Biology 152 Exam 3
What are the steps of glycolysis?
1. Glucose is converted to a 6-carbon disphosphate sugar, requiring 2 ATP molecules. 2. A 6 carbon sugar is split to yield 2 molecules of G3P. 3. G3P is oxidized and phosphorylated, forming NADH and BPG 4. Phosphates are transferred from BPG to ATP, and pyruvates are produced
What are the events that occur in the reaction the produces acetyl-CoA?
1. NAD+ is reduced 2. an acetyl group is attached to CoA 3. CO2 is removed from pyruvate
What are the events of formation of ATP by ATP synthase in the order that they occur?
1. Protons move across the membrane down their concentrations gradient 2. The rotor and stalk structures rotate 3. Mechanical energy changes the conformation of ATP synthase 4. ATP formation is catalyzed
What are the events of oxidation of glucose during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
1. Pyruvate is produced during glycolysis 2. Pyruvate is oxidized and a CO2 is cleaved off 3. An acetyl group is attached to coenzyme A 4. Acetyl-CoA is fed into the Krebs cycle
Glycolysis results in the net gain of______ ATP per glucose molecule
2
ADP is phosphorylated to form _____
ATP
What molecule is considered to be the energy currency of the cell and is used to do work?
ATP
What molecules are produced by the oxidation of pyruvate?
Carbon dioxide Acetyl-CoA NADH
Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?
Cytoplasm
Where is the location of pyruvate oxidation in eukaryotes?
Cytoplasm
After proteins are broken down into amino acids, the removal of the nitrogen-containing side group is called-__________.
Deamination
What contributes to the formation of a proton gradient during the electron transport chain.
Energetic electrons cause a change in the shape of a protein complexes pump proteins transport protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space
What is reversibly oxidized and reduced during cellular respiration?
FAD NAD+
In _______, an organic molecule accepts electrons from pyruvate and allows NAD+ to be regenerated in the absence of oxygen.
Fermination
During the energy-yielding half of glycolysis, the molecule _____ is first converted into BPG, which is subsequently converted into _______, the final product of this pathway.
G3P pyruvate
The energy pathway in organisms in which glucose is converted into pyruvate molecules to yield two ATP molecules is called_______.
Glycolysis
What are the process that are used by cells to directly strip electrons off of the C-H bonds of glucose molecule?
Glycolysis the Krebs cylce
How does the actual yield of ATP compare to the theoretical yield of ATP during aerobic respiration in mitochondria.
It is lower
In what organelle does pyruvate oxidation in eukaryotes take place?
Mitochondria
In eukaryotic cells, the oxidation of pyruvate produces from glycolysis takes place in what organelle?
Mitochondrion
What are the structural components of the electron transport chain?
Protein complexes Cytochrome C Ubiquinone
Unlike heterotrophs, many autotrophs can use energy from what source to synthesize organic compounds?
Sunlight
During fermentation in yeast, pyruvate from glycolysis is decarboxylated to form a 2-carbon compound called ______. This compound is reduced by NADH to form a different 2-carbon compound called ______.
acetaldehyde ethanol
When a carbon dioxide is removed from pyruvate, the product is a(n) _______ group, which then attaches to a coenzyme A.
acetyl
What are autotrophs?
algae and plants
Proteins are broken down into ____ acids, which are then deaminated to enter as constituents of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
amino
The process by which eukaryotic cells harvest energy from organic compounds is ______ _______.
cellular respiration
Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO2 by an enzyme called pyruvate_______
dehydrogenase
What molecules in food can be used as energy sources by living organisms?
fats Carbohydrates proteins
In several stages, cells extract energy from complex organic molecules mainly by?
harvesting energy from C--H bonds
During the electron transport chain, energy released by the electrons transports protons into the ______ of the mitochondrion.
intermembrane space
When oxygen accepts electrons from the electron transport system, it becomes a _______ charged ion. This oxygen ion binds to 2 hydrogen ions to form _____________.
negatively charged water
The reactions of energy in which energy is harvested from organic molecules are _________ reactions.
oxidation
Aerobic respiration occurs when ________ is the final electron acceptor.
oxygen
What molecules are produced in the second half of glycolysis?
pyruvate ATP
In energy metabolism, cells couple oxidation reactions with reduction reactions, called _______ reactions.
redox
What are the two reaction involved in a redox reaction?
reduction and oxidation
Energy is _____ during the first phase of glycolysis in order to prime glucose for the exergonic reactions to follow.
required
The ATP is produced during glycolysis is the result of _________-level phosphorylation
substrate
What is the last complex to receive electrons in the transport chain?
the Cytochrome oxidase complex
What is the goal of cellular respiration?
the complete oxidation of glucose the oxidation of organic compounds to extract energy
What is the primary of cellular respiration?
to produce ATP
