Biology, Chapter 25: Global Change <NOT FINISHED)

Synthetic compounds, such as PCBs, are biomagnified as they are passed from one trophic level to the next in food webs. Match the correct level of concentration of PCBs with the trophic level in the figure. -250X -500X -45,000X -835,000X -2,800,000X -25,000,000X -(picture of) phytoplankton -(picture of) zooplankton -(picture of) crustaceans -(picture of)school of fish -(picture of)a single trout -(picture of)bird with trout in claws

-(picture of) phytoplankton:250X -(picture of) zooplankton:500X -(picture of) crustaceans:45,000X -(picture of)school of fish:835,000X -(picture of)a single trout:2,800,00X -(picture of)bird with trout in claws:25,000,000X

Models of global climate change include such severe disruptions to ecosystems that many species will likely face extinction over the next 100 years. Select the statements below that reflect an accurate understanding of the predicted extinctions. -Species adapted to stable climates, such as the tropics, are particularly vulnerable. -Some species may avoid extinction by migrating to geographic zones for which they are adapted. -In general, species with specialized habitat requirements are the most resistant. -Natural selection will favor those variants over time, resulting in future populations adapted to changing environments. -Arctic and alpine species may face extinction due to the complete loss of suitable habitat.

-Arctic and alpine species may face extinction due to the complete loss of suitable habitat. -Species adapted to stable climates, such as the tropics, are particularly vulnerable. -Some species may avoid extinction by migrating to geographic zones for which they are adapted.

Which of the following observations about atmospheric CO2 levels are accurate? -Current levels of atmospheric CO2 are higher than any seen during the last 420,000 years. -Recent measurements of atmospheric CO2 show a decline in the last few years. -The rate of increase of atmospheric CO2 during the last 200 years has been more rapid than at any other time during the last 420,000 years. -Current levels of atmospheric CO2 are about 400 ppm.

-Current levels of atmospheric CO2 are higher than any seen during the last 420,000 years. -Current levels of atmospheric CO2 are about 400 ppm. -The rate of increase of atmospheric CO2 during the last 200 years has been more rapid than at any other time during the last 420,000 years.

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, many groups of animals have characteristics that make them particularly vulnerable to global climate change. Match each animal group with the numerical percentage of species that are vulnerable to extinction. -amphibians -birds -warm-water reef corals -52 percent -71 percent -35 percent

-amphibians:52% -birds:35% -warm-water reef corals:71%

Polar bears may face extinction because they depend on a food web that is now being threatened by human activity. In part, this is due to the fact that phytoplankton, the photosynthetic organisms that serve as the base of the polar bear's food web, are currently in decline. Scientists attribute their declining numbers to global warming and what other issue? -overharvesting of phytoplankton -decreased hours of daylight -ocean acidification

-ocean acidification

Current mathematical models predict that a "middle of the road" increase in the Earth's temperature of 4.0 degrees C (7.2 degrees F) will have drastic effects by the end of this century. Pick the expected effects from the choices below based upon these circumstances. -severely strained agricultural systems, resulting in insufficient food to support the expected population of 11-12 billion people -a rise in the sea level by about 2 feet -massive extinctions -large-scale alterations in the Earth's biomes

-severely strained agricultural systems, resulting in insufficient food to support the expected population of 11-12 billion people -a rise in the sea level by about 2 feet -massive extinctions -large-scale alterations in the Earth's biomes

Sea levels have risen an average of 3.1 millimeters per year since 1993. Which of the following factors account for this? -rivers getting larger and larger -an increase in rainfall over oceans -thermal expansion -melting polar ice caps -melting glaciers

-thermal expansion -melting polar ice caps -melting glaciers

Scientists have been regularly monitoring atmospheric CO2 levels since ____________ , but atmospheric CO2 levels have been determined from glacial ice samples from as far back as ___________ years. 1958; 420,000 1980; 1,000 1990; 500 2000; 250

1958; 420,000

Rice was grown under different concentrations of CO2. What conclusion can we draw from this experiment? An increase in CO2 levels resulted in constant growth rates. An increase in CO2 levels resulted in lower growth rates. An increase in CO2 levels resulted in higher growth rates.

An increase in CO2 levels resulted in higher growth rates.

Many synthetic chemicals that humans release into the environment cycle through ecosystems, and are ingested, inhaled, or absorbed by living things. Drag word(s) below to fill in the blank(s) in the passage. Synthetic chemicals are absorbed, ingested, or inhaled by living things and are subsequently taken up by cells or tissues where they remain for some time—this process is called -. When these synthetic compounds increase in concentration as they are passed from one trophic level to the next, the result is -. Long-lived synthetic compounds that can be absorbed, ingested, or inhaled by living things are called -. Some synthetic compounds interfere with hormone function and are called -. CFCs greenhouse effect endocrine disruptors CO2 persistent organic pollutants bioaccumulation biomagnification

Bioaccumulation, biomagnification, persistent organic pollutants, endocrine disrupters

What term describes the increase in concentration of synthetic (human-made) chemicals in living things as they are passed through food webs? biomagnification bioaccumulation the greenhouse effect endocrine disruption

Biomagnification

Human activities, such as farming, contribute large quantities of natural and synthetic chemicals to ecosystems. Which of the following chemicals is of particular concern regarding its effect on global climate change? -nitrogen -carbon dioxide -phosphorus -sulfur

Carbon dioxide

Human activity may occur on a local level, but its effects can be regional or global. Match the descriptions below with the correct location for each human-caused environmental effect in the water cycle. increased evaporation acid rain water diversion Groundwater contamination

Cloud:acid rain Mountain:water diversion Ground:groundwater contamination Water:increased evaporation

While all ecosystems are affected by human activities, - ecosystems, which are among the most productive ecosystems on Earth, are particularly vulnerable. About - of the world's 7 billion people live within - miles of this geographic feature. forty prairie three-quarters coastal one hundred three half coniferous forest two-thirds alpine

Costal, half, three

The use or emission of which of the following chemicals has been discontinued? -nitrogen -DDT -CFCs -carbon dioxide

DDT, CFCs

Some predicted consequences of climate change are now being seen. Increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide not only affect __________, which, in turn, affects ___________, but other key elements as well. For example, CO2 combines with __________ to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which __________ the pH of water. Carbon dioxide absorbed by the oceans has resulted in a change in pH from __________ to ___________, resulting in __________. All of these factors contribute to _________—the change in the worldwide environment. -8.25 -lowers -water -global warming -ocean acidification -raises -global change -global climate change -8.14

Global warming, global climate change, water, lowers, 8.25, 8.14, ocean acidification, global change

Which of the following methods have been used to measure atmospheric levels of CO2? -measurements of C12/C14 ratios taken from Egyptian tombs -bubbles of air trapped in glacial ice from hundreds to thousands of years ago -geologic sampling from metamorphic rocks -direct measurements from the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii

bubbles of air trapped in glacial ice from hundreds to thousands of years ago direct measurements from the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii

The addition of natural and synthetic chemicals to ecosystems is changing the chemistry of the biosphere of planet Earth. Match the chemical to its documented effect. carbon dioxide dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) chlorofluorocarbons endocrine disruptor depletion of atmospheric ozone global climate change

carbon dioxide:global climate change dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT):endocrine disruptor chlorofluorocarbons:depletion of atmospheric ozone

Computer models predict that by the year 2100, average temperatures will have increased by _________, as compared to average global temperatures in the 1980's. -1.1 to 6.4 degrees C -2.0 to 11.5 degrees F -0.1 to 1.0 degrees C -0.1 to 1.0 degrees F

-1.1 to 6.4 degrees C -2.0 to 11.5 degrees F

Which of the following are accurate statements or reasonable predictions about how species have already responded or will respond to global climate change? -Many species native to tropical habitats will face extinction. -Species in northern ecosystems are migrating further north in an attempt to stay in their "comfort zone." -Species already occupying arctic and alpine ecosystems have no recourse and are suffering losses not previously seen. -Some species native to the tropics, such as mosquitoes, will expand their range northward.

-Many species native to tropical habitats will face extinction. -Species in northern ecosystems are migrating further north in an attempt to stay in their "comfort zone." -Species already occupying arctic and alpine ecosystems have no recourse and are suffering losses not previously seen. -Some species native to the tropics, such as mosquitoes, will expand their range northward

Current mathematical models predict that a modest increase in the Earth's temperature of 1.8 degrees C (3.2 degrees F) will have drastic effects by the end of this century. Pick the expected effects from the choices below based upon these circumstances. -a rise in sea levels by about 1.2 feet -even more extreme weather phenomena: more severe hurricanes, floods and drought -the disappearance of summer sea ice in the Arctic -the extinction of many species

-a rise in sea levels by about 1.2 feet -even more extreme weather phenomena: more severe hurricanes, floods and drought -the disappearance of summer sea ice in the Arctic -the extinction of many species

Atmospheric levels of CO2 have risen dramatically in the last two centuries, from about - ppm to its current level of around - ppm. Of the total yearly increase in atmospheric CO2, about 75 percent comes from burning -, and about 25 percent comes from - and burning forests, along with industrial processes. bioaccumulating 500 75 400 fossil fuels 100 200 marsh lands 280 50 logging

280, 400, fossil fuels, logging

Atmospheric levels of CO2 have risen dramatically in the last two centuries, from about - ppm to its current level of around - ppm. Of the total yearly increase in atmospheric CO2, about 75 percent comes from burning -, and about 25 percent comes from - and burning forests, along with industrial processes. fossil fuels 500 75 400 Logging bioaccumulating 280 marsh lands 100 200 50

280, 400, fossil fuels, logging

Which of the following synthetic compounds have been shown to be biomagnified? All of these compounds have been shown to be biomagnified. PCBs DDT methylmercury

All of these compounds have been shown to be biomagnified.

Which of these gases is the most potent of the greenhouse gases? CO2 H2O CH4 N2O

CO2

Fill in the missing words below to correctly describe some of the negative consequences of climate change for living organisms and ecosystems. Ecosystem disruption and degradation leading to the __________ of species Spring floods and summer __________ in glacier-fed regions __________ of habitat, human habitation and livelihood Loss of marine organisms with calcified structures and coral __________ -drift -loss -enrichment -rain -extinction -gain -drought -bleaching

Extinction, drought, loss, bleaching

_________, a symptom of other human-caused changes, is a significant increase in the average surface temperature of the Earth over decades or more. __________, on the other hand, is a long-term alteration in the Earth's climate, such as changes in rainfall patterns and increased frequency of violent storms. __________ is the broadest concept, encompassing all types of worldwide environmental changes. -acid rain -climate change -land transformation -global change -global warming -water transformation

Global warming, climate change, global change

Carbon dioxide is the most potent greenhouse gas. What is the effect of increased greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere? -Heat is released more readily into space, decreasing the Earth's temperature. -Heat is trapped in the atmosphere, increasing the Earth's temperature.

Heat is trapped in the atmosphere, increasing the Earth's temperature.

In tropical waters, - temperatures combined with - pH values result in coral bleaching, caused by a loss of the algal symbiotic partner in corals and often resulting in the - of the coral animal as well. About - of the tropical coral reefs have been destroyed in the last few -, succumbing to the collective onslaught of coral bleaching, pollution. and physical damage from an increase in severe storms. death centuries decades lower one tenth higher years migration one third

Higher, lower, death, one third, decades

__________ in near-surface and ocean temperatures __________ of glaciers Rise in sea __________ Increase in the frequency of severe __________ Change in rainfall pattern, __________ in some regions -levels -decrease -drought -stabilized -gain -bioaccumulation -weather -increase -meteors -melting -freezing

Increase, melting, levels, weather, drought

When more CO2 is available, many plants __________ their rate of photosynthesis and therefore grow more __________. When CO2 levels remain high, some plant species keep growing at higher rates, but others drop their growth rates over time. As CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere __________, species that continue rapid growth rates at higher CO2 levels might __________ other species in their current ecological communities or invade new communities. -slowly -increase -outcompete -rapidly -decrease

Increase, rapidly, increase, outcompete

An action or process is ____________ if it can be continued indefinitely without serious damage being caused to the environment.

Sustainable

Match the following greenhouse gases with their molecular formula. -H2O -CO2 -CH4 -N2O -methane -nitrous oxide -carbon dioxide -water vapor

Methane:CH4 nitrous oxide:N2O carbon dioxide:CO2 water vapor:H2O

Since the mid-twentieth century, the number of Category 3 and Category 4 hurricanes has _________, Rainfall patterns have also shifted, with the eastern United States and Northern Europe receiving _________ rainfall, while parts of the Mediterranean, northeastern and southern Africa and parts of South Asia are receiving _________. -nearly tripled -less -more -stayed the same -doubled

Nearly tripled, more, less

As a consequence of global climate change, we've already seen changes in global rainfall patterns. Which of the following regions will see increased rainfall? Northeastern Africa Northern Europe Southern Africa Southern Asia Eastern United States Mediterranean

Northern Europe, Eastern United States

Hydrophobic molecules known as - combine with fatty tissue in animals and become - in the predators of the next trophic level when they eat the fatty tissue of their prey. The synthetic compound -, which was used to control insects, such as mosquitoes, before being banned in 1972, was biomagnified in -, ultimately resulting in thin, fragile eggshells of high-trophic-level birds, such as peregrine falcons and bald eagles. food webs PCBs CFCs biomagnified bioaccumulated CO2 DDT

PCBs, biomagnified, DDT, food webs

In what time period did atmospheric levels of CO2 begin to rise dramatically? the 1600s atmospheric levels of CO2 are not rising the 1500s the 1800s

The 1800s

Match each informational item with the most appropriate location on this figure. IR lost to space IR radiation trapped absorbed by surface IR re-emitted again absorbed energy re-emitted as IR reflected Drag each item above to its appropriate location in the image. Note that every item may not have a match, while some items may have more than one match. (Picture can't upload)

The diagram shows the greenhouse effect over an image of Earth. Incoming solar radiation travels to Earth, shown by a wavy yellow arrow(ABSORBED BY SURFACE). Some solar radiation reflects back into the atmosphere, shown as a thin, straight yellow arrow(REFLECTED). An orange arrow points away from Earth's surface(ABSORBED ENERGY RE-EMITTED AS IR). A second orange arrow splits from the first and points back to Earth(IR RE-EMITTED AGAIN). Some readmitted energy is trapped(IR RADIATION IS TRAPPED).

True or False Although the magnitude of global warming will be greater in latitudes away from the equator, there will be a more severe impact on tropical ecosystems regarding extinctions.

True

What is the likely cause of the current high rate of species extinction on Earth? -events similar to those resulting in the mass extinction of the dinosaurs -human activities that change the planet's water and land -a reversal in the magnetic poles

human activities that change the planet's water and land