Biology Exam II (Ch 23-27)
What controls the cell metabolism and growth of ciliates
macronuclei
Spores are produced in which part of a moss sporophyte?
capsule
Which protist group is characterized by having a micronucleus and a macronucleus?
ciliates
Each branch of a cladogram represents a ___
clade
Phylogenetic systematics produce branching diagrams called ___
cladograms
Microphylls is a structure that can only be found in ____
club mosses
Which of the seedless vascular plants contributed to our present-day coal deposits?
club mosses
____ is a form of genetic exchange in bacteria that involves contact between two cells
conjugation
The fossilized form of ____ is used in commercially important products, such as filters, polishes, and insect killer
diatoms
Which feature of Euglena allows the protist to move to light of an appropriate intensity?
eye spot
True or false: An F factor is found in recipient cells, not donor cells
false
True or false: euglenoids have a pellicle
false
In the scientific name Zea mays, Zea represents the ___
genus
Modern systematists would like to group reptiles with mammals and birds because they all share what unique characteristic?
Because they are all amniotes
How are viruses classified by the ICTV?
By their host range and other characteristics
What is the first step in constructing a cladogram using outgroup analysis?
Select the taxa of interest
When faced with multiple possible cladograms, the criteria of ____ is employed
parsimony
A distinct difference between bacteria and archaea is the absence of ____ in the archaean cell wall
peptidoglycan
The specificity of viruses to different types of cells is due to ___ sites on the host cell.
receptor
What type of protist was responsible for the Irish potato famine in the 1840s ?
water mold
What type of symbiotic relationship occurs between a ruminant and the bacteria in its digestive tract?
mutualism
Which type of bacterium would NOT be able to survive without the presence of oxygen?
obligate anaerobic
Which characteristic defines a virus?
viruses cannot metabolize
Most protists are ____
aquatic
How do some bacteria respond to adverse environmental conditions?
bacteria form endospores
The most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is ___
binary fission
In plants, the fertilized egg develops into a multicellular ____ (young plant) within a female gametangium
embryo
Who is credited with the discovery of prions as a new biological principle of infection?
Stanley Prusiner
Which protist group contains the organism Trypanosoma, a colorless parasite that can cause African sleeping sickness?
excavates
True or false: Biofilms are usually less than 2 micrometers thick
false
Members of the alveolates are characterized by the presence of:
flattened vesicles under the plasma membrane
Streptococci, the bacteria responsible for strep throat infections, is classified within which group of bacteria?
gram-negative bacteria
The ____ generation is dominant in mosses, as it can live independently.
haploid gametophyte
What is the dominate form of a fern during the haploid gametophyte generation?
prothallus
What is the process that some prokaryotes use to convert ammonia to nitrite, which can be used by plants and fungi
nitrification
Peptidoglycan consists of ____
sugars cross linked with proteins
Describe the composition of cell walls found in water molds
Some individuals have cell walls of chitin, others have cell walls of cellulose
What is the gametophyte form of most liverworts?
a thallus
Which group of protists includes the dinoflagellates that cause red tide?
alveolates
What is the male sexual structure that produces sperm in plants?
antheridium
At what stage of a lytic infection are phage components put together to make new viruses?
assembly
What anchors a flagellum to a bacterial cell?
basal body
Which disease is an exotoxin released by the gram-positive, endospore-forming bacteria, often because food was not heated sufficiently to kill the endospores
botulism
The surface of Paramecium is covered with thousands of ___
cilia
What sexual process does a Paramecium employ?
conjugation
Which is a symptom of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy>
degeneration of the brain and central nervous system
True or false: In terms of bioremediation, very few species of bacteria are used to clean up various forms of pollution
false
True or false: a virus can manufacture proteins
false
What production method within seedless plants was important to the evolution of seeds?
heterospory
How are fungi differentiated from plants?
Fungi are heterotrophic
The oldest known fossils suggest that the ____ may have been the first plants to inhabit land
liverworts
What type of conversion occurs when a bacterium carrying viral genes takes on new, atypical characteristics?
lysogenic
Which statement describes a temperate virus?
a temperate virus does not alway destroy its host
The volume of a typical bacterium is about ____ the volume of a typical eukaryotic cell.
a thousandth
Scientists are now grouping reptiles with birds and mammals because they are all vertebrates that have a(n) ___
amniotic egg
What are the five stages of a lytic infection?
attachment penetration replication* assembly release
Which of the following identifies a group of RNA viruses?
paramyxoviruses
Mad cow disease is an example of an infection caused by a ____
prion
What theory did Louis Pasteur disprove in regards to bacterial reproduction?
spontaneous generation
What significantly contributes to the rapid evolution of prokaryotes?
horizontal gene transfer
The genome of most plant viruses consists of what kind of RNA?
ssRNA
The phylogenetic evidence suggests that class Reptilia is a ___ group because birds share a common ancestor with the saurischian dinosaurs, but birds are not included in the traditional class Reptilia
paraphyletic
Which has an usual characteristic in that their circular DNA does not have genes for making the proteins needed to replicate and produce new viruses?
polydnaviruses
What shape is the tobacco mosaic virus?
rod
What is the end result of a host cell that is invaded by a virus in a lytic reproductive cycle?
the cell is destroyed
Although bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, they can still perform the functions of these organelles by localizing certain metabolic enzymes on ____
the plasma membrane
What structural component do ferns possess that whisk ferns do not?
true roots
An important structural difference between all plants and algae is the presence of a ___-
waxy cuticle
What is one reason many scientists do not classify viruses as living organisms?
They are not made up of cells
Which virus evolutionary hypothesis states that viruses predate or coevolved with their current cellular hosts even before the lifeforms assigned to the three domains diverged?
virus-first hypothesis
What bacterial process is involved in the production of cheese and yogurt?
fermentation
Small hairlike structures made up of protein on the surface of bacteria are called ___
fimbriae
Which group of protists are unicellular, biflagellate stramenopiles that forms a significant portion of the nanoplankton?
golden algae
The cause of your strep throat is from what type of bacteria?
gram-positive bacteria
What is the dominant stage of a bryophyte's life cycle?
gametophyte
Many seedless plants produce spores of one morphological type, which is referred to as ____
homospory
Which two plants of the Carboniferous period contributed to the formation of today's coal deposits?
horsetails and club mosses
What characteristic does the ICTV use to classify viruses?
host range
The first plants evolved rapidly during which time period?
Silurian
What is the most important vector of plant disease?
insects
The traditional class Reptilia is ____ because it does not include all descendants of the most recent ancestor of reptiles
paraphyletic
Viral infections in humans spread via the circulatory system. Viral infections in plants spread from cell to cell via ____
plasmodesmata
Which domain contains organisms that do not have histones associated with DNA?
Bacteria
The _____ classification system classifies viruses based on the type of nucleic acid the virus contains.
Baltimore
What is a root language used in the binomial system of nomenclature?
Latin
Many of today's biologists have abandoned kingdom ____ since they have now discovered that many of these unicellular organisms did not descend from one common ancestor
Protista
What is taxonomy?
The science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms
The scientific name for corn is correctly represented as ___
Zea mays
Humans, as well as all other mammals, have hair. Hair, then, would be considered a(n) ____
ancestral character
What type of asexual reproduction requires a bacterial cell to develop a bulge that enlarges, matures, and eventually separates from the mother cell?
budding
Which algal group contains individuals that are typically unicellular and form siliceous shells?
diatoms
Members of which group are known to form blooms known as red tides?
dinoflagellates
Which protist groups consists of individuals who often have intracellular shells of interlocking plates?
dinoflagellates
By what method has horizontal gene transfer occurred in eukaryotes?
endosymbiosis
Bacterial ___ cause systematic symptoms such as fever, whereas bacterial ___ cause more specific maladies
endotoxins, exotoxins
T/F: Whisk ferns lack true stems
false
Members of which protist group is one of the fossilized deposits in the unique geological formation of the White Cliffs of Dover?
foraminiferans
What are the multicellular sex organs in plants?
gametangia
What organism is the result of a symbiotic relationship between fungi and green algae?
lichen
Which bryophyte has a thallus body form that does not differentiate into leaves, stems, or roots
liverwort
What sub viral agent is responsible for mad cow disease?
prion
Which form of protist locomotion pushes out cytoplasmic extensions along the leading edge of the cell?
pseudopodia
Gram-positive bacteria would stain ___ in a gram stain because of a thick layer of ___ in their cell walls
purple peptidoglycan
Which hypothesis asserts that viruses are remnants of cellular organisms and evolved from small cells that were parasites in larger cells?
regressive hypothesis
After sexual reproduction in a moss, the ____ grows out of the gametophyte
sporophyte
What are the pores on a leaf that allows for gas exchange between a plant and the atmosphere?
stomata
What is the name of the green algal group from which plants are to have descended?
stoneworts
Viroids cause a variety of plant diseases and are composed only of:
strands of RNA
A study of the genomes of dogs from around the world indicated that ...
the dogs' closest relative is the gray wolf
I am characterized by having a test and axopods. What am I?
actinopods
On a virus, what is the function of the structure that looks like legs?
attachment to host cell
Human viruses can enter human cells by fusion with the cell membrane or by ...?
endocytosis
Cows and other ruminates rely on a ____ relationship with bacteria in their digestive tract.
mutualistic
What is the purpose of phage therapy?
to target specific bacteria in the body and destroy them
What type of protist is well preserved in the fossil record and often used as index fossils?
foraminiferans
What are the viruses that attack bacteria?
phages
During the moss life cycle, when a haploid spore germinates, it forms a(n) ____
protonema
Which is heterosporous (that we studied)
spike moss
A classiest would attempt to classify organisms into ____ taxa
monophyletic
A taxon that includes all the descendants of an ancestor is called ____
monophyletic
What commercially important bryophyte is used as a soil conditioner, packing material and fuel source?
peat
What part of a cladogram represents the most recent common ancestor of all the clades depicted in the tree?
root
What do ferns lack?
seeds
You find a unicellular organism that forms lobe-like pseudopodia. When you expose the cells to cAMP, they aggregate into a slug like structure. Based on this information, you correctly conclude that this organism is known as ___-
Dictyostelium discoideum
Which RNA virus causes influenza?
Orthomyxoviruses
Which was the first bacterium to be clearly identified as the cause of an infectious disease?
Bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax
What is the correct order of the taxon levels?
Domain - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species
Describe F factor
It is involved with forming sex pili It is found in F+ cells It is a DNA sequence The F stands for fertility
What type of science studies the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary history?
Systematics
An example of homoplastic structures is the wing of a butterfly and ____
the wing of a bird
Some bacteria avoid being phagocytize by a host's immune system by means of ___
their capsule or slime layer
What are Koch's postulates
A set of guidelines to demonstrate that a specific pathogen causes specific disease symptoms
A bryophyte having a single large chloroplast in each cell belongs to which phylum
Anthocerophyta
What is the most common gastroenteritis virus amongst humans worldwide, transmitted directly or indirectly by fecal contamination of food and water?
Norwalk virus
Why is penicillin ineffective against gram-negative bacteria
Penicillin cannot reach the thin peptidoglycan layer easily because it is protected by the bacteria's outer membrane
What were the original two Kingdoms established to organize living organisms?
Plantae and Animalia
What characteristic of land plants distinguishes them from green algae?
They develop from embryos enclosed in maternal tissue
The most significant difference between archaea and bacteria is the ___
absence of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of archaea
What determines the shape of a virus?
Capsomers
What group of protists is the largest and most complex of all algae?
brown algae
Homoplastic structures are a result of ____ evolution.
convergent
Due to our increasing ability to analyze DNA sequences and other molecular data of organisms, scientists are more often classifying organisms by their ____
evolutionary history
What group of plants are most recent to live?
angiosperms
The bacterium that causes botulism disease is harmless until it:
contains a certain prophage DNA
Sea snakes, which are reptiles, are similar in body form to eels, which are fish. Sea snakes and eels therefore demonstrate ____
convergent evolution
Where would you likely find Euryarchaeota bacteria?
cow digestive tracts
Which is the only prokaryote to carry on photosynthesis that generates oxygen?
cyanobacteria
Which was likely engulfed by another, larger, cell that eventually evolved into a chloroplast?
cyanobacterium
A(n) ____ character is a trait that has evolved relatively recently.
derived
What is the source of certain deposits in sedimentary rock that is mined and used as filtering, insulating, and soundproofing materials?
diatoms
The leafy fern that you might have as a house plant is the ____ generation
diploid sporophyte
Among the protist groups, which has organisms that typically move with two or more flagella?
diplomonads
Which eukaryotic organelles likely arose from symbiotic relationships between larger cells and bacteria?
mitochondria and chloroplasts
Shared homologous structures would indicate that two taxa are ____
monophyletic
How do mosses help prevent soil erosion
mosses are packed in dense colonies, holding soil together
Given the diversity in protist ultrastructure and molecular data, biologists regard the protists as a(n) ____ group, meaning that some are descendants of a common eukaryote ancestor
paraphyletic
Bryophytes are different from other plants because they do not possess ____
vascular tissue
Smaller than a virus, a _____ consists of a very short, circular, single strand of naked RNA, has no protective protein coat and no associated proteins to assist in duplication.
viroid
What are the symbiotic dinoflagellates, which live in the bodies of marine invertebrates such as corals?
zooxanthellae
Who developed the binomial system of nomenclature?
Carolus Linnaeus
What is the most inclusive taxa between genus, family, order, and class?
Class
What is a primary reason for removing fungi from the Plant Kingdom and placing it in its own?
Fungi are not photosynthetic
___ are small leaves with a single vascular strand
Microphylls
A pathogen must ____ a certain cell type, multiply, and produce toxic substances to cause a disease in its host
adhere to
Before an animal cell's membrane fuses with a virus, the virus must first...?
attach to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane of the host cell
What are rod-shaped bacteria called?
bacilli
Which is an example of a derived characteristic within dolphins and whales, i.e. not shared by other mammals?
blowhole
How do bacteria move?
by means of a rotating flagella
What is the protein coat of a virus called?
capsid
What commercial product is derived from the processing of red algae
carrageenan
You find a protist that has a single flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli. You correctly conclude this organism is a(n) _____
cellular slime mold
A bacterium that uses the oxidation of inorganic compounds to provide energy for manufacturing nutritious organic compounds is a ____
chemoautotroph
What classification level contains the greatest number of species?
domain
The Archaea plasma membranes are made up of branched-chain hydrocarbons bounded to glycerol by:
ether linkages
Microsporocytes divide by ___ to form ___
meiosis, microspores
Viral proteins can damage host cells by which process?
overwhelming the host cell with a large number of viruses
What type of virus infects bacteria, are easy to culture, and are the most complex of viruses?
phage
Based on their mode of nutrition, cyanobacteria are classified as _____
photoautotrophs
The evolutionary history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor is known as ___
phylogeny
According to the progressive hypothesis, viruses may have originated as mobile genetic ___
plasmids
Which protist group is characterized by a multinucleate amoeboid-like feeding form?
plasmodial slime molds
The oldest known megafossils of early vascular plants may be characterized as ____
possessing dichotomously branched stems without leaves or roots
The bacterium that causes botulism, a serious form of food poisoning, is harmless unless it contains a certain ____ that induces synthesis of the toxin.
prophage
Coralline forms of which group of protists are ecologically important in the formation of coral reefs?
red algae
What do retroviruses need in order to transcribe their RNA into a DNA intermediate for integration into the DNA of a host cell?
reverse transcriptase
What macromolecule structure do many systematists look to when determining phylogenies?
ribosomal RNA
Because whales breathe via lungs, have a little hair when born, and nurse their young, these ___ characteristics allow us to classify them as mammals
shared derived
Which of the following diseases is a DNA virus?
smallpox
What is the purpose of sex pili
to transmit DNA between bacteria
By what gene-transfer method does a phage transfer bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another, resulting in genetic recombination?
transduction
How many membranes surround a chloroplast of an archaeplastid, distinguishing it from all other photosynthetic protists?
two
The phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequenches for a group of retroviruses has allowed researchers to discover that there are ___ major types of HIV that originate from one ancestral lentivirus
two
Which super group classification includes some protists, animals, and fungi?
unikonts
The term clade most closely refers to ___
a group of organisms that share common characteristics inherited from a common ancestor
What is the typical size range of a virus?
20 to 300 nanometers
Which group of protists have a deep oral groove as part of their structure?
excavates
Arhcaea found in the Dead Sea are classified as ______
extreme halophiles
True or false: Radiolarians lack silica shells
false
What's an example we studied of a vascular plant?
fern
The sori of most ferns are found on which part of the plant?
fronds
Some liverworts reproduce asexually by forming tiny balls of tissue called _____
gemmae
Brown algae lack true roots, but have similar structures called ____ that anchor them to the substrate
holdfasts
The red eft-stage salamander and the red-backed salamander share many skeletal features from a common ancestor. This is an example of ___
homology
Applied to choice of cladograms, parsimony requires that the cladogram with the fewest___ be accepted as the most probable
homoplasies
What is the purpose of the waxy cuticle in plants?
it prevents desiccation
Trypanosomes contain a(n) ____ which is a single mitochondrion that has an organized deposit of DNA
kinetoplastid