ventricles of the brain, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space.
arachnoid layer.
This more delicate layer gets its name from the fact that its structure looks like a spider's web in cross-section. -CSF flows through this area -does not exist in peripheral nervous system
pia matter
This nearly transparent membrane sticks closely to the outside of the brain. -follows the contours of the brain
meningitis.
When the meninges become infected, the resulting condition is known as meningitis.
choroid plexus
Within the lining of the ventricles, the choroid plexus converts material from the nearby blood supply into cerebrospinal fluid.
rostral =
anterior
structures located toward the tail end of the animal
caudal or posterior
cerebral aquaduct
connects teh third and 4th ventricle
The Layers of the Cerebral Cortex
cut through the cortex, looking through the cellular architecture and how its difference -hardly any cells in layer 1, lots of synapses but not al ot of cell bodies
reticular formation
damage to this area of the brain,
spinal cord region breakdown
extends from the medulla to the first lumbar vertebrae cervical thoracic lumbar sacral coccygeal
lissencephalic
flat brain
4 key lobes
frontal lobes parietal lobe occipital lobe(visual lobe) temporal lobe
human brain have lot of gyri and sulci on them
gyrincephalic
ventral=
inferior
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
is secreted within hollow spaces in the brain known as ventricles. CSF is very similar in composition to the clear plasma of the blood. Because of its weight and composition, CSF essentially floats the brain within the skull. This has several advantages. If you bump your head, the fluid acts like a cushion to soften the blow to your brain. In addition, neurons respond to appropriate input, not to pressure on the brain. Pressure can often cause neurons to fire in maladaptive ways, such as when a tumor causes seizures by pressing down on a part of the brain. By floating the brain, the cerebrospinal fluid prevents neurons from responding to pressure and providing false information.
rat brain is flat brain, referred to as
lisencephalic
gyrincephalic
lot of gyri and sulci
layer 1
lots of synapses but not a lot of cell bodies
lentiform nucleas
made up of caudate nucleus and putamen
layer 6
mixture of everything
Telencephalon
neocortex, basal ganglia and teh limbic system
4 legged animal directions
next
The Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
next
alternate names
next
The Thalamus and Hypothalamus
of the Diencephalon
some carry sensory
otehr carry motor and some carry both
anatomical directions in people
our two-legged stance puts a 90-degree bend in the neuraxis, an imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord through the brain. In the four-legged animal, the neuraxis forms a straight line running parallel to the ground.
caudal=
posterior
The Internal Structure of the Midbrain
primarily involved with Visual information processing Auditory information processing
Huntington's Disease
progressive destruction of mainly the caudate and putamen
Parkinson's Disease
progressive deterioration of dopamine-containing cells in the substantia nigra
structures located toward the head of the animal
rostral or anterior
nerves can contain both afferent and efferent projects
sensory = afferent efferent = motor
layer 3 and 5
similar, more triangular
dorsal=
superior
structures located toward belly side of a dog
superior or dorsal
Diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus
best defence of the brain
the skull but not necessarily as infants
structures located toward belly side of a dog
ventral or inferior
