Biology 1030 Clemson Espinoza Exam 1

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur

BIG 6

2 electrons

How many electrons in the first orbital?

8 electrons

How many electrons in the second orbital and beyond?

anion

ion with a negative charge because takes an electron from another atom

cation

ion with a positive charge because gives an electron to new atom

genome

library of genetic instructions an organism inherits - different DNA sequences leads to diversity of life

cellular respiration, getting food, digestion, elimination, reproduction, assimilation, secretion, expansion of range, respiratory exchange

life's activities

solution

liquid with uniform mixture of 2 or more substances

cohesion

molecules stick together -molecules make hydrogen bonds with each other ex) helps treest transport water from roots

evaporative cooling

molecules with greatest energy (hottest ones) leave -heat given off from gradually cooling water warms air, and surface of remaining liquid cools down

polar

one is more grabby and holds longer

most electronegative element

oxygen

covalent bonds

permanent bond -2 atoms with an unpaired electron in outer shell SHARE a pair of electrons to form a molecule

pH

potential of hydrogen -measures concentration of hydrogen ions (positive) -each unit change in pH is a change of 10x

inductive reasoning

specific observations to general principles

solute

substance dissolved

ionic bond

*environment affects strength -STEALS doesn't share -non specific (can be any atom)

cycle

-bring in atoms, use, break, and release back into environment -chemicals ________ within an ecosystem

genes

-chemical substance is DNA -blueprints for proteins -units of inheritance that transmit info from parents to offspring, grouped into chromosomes and control activities of a cell

acidic solution

-donate H+ -more H+ than OH-

basic solution

-donate OH- or accept H+ from solution

flows

-from sun then photosynthesizes then convert into sugar then molecules go into other organisms with consumption -energy ______ with light, energy and plants

hydrogen bonds

-hydrogens (partially positive) flirt with nearby atoms (partially negative oxygen) -important because slight changes in covalent lead to attractions between slight charges with hydrogen and oxygen -weak (collectively strong) and non-specific, not permanent -don't sore as much energy -can break and make another

positive control

-in an experiment -when you do something you know will work

negative control

-in an experiment -when you do something you know won't work

natural selection

-individual variation and overproduction of offspring -unequal reproductive success and accumulation of favorable traits overtime (descent with modification)

sun

-more of this means more biodiversity (highest level is tropical rainforest) -ultimate source of energy in most ecosystems

HEAT

-movement! -water holds lots of it -THERMAL ENERGY TRANSFER FROM WARMER TO COOLER BODY OF MATTER

secretion

-saliva, mucus, sweat, hormone, tears -The physiological process of synthesizing and eventually releasing substances from the interior of a cell to its exterior

isotope

-same number of protons and electrons, different number of neutrons so different mass

water

-solvent of life -dissolves an ionic compound: disrupt ionic bonds -dissolves polar compound by separating molecules -covalent bonds do not break

emergent properties

-specific arrangement and interactions of its parts -a collection or complex system has, but individual members do not -the sum of the parts is greater than the whole

biodiversity

-unity and diversity -the numbers of kinds of things in one place at one time

buffers

substances that minimize changes in pH by accepting H+ when is in excess and donate H+ when depleted in bio fluids

surface tension

surface molecules stuck to those below -all molecules underneath surface holding onto/pulling surface ones down -how difficult to stretch or break surface of a liquid (water has high amount)

assimilation

taking molecules into body to supply cells in nutrients -the process of absorbing nutrients into the body after digestion

temperature

the intensity of heath: average speed of molecules in a body of matter -changes slowly for water because need energy to break hydrogen bonds to hcange states

common ancestry

unity from (shared traits)

energy processing (metabolism)

use stored chemical energy form food to power activities and chemical reactions

biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, (species), organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule, atom

vertical scale

hydrophillic

water has charges and it likes other molecules that hve charges (polar covalent like water and nonpolar don't like water)

hydrogen ion, hydroxide ion, hydronium ion (H3O+; rare and less polar bc shares more)

water ionizes (dissacoiates) and can form 3 types of ions

aqueous solution

water is solvent (water good solvent bc polar) -water surrounds and separates ions and dissolves other ionic compounds (sea and cells do this)

hydrogen bonding

water resists temperature change more because of

DNA, reproduce, regulate cell function by changes in activity of genes

what do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?

absorbed

when break an hydrogen bond, heat is ___________

released

when form a hydrogen bond, heat is _______

food we eat

where is carbon attained from?

chemical reactions

break molecule and rearrange the parts -change bonds and positions of atoms

protiens

build and maintain cell and carry out activities

adhesion

clinging of one substance to another ex)water to cell walls to counter gravity

reproduction, order (cellular organization), growth and development (heredity!), energy processing (metabolism), regulation (homeostasis), response to environment (respond to stimuli), evolutionary adaptation (*emergent properties*)

common life properties

solvent

dissolving agent

ecological circumstances and accumulated ancestry

diversity (evolutionary changes)

trace element

elements essential for life

light and heat

energy enters as _________ and exits as _________

nonpolar

equal in grabbiness

asexual growth and movement

expansion of range

energy and atoms held together in bonds

food equals

deductive reasoning

general principles to predict specific results

cellular respiration

generate energy from where its stored in the body -process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions.

structure and interactions of molecules: polarity and hydrogen bonding

Why can water support life

monophly

all descendants of a common ancestor, not shared with any other group (terminal taxonish) -protists bc don't include plants, animals, and fungi

ion

an atom or molecule with an electrical charge resulting from a gain or loss of 1 or more electrons (neg. = ide)

eectronegativity

an atom's attraction for shared electrons (higher level means stronger pull of stored electrons towards its nucleus

thermal energy

associated with random movement of atoms and molecules -measured by heat

hydrogen bonds

at transition points, water can absorb lots of heat energy because of ____________