Biological Psychology: Chapter 2/Lecture 2

Myelencephalon

(medulla)

Metencephalon

(pons and cerebellum)

number of ventricles

2 lateral ventricles third ventricle 4th ventricle

The Basal Ganglia Are Located Deep Within the Cerebral Hemispheres

A collection of nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres that participate in the control of movement.

contralateral

A directional term referring to structures on opposite sides of the midline.

medial

A directional term meaning toward the midline.

ipsilateral

A directional term referring to structures on the same side of the midline.

lateral

A directional term meaning away from the midline.

proximal

A directional term that means closer to center; usually applied to limbs; opposite of distal.

spinal cord

A long cylinder of nervous tissue extending from the medulla to the first lumbar vertebra.

midsagittal section

A sagittal section that divides the brain into two approximately equal halves.

subthalamic nucleus

A small nucleus, located ventral to the thalamus, that is part of the basal ganglia.

Hypothalamus

Aggression; regulation of hunger, thirst, sex, temperature, circadian rhythms, hormones

coronal section

An anatomical section dividing the brain front to back, parallel to the face. Also known as a frontal section.

horizontal / axial section

An anatomical section that divides the brain from top to bottom.

sagittal section

An anatomical section that is parallel to the midline.

midline

An imaginary line dividing the body into two equal halves.

neuraxis

An imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain.

meningitis

An infection of the meninges

subarachnoid space

Between the arachnoid and pia mater layers is the subarachnoid space, with sub meaning below

Hindbrain

Consists of the: Myelencephalon (medulla) Metencephalon (pons + cerebellum)

Hippocampus

Declarative memory formation

Forebrain

Diencephalon telancephalon

The Forebrain

Diencephalon, Telencephalon

The three layers of the meninges are

Dura mater Arachnoid membrane Pia mater

The Cranial Nerves

Enter and exit the brain directly to serve the region of the head and neck

Amygdala

Fear, aggression, memory

The Midbrain

Mesencephalon

The Hindbrain

Myelencephalon (medulla) Metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)

Olfactory bulbs

Olfaction (smell)

ventricle

One of four hollow spaces within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.

parietal lobe

One of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex; located between the frontal and occipital lobes.

lobe

One of the four major areas of the cerebral cortex: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.

vertebral artery

One of the important blood vessels that enter the brain from the back of the skull.

caudate nucleus

One of the major nuclei that make up the basal ganglia.

putamen

One of the nuclei contained in the basal ganglia.

carotid artery

One of the two major blood vessels that travel up the sides of the neck to supply the brain.

Comparative Convolutions of the Cortex

RAT vs SHEEP Vs HUMAN BRAIN\ -size difference

MEDULLA

Regulation of breathing and heart rate Tissue damage in this area often fatal

Thalamus

Relay Station

Hypothalamus

Sleep Arousal Temperature regulation Motor control ALSO controls pituitary gland (hormone secretion)

RETICULAR FORMATION

Sleep and arousal Temperature regulation Motor control

Diencephalon

Thalamus and Hypothalamus of the

telancephalon

The Basal Ganglia The Limbic System The Cortex Lobes of the cortex Localization of function in the cortex

The Peripheral Nervous System

The Cranial Nerves The Spinal Nerves The Autonomic Nervous System

Limbic System

The Limbic System Participates in Learning and Emotion

vertebral column

The bones of the spinal column that protect and enclose the spinal cord.

central nervous system

The brain and spinal cord.

central sulcus

The fissure separating the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex.

lateral sulcus

The fissure separating the temporal and frontal lobes of the cortex.

meninges

The layers of membranes that cover the central nervous system and the peripheral nerves.

temporal lobe

The lobe of the cerebral cortex lying ventral and lateral to the frontal and parietal lobes and rostral to the occipital lobe.

frontal lobe

The most rostral lobe of the cerebral cortex, separated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus and from the temporal lobe by the lateral sulcus.

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

The nerves exiting the brain and spinal cord that serve sensory and motor functions for the rest of the body.

dura mater,

The outermost layer is known as the dura mater, Our word durable comes from the same root.The dura mater is composed of leatherlike tissue that follows the outlines of the skull bones

central canal

The small midline channel in the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid.

cerebrospinal fluid

The special plasmalike fluid circulating within the ventricles of the brain, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the subarachnoid space.

arachnoid layer.

This more delicate layer gets its name from the fact that its structure looks like a spider's web in cross-section. -CSF flows through this area -does not exist in peripheral nervous system

pia matter

This nearly transparent membrane sticks closely to the outside of the brain. -follows the contours of the brain

meningitis.

When the meninges become infected, the resulting condition is known as meningitis.

choroid plexus

Within the lining of the ventricles, the choroid plexus converts material from the nearby blood supply into cerebrospinal fluid.

rostral =

anterior

structures located toward the tail end of the animal

caudal or posterior

cerebral aquaduct

connects teh third and 4th ventricle

The Layers of the Cerebral Cortex

cut through the cortex, looking through the cellular architecture and how its difference -hardly any cells in layer 1, lots of synapses but not al ot of cell bodies

reticular formation

damage to this area of the brain,

spinal cord region breakdown

extends from the medulla to the first lumbar vertebrae cervical thoracic lumbar sacral coccygeal

lissencephalic

flat brain

4 key lobes

frontal lobes parietal lobe occipital lobe(visual lobe) temporal lobe

human brain have lot of gyri and sulci on them

gyrincephalic

ventral=

inferior

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

is secreted within hollow spaces in the brain known as ventricles. CSF is very similar in composition to the clear plasma of the blood. Because of its weight and composition, CSF essentially floats the brain within the skull. This has several advantages. If you bump your head, the fluid acts like a cushion to soften the blow to your brain. In addition, neurons respond to appropriate input, not to pressure on the brain. Pressure can often cause neurons to fire in maladaptive ways, such as when a tumor causes seizures by pressing down on a part of the brain. By floating the brain, the cerebrospinal fluid prevents neurons from responding to pressure and providing false information.

rat brain is flat brain, referred to as

lisencephalic

gyrincephalic

lot of gyri and sulci

layer 1

lots of synapses but not a lot of cell bodies

lentiform nucleas

made up of caudate nucleus and putamen

layer 6

mixture of everything

Telencephalon

neocortex, basal ganglia and teh limbic system

4 legged animal directions

next

The Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

next

alternate names

next

The Thalamus and Hypothalamus

of the Diencephalon

some carry sensory

otehr carry motor and some carry both

anatomical directions in people

our two-legged stance puts a 90-degree bend in the neuraxis, an imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord through the brain. In the four-legged animal, the neuraxis forms a straight line running parallel to the ground.

caudal=

posterior

The Internal Structure of the Midbrain

primarily involved with Visual information processing Auditory information processing

Huntington's Disease

progressive destruction of mainly the caudate and putamen

Parkinson's Disease

progressive deterioration of dopamine-containing cells in the substantia nigra

structures located toward the head of the animal

rostral or anterior

nerves can contain both afferent and efferent projects

sensory = afferent efferent = motor

layer 3 and 5

similar, more triangular

dorsal=

superior

structures located toward belly side of a dog

superior or dorsal

Diencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus

best defence of the brain

the skull but not necessarily as infants

structures located toward belly side of a dog

ventral or inferior