Biology 100 - Chapter 8

Ventilation refers to the process by which

air moves into and out of the lungs

At the end of every ___ is a cluster of ___, where gas exchange takes place.

bronchiole, alveoli

Receptors that respond to a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood are the ___ and ___ bodies.

carotid, aortic

The ___ allows for the conscious control of breathing

cerebral cortex

During the cough reflex, the trachea ___ slightly to increase the velocity of air movement.

constricts

Air in the airways that does not participate in gas exchange is known as

dead space volume

The lower pharynx serves as a passageway for both the ___ and ___ systems.

digestive, respiratory

It is impossible to talk while swallowing because the ___ blocks the opening to the lower respiratory tract, routing food to the esophagus instead of the ___.

epiglottis, larynx

The respiratory system functions to ___ with the environment and also to produce ___.

exchange gases, sounds

Blood displays a bright red color when

four oxygen molecules bind to hemoglobin to create oxyhemoglobin

In the tissues, if the temperature is high and the pH is low there will be a/an ___ (Increase,Decrease) in oxygen delivered to the tissues.

increase

Tobacco smoke contains chemicals that ___ the production of mucus and ___ the activity of cilia in the respiratory system.

increase, decrease

The muscles involved in respiration include the ___ muscles located between the ribs and the ___ located between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity.

intercostal, diaphragm

In order for cellular respiration to occur, the cells need oxygen, which comes from the blood during:

internal respiration

The ___ contains the respiratory center which controls breathing

medulla oblongata

The respiratory center, which determines breathing rate, is located in the ___ of the brain.

medulla oblongata

External respiration is the process of

moving gases into or out of the blood stream with the lung tissue

Arrange the following entries in the order which air contracts them as air is drawn into the body

pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchiole, alveoli

During inspiration, intercostal muscles function to

pull the rib cage up and out, so that the lung volume increases

The exchange of gases in the lungs occurs between the alveoli and the ___ capillaries.

pulmonary

Air spaces in the skull called the ___ and ___ carry fluid away from the eyes and drain into the nasal cavity.

sinuses, tear ducts

This substance allows the alveoli to maintain their shape during ventilation

surfactant

___ must be released over the inner surface of the alveoli to reduce surface tension.

surfactants

The amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs with each breath is the ___.

tidal volume

Sound results from the ___ of the vocal cords as air passes through the larynx.

vibration