Biology 1030 Clemson Espinoza Exam 1
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur
BIG 6
2 electrons
How many electrons in the first orbital?
8 electrons
How many electrons in the second orbital and beyond?
anion
ion with a negative charge because takes an electron from another atom
cation
ion with a positive charge because gives an electron to new atom
genome
library of genetic instructions an organism inherits - different DNA sequences leads to diversity of life
cellular respiration, getting food, digestion, elimination, reproduction, assimilation, secretion, expansion of range, respiratory exchange
life's activities
solution
liquid with uniform mixture of 2 or more substances
cohesion
molecules stick together -molecules make hydrogen bonds with each other ex) helps treest transport water from roots
evaporative cooling
molecules with greatest energy (hottest ones) leave -heat given off from gradually cooling water warms air, and surface of remaining liquid cools down
polar
one is more grabby and holds longer
most electronegative element
oxygen
covalent bonds
permanent bond -2 atoms with an unpaired electron in outer shell SHARE a pair of electrons to form a molecule
pH
potential of hydrogen -measures concentration of hydrogen ions (positive) -each unit change in pH is a change of 10x
inductive reasoning
specific observations to general principles
solute
substance dissolved
ionic bond
*environment affects strength -STEALS doesn't share -non specific (can be any atom)
cycle
-bring in atoms, use, break, and release back into environment -chemicals ________ within an ecosystem
genes
-chemical substance is DNA -blueprints for proteins -units of inheritance that transmit info from parents to offspring, grouped into chromosomes and control activities of a cell
acidic solution
-donate H+ -more H+ than OH-
basic solution
-donate OH- or accept H+ from solution
flows
-from sun then photosynthesizes then convert into sugar then molecules go into other organisms with consumption -energy ______ with light, energy and plants
hydrogen bonds
-hydrogens (partially positive) flirt with nearby atoms (partially negative oxygen) -important because slight changes in covalent lead to attractions between slight charges with hydrogen and oxygen -weak (collectively strong) and non-specific, not permanent -don't sore as much energy -can break and make another
positive control
-in an experiment -when you do something you know will work
negative control
-in an experiment -when you do something you know won't work
natural selection
-individual variation and overproduction of offspring -unequal reproductive success and accumulation of favorable traits overtime (descent with modification)
sun
-more of this means more biodiversity (highest level is tropical rainforest) -ultimate source of energy in most ecosystems
HEAT
-movement! -water holds lots of it -THERMAL ENERGY TRANSFER FROM WARMER TO COOLER BODY OF MATTER
secretion
-saliva, mucus, sweat, hormone, tears -The physiological process of synthesizing and eventually releasing substances from the interior of a cell to its exterior
isotope
-same number of protons and electrons, different number of neutrons so different mass
water
-solvent of life -dissolves an ionic compound: disrupt ionic bonds -dissolves polar compound by separating molecules -covalent bonds do not break
emergent properties
-specific arrangement and interactions of its parts -a collection or complex system has, but individual members do not -the sum of the parts is greater than the whole
biodiversity
-unity and diversity -the numbers of kinds of things in one place at one time
buffers
substances that minimize changes in pH by accepting H+ when is in excess and donate H+ when depleted in bio fluids
surface tension
surface molecules stuck to those below -all molecules underneath surface holding onto/pulling surface ones down -how difficult to stretch or break surface of a liquid (water has high amount)
assimilation
taking molecules into body to supply cells in nutrients -the process of absorbing nutrients into the body after digestion
temperature
the intensity of heath: average speed of molecules in a body of matter -changes slowly for water because need energy to break hydrogen bonds to hcange states
common ancestry
unity from (shared traits)
energy processing (metabolism)
use stored chemical energy form food to power activities and chemical reactions
biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, (species), organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule, atom
vertical scale
hydrophillic
water has charges and it likes other molecules that hve charges (polar covalent like water and nonpolar don't like water)
hydrogen ion, hydroxide ion, hydronium ion (H3O+; rare and less polar bc shares more)
water ionizes (dissacoiates) and can form 3 types of ions
aqueous solution
water is solvent (water good solvent bc polar) -water surrounds and separates ions and dissolves other ionic compounds (sea and cells do this)
hydrogen bonding
water resists temperature change more because of
DNA, reproduce, regulate cell function by changes in activity of genes
what do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?
absorbed
when break an hydrogen bond, heat is ___________
released
when form a hydrogen bond, heat is _______
food we eat
where is carbon attained from?
chemical reactions
break molecule and rearrange the parts -change bonds and positions of atoms
protiens
build and maintain cell and carry out activities
adhesion
clinging of one substance to another ex)water to cell walls to counter gravity
reproduction, order (cellular organization), growth and development (heredity!), energy processing (metabolism), regulation (homeostasis), response to environment (respond to stimuli), evolutionary adaptation (*emergent properties*)
common life properties
solvent
dissolving agent
ecological circumstances and accumulated ancestry
diversity (evolutionary changes)
trace element
elements essential for life
light and heat
energy enters as _________ and exits as _________
nonpolar
equal in grabbiness
asexual growth and movement
expansion of range
energy and atoms held together in bonds
food equals
deductive reasoning
general principles to predict specific results
cellular respiration
generate energy from where its stored in the body -process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions.
structure and interactions of molecules: polarity and hydrogen bonding
Why can water support life
monophly
all descendants of a common ancestor, not shared with any other group (terminal taxonish) -protists bc don't include plants, animals, and fungi
ion
an atom or molecule with an electrical charge resulting from a gain or loss of 1 or more electrons (neg. = ide)
eectronegativity
an atom's attraction for shared electrons (higher level means stronger pull of stored electrons towards its nucleus
thermal energy
associated with random movement of atoms and molecules -measured by heat
hydrogen bonds
at transition points, water can absorb lots of heat energy because of ____________