Biology - Chapter 22

Which of the following is a process in which natural selection favors individuals with traits that allow them to use resources differently than other individuals, and over time the species diverges in phenotype and resource use? Mechanical isolation Genetic drift Character displacement Behavioral isolation

Character displacement

The fossil record indicates that how many mass extinctions have occurred in the past? 0 1 3 4 5

5

Select all that apply What types of conditions may lead to adaptive radiation? A duplication of chromosome sets via allopolyploidy A species occurs in an environment with few other species and many resources A catastrophic event leading to mass extinction Formation of islands through volcanic activity and subsequent colonization Gene flow between previously isolated populations that are recently reconnected

A species occurs in an environment with few other species and many resources A catastrophic event leading to mass extinction Formation of islands through volcanic activity and subsequent colonization

Blue-footed boobies are birds that make a great show of their blue feet to attract and keep the attention of a potential mate. The blue feet are an example of which of the following? Electroreception A visual signal An auditory signal Pheromones

A visual signal

The diversification of Drosophila species in the originally vacant niches and frequently isolated habitat patches of the Hawaiian Islands is an example of which of the following? Gene flow Behavioral isolation Reinforcement Adaptive radiation

Adaptive radiation

What evolutionary process leads to the appearance of groups of closely related species that have recently evolved from a common ancestor by adapting to different parts of the environment? Character displacement Genetic drift Adaptive radiation Disruptive selection Reinforcement

Adaptive radiation

When a single ancestral species colonizes a new area, it often evolves into a wide array of descendant species with diverse habitats, forms, or behaviors. What is this phenomenon called? Hybridization concept Sympatric speciation Adaptive radiation Reproductive isolation

Adaptive radiation

How do postzygotic isolating mechanisms prevent successful interspecies hybridization? Members of different species come into contact, but do not recognize one another as potential mates. The egg cannot be fertilized by sperm of another species following a successful mating attempt. Members of different species attempt to mate but are unsuccessful due to anatomical differences. Although fertilization is successful, the resulting hybrid is unable to develop or reproduce.

Although fertilization is successful, the resulting hybrid is unable to develop or reproduce.

Which of the following best describes the general trend in global species diversity over time? A steady increase at a consistent rate An initial increase up to approximately 200 million years ago, and a subsequent decline An overall increase, but with some some sharp declines occurring at certain times A steady decrease at a consistent rate

An overall increase, but with some some sharp declines occurring at certain times

How can natural selection play a role in speciation? If one species is subject to natural selection while the other is not, speciation will occur. As species adapt to different environments, they can incidentally accumulate differences that lead to speciation. Many small random genetic changes can accumulate, causing reproductive isolation.

As species adapt to different environments, they can incidentally accumulate differences that lead to speciation.

What are reproductive isolating mechanisms? Procedures used in the study of courtship behavior in different species Ways used by researchers to facilitate breeding of animals in captivity Barriers that prevent successful interbreeding among members of different species Procedures used to study the embryonic development of different species Techniques for isolating gametes and reproductive tissues for genetic analysis in order to identify species

Barriers that prevent successful interbreeding among members of different species

This image represents the auditory signals produced by three sympatric lacewing species to attract mates. What type of reproductive isolation mechanism is exhibited by these species? Behavioral isolation Mechanical isolation Temporal isolation Hybrid inviability

Behavioral isolation

The idea that individuals of a species have the ability to interbreed with each other and exchange genes is the basis of which species concept? Ecological species concept Phylogenetic species concept Genetic species concept General lineage species concept Biological species concept

Biological species concept

When populations are only partially reproductively isolated, which of the following may occur? Despite prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms, some individuals may survive and reproduce. Even though individuals are interbreeding, prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms ensure that hybrids do not survive and reproduce. Postzygotic isolating mechanisms will act to prevent the survival and reproduction of hybrid offspring if a zygote is formed. Prezygotic isolating mechanisms will act to prevent the formation of a zygote if postzygotic isolating mechanisms fail.

Despite prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms, some individuals may survive and reproduce.

Sympatric speciation can result from which type of natural selection that produces two different phenotypes in a population? Balancing selection Directional selection Stabilizing selection Disruptive selection

Disruptive selection

Populations of a single species that are quite distinct from one another phenotypically may be connected by populations that have which characteristics? Do not migrate Exhibit intermediate phenotypes Do not have mutations

Exhibit intermediate phenotypes

Speciation is more likely in geographically isolated populations because which of the following does not occur? Genetic drift Natural selection Gene flow

Gene flow

What process can promote speciation through random changes between isolated populations? Gene flow Natural selection Genetic drift Adaptive radiation

Genetic drift

Which of the following concepts suggests that each new species evolves continuously over long spans of time? Biological species Reproductive isolation Punctuated equilibrium Hybridization Gradualism

Gradualism

The evolution of these organisms is an example of adaptive radiation because populations were isolated and adapted to newly formed islands or habitat patches formed by lava flows. Hawaiian Drosophila Caribbean Anolis lizards Lake Victoria cichlids Galapagos finches

Hawaiian Drosophila

What is the cause of the sixth mass extinction? A cooling Sun Human activity Emerging diseases Plate tectonics An asteroid

Human activity

Identify the feeding behavior and habitat of lions that inhabited India until about 150 years ago. Solitary hunters in open grassland areas Hunt in groups in forest regions Hunt in groups in open grassland areas Solitary hunters in forest regions

Hunt in groups in open grassland areas

Which is left unexplained by the biological species concept, thereby weakening the concept? The existence of viable, but sterile hybrids (such as the mule) Hybridization in natural settings Hybridization in captivity

Hybridization in natural settings

Geographic isolation can accelerate speciation due to which of the following reasons? It restricts gene flow. It counteracts the effect of natural selection. It increases the level of mutation. It increases the level of genetic drift.

It restricts gene flow.

How does the biological species concept define a species? Members of a species require the same set of habitat resources and have a similar influence on other species and the environment. Members of a species are able to interbreed in nature and are reproductively isolated from members of other species. Members of a species are defined based on the separate evolution of lineages over time. It combines ideas of several species concepts, resulting in one that considers reproductive isolation, evolutionary lineage, and ecological factors.

Members of a species are able to interbreed in nature and are reproductively isolated from members of other species.

What process may lead to speciation when a population adapts to its environment, and as an incidental consequence of that, becomes reproductively isolated from other populations? Polyploidy Natural selection The founder effect A population bottleneck Genetic drift

Natural selection

What is meant by the term allopatric? Occurring in geographically separated areas Occurring in the same area Occurring in the same area, but in different habitats Occurring in the same habitat type, but in different areas

Occurring in geographically separated areas

The extinction of the dinosaurs led to adaptive radiation in what group of animals? Placental mammals Crocodilians Flightless birds Insects Marsupials

Placental mammals

Which of the following correctly links geographic isolation to speciation? Populations living in the same geographic area can undergo allopatric speciation Populations living in geographically separated areas can undergo sympatric speciation Populations living in geographically separated areas can undergo allopatric speciation

Populations living in geographically separated areas can undergo allopatric speciation

What type of isolation occurs when members of one species are unable to successfully interbreed with members of another species? Physiological Biological Reproductive Evolutionary

Reproductive

What is required for adaptive radiation to occur? Multiple choice question. Speciation and gene flow Disruptive selection and gene flow Speciation and adaptation to different habitats Hybridization and genetic drift

Speciation and adaptation to different habitats

Species that occur in the same location and are phenotypically different are called _______ species.

Sympatric

If reproductive isolation is the criterion used to define species, then the process of speciation is equivalent to which of the following? The interaction between genetic drift and natural selection The evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms The interaction between gene flow and natural selection

The evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms

Speciation is defined as allopatric or sympatric based on whether which of the following occurs? The populations diverge from one another or just evolve into another species over time The populations converge or diverge evolutionarily from one another The populations undergoing speciation do or do not live in the same geographic area The populations are prezygotically or postzygotically isolated

The populations undergoing speciation do or do not live in the same geographic area

Outside of mass extinctions, how has the rate of speciation compared to the rate of extinction over the past 600 million years? The rate of speciation has surpassed the rate of extinction. The rate of extinction has surpassed the rate of speciation. The rates of speciation and extinction are equivalent. The rates of speciation and extinction are too variable to make a generalization.

The rate of speciation has surpassed the rate of extinction.

In Michigan, two different species of gray treefrogs, Hyla versicolor and Hyla chrysoceles, can exist in the same pond at the same time. The two species are anatomically very similar, but their mating calls differ. How would you describe the existence of such similar species in the same location? This is speciation in progress. They are allopatric species. These are actually subspecies. They are sympatric species.

They are sympatric species.

Which of the following are the habitats of the valley oak and scrub oak in California? Valley oak: fertile soils of open grassland on gentle slopes; Scrub oak: along rivers Scrub oak: fertile soils of open grassland on gentle slopes; Valley oak: chaparral Valley oak: marshes; Scrub oak: chaparral Valley oak: fertile soils of open grassland on gentle slopes; Scrub oak: chaparral

Valley oak: fertile soils of open grassland on gentle slopes; Scrub oak: chaparral

The fact that some species of electric fish can distinguish between electrical discharges produced by their own species and other species is an example of ______ isolation using ______ communication signals. temporal; auditory behavioral; electrical mechanical; chemical ecological; visual

behavioral; electrical

Sequences of the ______ suggest that cichlid fishes entered Lake Victoria about ______ years ago and subsequently underwent adaptive radiation, encouraged by dramatic changes in water level over the course of their evolution. protein hemoglobin; 200,000 cytochrome b gene; 2,000,000 cytochrome b gene; 200,000 protein hemoglobin; 2,000,000

cytochrome b gene; 200,000

In one form of behavioral isolation, some species of fish in Africa and South Asia are able to detect ______ discharges produced by potential mates, based on the timing between signals. visual auditory chemical electrical

electrical

The not uncommon occurrence of ______ in natural settings of weakens the biological species concept. hybridization adaptation natural selection mutation

hybridization

The great diversity of cichlids in Lake Victoria may be attributed to ______. multiple hybridization events periods of isolation when water levels dropped multiple colonization events by several ancestors. rampant autopolyploidy

periods of isolation when water levels dropped

The following diagram illustrates the geographic range and phenotypes of populations of snakes that belong to the same species, the Eastern rat snake. The diagram illustrates the observation that ______. phenotypically distinct populations are often connected by intervening populations that are intermediate in their characteristics most species have many distinct populations that differ in their phenotypes most species are currently undergoing speciation

phenotypically distinct populations are often connected by intervening populations that are intermediate in their characteristics

Some sympatric species are behaviorally isolated because they produce different chemicals called ______. displacers pheromones mating calls zygotes

pheromones

Female moths use ______ to attract males when they are ready to mate, which is an example of the use of chemical signals in ______ isolation of sympatric species. dewlaps; mechanical dewlaps; behavioral pheromones; mechanical pheromones; behavioral

pheromones; behavioral

Relatively rapid periods of evolutionary change along with long periods of stasis are the two main processes identified in the hypothesis known as ______. sympatric speciation adaptive radiation gradualism punctuated equilibrium

punctuated equilibrium

If two reproductively isolated populations re-establish contact, ______ will tend to increase differences between the populations, and ______ will tend to decrease differences between the populations. reinforcement; gene flow hybrid inviability; hybrid infertility hybrid infertility; hybrid inviability gene flow; reinforcement

reinforcement; gene flow

When members of populations do not mate with each other or cannot produce fertile offspring, they are ______. reproductively isolated undergoing anagenesis experiencing gene flow undergoing speciation

reproductively isolated

Research regarding the pace of evolution in well-documented groups of species has shown that the pace of evolution ______. is gradual for most species is slow for large species and fast for small species varies depending on the group of species is punctuated for most species

varies depending on the group of species