Biology Exam II (Ch 23-27)

What controls the cell metabolism and growth of ciliates

macronuclei

Spores are produced in which part of a moss sporophyte?

capsule

Which protist group is characterized by having a micronucleus and a macronucleus?

ciliates

Each branch of a cladogram represents a ___

clade

Phylogenetic systematics produce branching diagrams called ___

cladograms

Microphylls is a structure that can only be found in ____

club mosses

Which of the seedless vascular plants contributed to our present-day coal deposits?

club mosses

____ is a form of genetic exchange in bacteria that involves contact between two cells

conjugation

The fossilized form of ____ is used in commercially important products, such as filters, polishes, and insect killer

diatoms

Which feature of Euglena allows the protist to move to light of an appropriate intensity?

eye spot

True or false: An F factor is found in recipient cells, not donor cells

false

True or false: euglenoids have a pellicle

false

In the scientific name Zea mays, Zea represents the ___

genus

Modern systematists would like to group reptiles with mammals and birds because they all share what unique characteristic?

Because they are all amniotes

How are viruses classified by the ICTV?

By their host range and other characteristics

What is the first step in constructing a cladogram using outgroup analysis?

Select the taxa of interest

When faced with multiple possible cladograms, the criteria of ____ is employed

parsimony

A distinct difference between bacteria and archaea is the absence of ____ in the archaean cell wall

peptidoglycan

The specificity of viruses to different types of cells is due to ___ sites on the host cell.

receptor

What type of protist was responsible for the Irish potato famine in the 1840s ?

water mold

What type of symbiotic relationship occurs between a ruminant and the bacteria in its digestive tract?

mutualism

Which type of bacterium would NOT be able to survive without the presence of oxygen?

obligate anaerobic

Which characteristic defines a virus?

viruses cannot metabolize

Most protists are ____

aquatic

How do some bacteria respond to adverse environmental conditions?

bacteria form endospores

The most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is ___

binary fission

In plants, the fertilized egg develops into a multicellular ____ (young plant) within a female gametangium

embryo

Who is credited with the discovery of prions as a new biological principle of infection?

Stanley Prusiner

Which protist group contains the organism Trypanosoma, a colorless parasite that can cause African sleeping sickness?

excavates

True or false: Biofilms are usually less than 2 micrometers thick

false

Members of the alveolates are characterized by the presence of:

flattened vesicles under the plasma membrane

Streptococci, the bacteria responsible for strep throat infections, is classified within which group of bacteria?

gram-negative bacteria

The ____ generation is dominant in mosses, as it can live independently.

haploid gametophyte

What is the dominate form of a fern during the haploid gametophyte generation?

prothallus

What is the process that some prokaryotes use to convert ammonia to nitrite, which can be used by plants and fungi

nitrification

Peptidoglycan consists of ____

sugars cross linked with proteins

Describe the composition of cell walls found in water molds

Some individuals have cell walls of chitin, others have cell walls of cellulose

What is the gametophyte form of most liverworts?

a thallus

Which group of protists includes the dinoflagellates that cause red tide?

alveolates

What is the male sexual structure that produces sperm in plants?

antheridium

At what stage of a lytic infection are phage components put together to make new viruses?

assembly

What anchors a flagellum to a bacterial cell?

basal body

Which disease is an exotoxin released by the gram-positive, endospore-forming bacteria, often because food was not heated sufficiently to kill the endospores

botulism

The surface of Paramecium is covered with thousands of ___

cilia

What sexual process does a Paramecium employ?

conjugation

Which is a symptom of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy>

degeneration of the brain and central nervous system

True or false: In terms of bioremediation, very few species of bacteria are used to clean up various forms of pollution

false

True or false: a virus can manufacture proteins

false

What production method within seedless plants was important to the evolution of seeds?

heterospory

How are fungi differentiated from plants?

Fungi are heterotrophic

The oldest known fossils suggest that the ____ may have been the first plants to inhabit land

liverworts

What type of conversion occurs when a bacterium carrying viral genes takes on new, atypical characteristics?

lysogenic

Which statement describes a temperate virus?

a temperate virus does not alway destroy its host

The volume of a typical bacterium is about ____ the volume of a typical eukaryotic cell.

a thousandth

Scientists are now grouping reptiles with birds and mammals because they are all vertebrates that have a(n) ___

amniotic egg

What are the five stages of a lytic infection?

attachment penetration replication* assembly release

Which of the following identifies a group of RNA viruses?

paramyxoviruses

Mad cow disease is an example of an infection caused by a ____

prion

What theory did Louis Pasteur disprove in regards to bacterial reproduction?

spontaneous generation

What significantly contributes to the rapid evolution of prokaryotes?

horizontal gene transfer

The genome of most plant viruses consists of what kind of RNA?

ssRNA

The phylogenetic evidence suggests that class Reptilia is a ___ group because birds share a common ancestor with the saurischian dinosaurs, but birds are not included in the traditional class Reptilia

paraphyletic

Which has an usual characteristic in that their circular DNA does not have genes for making the proteins needed to replicate and produce new viruses?

polydnaviruses

What shape is the tobacco mosaic virus?

rod

What is the end result of a host cell that is invaded by a virus in a lytic reproductive cycle?

the cell is destroyed

Although bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, they can still perform the functions of these organelles by localizing certain metabolic enzymes on ____

the plasma membrane

What structural component do ferns possess that whisk ferns do not?

true roots

An important structural difference between all plants and algae is the presence of a ___-

waxy cuticle

What is one reason many scientists do not classify viruses as living organisms?

They are not made up of cells

Which virus evolutionary hypothesis states that viruses predate or coevolved with their current cellular hosts even before the lifeforms assigned to the three domains diverged?

virus-first hypothesis

What bacterial process is involved in the production of cheese and yogurt?

fermentation

Small hairlike structures made up of protein on the surface of bacteria are called ___

fimbriae

Which group of protists are unicellular, biflagellate stramenopiles that forms a significant portion of the nanoplankton?

golden algae

The cause of your strep throat is from what type of bacteria?

gram-positive bacteria

What is the dominant stage of a bryophyte's life cycle?

gametophyte

Many seedless plants produce spores of one morphological type, which is referred to as ____

homospory

Which two plants of the Carboniferous period contributed to the formation of today's coal deposits?

horsetails and club mosses

What characteristic does the ICTV use to classify viruses?

host range

The first plants evolved rapidly during which time period?

Silurian

What is the most important vector of plant disease?

insects

The traditional class Reptilia is ____ because it does not include all descendants of the most recent ancestor of reptiles

paraphyletic

Viral infections in humans spread via the circulatory system. Viral infections in plants spread from cell to cell via ____

plasmodesmata

Which domain contains organisms that do not have histones associated with DNA?

Bacteria

The _____ classification system classifies viruses based on the type of nucleic acid the virus contains.

Baltimore

What is a root language used in the binomial system of nomenclature?

Latin

Many of today's biologists have abandoned kingdom ____ since they have now discovered that many of these unicellular organisms did not descend from one common ancestor

Protista

What is taxonomy?

The science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms

The scientific name for corn is correctly represented as ___

Zea mays

Humans, as well as all other mammals, have hair. Hair, then, would be considered a(n) ____

ancestral character

What type of asexual reproduction requires a bacterial cell to develop a bulge that enlarges, matures, and eventually separates from the mother cell?

budding

Which algal group contains individuals that are typically unicellular and form siliceous shells?

diatoms

Members of which group are known to form blooms known as red tides?

dinoflagellates

Which protist groups consists of individuals who often have intracellular shells of interlocking plates?

dinoflagellates

By what method has horizontal gene transfer occurred in eukaryotes?

endosymbiosis

Bacterial ___ cause systematic symptoms such as fever, whereas bacterial ___ cause more specific maladies

endotoxins, exotoxins

T/F: Whisk ferns lack true stems

false

Members of which protist group is one of the fossilized deposits in the unique geological formation of the White Cliffs of Dover?

foraminiferans

What are the multicellular sex organs in plants?

gametangia

What organism is the result of a symbiotic relationship between fungi and green algae?

lichen

Which bryophyte has a thallus body form that does not differentiate into leaves, stems, or roots

liverwort

What sub viral agent is responsible for mad cow disease?

prion

Which form of protist locomotion pushes out cytoplasmic extensions along the leading edge of the cell?

pseudopodia

Gram-positive bacteria would stain ___ in a gram stain because of a thick layer of ___ in their cell walls

purple peptidoglycan

Which hypothesis asserts that viruses are remnants of cellular organisms and evolved from small cells that were parasites in larger cells?

regressive hypothesis

After sexual reproduction in a moss, the ____ grows out of the gametophyte

sporophyte

What are the pores on a leaf that allows for gas exchange between a plant and the atmosphere?

stomata

What is the name of the green algal group from which plants are to have descended?

stoneworts

Viroids cause a variety of plant diseases and are composed only of:

strands of RNA

A study of the genomes of dogs from around the world indicated that ...

the dogs' closest relative is the gray wolf

I am characterized by having a test and axopods. What am I?

actinopods

On a virus, what is the function of the structure that looks like legs?

attachment to host cell

Human viruses can enter human cells by fusion with the cell membrane or by ...?

endocytosis

Cows and other ruminates rely on a ____ relationship with bacteria in their digestive tract.

mutualistic

What is the purpose of phage therapy?

to target specific bacteria in the body and destroy them

What type of protist is well preserved in the fossil record and often used as index fossils?

foraminiferans

What are the viruses that attack bacteria?

phages

During the moss life cycle, when a haploid spore germinates, it forms a(n) ____

protonema

Which is heterosporous (that we studied)

spike moss

A classiest would attempt to classify organisms into ____ taxa

monophyletic

A taxon that includes all the descendants of an ancestor is called ____

monophyletic

What commercially important bryophyte is used as a soil conditioner, packing material and fuel source?

peat

What part of a cladogram represents the most recent common ancestor of all the clades depicted in the tree?

root

What do ferns lack?

seeds

You find a unicellular organism that forms lobe-like pseudopodia. When you expose the cells to cAMP, they aggregate into a slug like structure. Based on this information, you correctly conclude that this organism is known as ___-

Dictyostelium discoideum

Which RNA virus causes influenza?

Orthomyxoviruses

Which was the first bacterium to be clearly identified as the cause of an infectious disease?

Bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax

What is the correct order of the taxon levels?

Domain - Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species

Describe F factor

It is involved with forming sex pili It is found in F+ cells It is a DNA sequence The F stands for fertility

What type of science studies the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary history?

Systematics

An example of homoplastic structures is the wing of a butterfly and ____

the wing of a bird

Some bacteria avoid being phagocytize by a host's immune system by means of ___

their capsule or slime layer

What are Koch's postulates

A set of guidelines to demonstrate that a specific pathogen causes specific disease symptoms

A bryophyte having a single large chloroplast in each cell belongs to which phylum

Anthocerophyta

What is the most common gastroenteritis virus amongst humans worldwide, transmitted directly or indirectly by fecal contamination of food and water?

Norwalk virus

Why is penicillin ineffective against gram-negative bacteria

Penicillin cannot reach the thin peptidoglycan layer easily because it is protected by the bacteria's outer membrane

What were the original two Kingdoms established to organize living organisms?

Plantae and Animalia

What characteristic of land plants distinguishes them from green algae?

They develop from embryos enclosed in maternal tissue

The most significant difference between archaea and bacteria is the ___

absence of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of archaea

What determines the shape of a virus?

Capsomers

What group of protists is the largest and most complex of all algae?

brown algae

Homoplastic structures are a result of ____ evolution.

convergent

Due to our increasing ability to analyze DNA sequences and other molecular data of organisms, scientists are more often classifying organisms by their ____

evolutionary history

What group of plants are most recent to live?

angiosperms

The bacterium that causes botulism disease is harmless until it:

contains a certain prophage DNA

Sea snakes, which are reptiles, are similar in body form to eels, which are fish. Sea snakes and eels therefore demonstrate ____

convergent evolution

Where would you likely find Euryarchaeota bacteria?

cow digestive tracts

Which is the only prokaryote to carry on photosynthesis that generates oxygen?

cyanobacteria

Which was likely engulfed by another, larger, cell that eventually evolved into a chloroplast?

cyanobacterium

A(n) ____ character is a trait that has evolved relatively recently.

derived

What is the source of certain deposits in sedimentary rock that is mined and used as filtering, insulating, and soundproofing materials?

diatoms

The leafy fern that you might have as a house plant is the ____ generation

diploid sporophyte

Among the protist groups, which has organisms that typically move with two or more flagella?

diplomonads

Which eukaryotic organelles likely arose from symbiotic relationships between larger cells and bacteria?

mitochondria and chloroplasts

Shared homologous structures would indicate that two taxa are ____

monophyletic

How do mosses help prevent soil erosion

mosses are packed in dense colonies, holding soil together

Given the diversity in protist ultrastructure and molecular data, biologists regard the protists as a(n) ____ group, meaning that some are descendants of a common eukaryote ancestor

paraphyletic

Bryophytes are different from other plants because they do not possess ____

vascular tissue

Smaller than a virus, a _____ consists of a very short, circular, single strand of naked RNA, has no protective protein coat and no associated proteins to assist in duplication.

viroid

What are the symbiotic dinoflagellates, which live in the bodies of marine invertebrates such as corals?

zooxanthellae

Who developed the binomial system of nomenclature?

Carolus Linnaeus

What is the most inclusive taxa between genus, family, order, and class?

Class

What is a primary reason for removing fungi from the Plant Kingdom and placing it in its own?

Fungi are not photosynthetic

___ are small leaves with a single vascular strand

Microphylls

A pathogen must ____ a certain cell type, multiply, and produce toxic substances to cause a disease in its host

adhere to

Before an animal cell's membrane fuses with a virus, the virus must first...?

attach to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane of the host cell

What are rod-shaped bacteria called?

bacilli

Which is an example of a derived characteristic within dolphins and whales, i.e. not shared by other mammals?

blowhole

How do bacteria move?

by means of a rotating flagella

What is the protein coat of a virus called?

capsid

What commercial product is derived from the processing of red algae

carrageenan

You find a protist that has a single flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli. You correctly conclude this organism is a(n) _____

cellular slime mold

A bacterium that uses the oxidation of inorganic compounds to provide energy for manufacturing nutritious organic compounds is a ____

chemoautotroph

What classification level contains the greatest number of species?

domain

The Archaea plasma membranes are made up of branched-chain hydrocarbons bounded to glycerol by:

ether linkages

Microsporocytes divide by ___ to form ___

meiosis, microspores

Viral proteins can damage host cells by which process?

overwhelming the host cell with a large number of viruses

What type of virus infects bacteria, are easy to culture, and are the most complex of viruses?

phage

Based on their mode of nutrition, cyanobacteria are classified as _____

photoautotrophs

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor is known as ___

phylogeny

According to the progressive hypothesis, viruses may have originated as mobile genetic ___

plasmids

Which protist group is characterized by a multinucleate amoeboid-like feeding form?

plasmodial slime molds

The oldest known megafossils of early vascular plants may be characterized as ____

possessing dichotomously branched stems without leaves or roots

The bacterium that causes botulism, a serious form of food poisoning, is harmless unless it contains a certain ____ that induces synthesis of the toxin.

prophage

Coralline forms of which group of protists are ecologically important in the formation of coral reefs?

red algae

What do retroviruses need in order to transcribe their RNA into a DNA intermediate for integration into the DNA of a host cell?

reverse transcriptase

What macromolecule structure do many systematists look to when determining phylogenies?

ribosomal RNA

Because whales breathe via lungs, have a little hair when born, and nurse their young, these ___ characteristics allow us to classify them as mammals

shared derived

Which of the following diseases is a DNA virus?

smallpox

What is the purpose of sex pili

to transmit DNA between bacteria

By what gene-transfer method does a phage transfer bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another, resulting in genetic recombination?

transduction

How many membranes surround a chloroplast of an archaeplastid, distinguishing it from all other photosynthetic protists?

two

The phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequenches for a group of retroviruses has allowed researchers to discover that there are ___ major types of HIV that originate from one ancestral lentivirus

two

Which super group classification includes some protists, animals, and fungi?

unikonts

The term clade most closely refers to ___

a group of organisms that share common characteristics inherited from a common ancestor

What is the typical size range of a virus?

20 to 300 nanometers

Which group of protists have a deep oral groove as part of their structure?

excavates

Arhcaea found in the Dead Sea are classified as ______

extreme halophiles

True or false: Radiolarians lack silica shells

false

What's an example we studied of a vascular plant?

fern

The sori of most ferns are found on which part of the plant?

fronds

Some liverworts reproduce asexually by forming tiny balls of tissue called _____

gemmae

Brown algae lack true roots, but have similar structures called ____ that anchor them to the substrate

holdfasts

The red eft-stage salamander and the red-backed salamander share many skeletal features from a common ancestor. This is an example of ___

homology

Applied to choice of cladograms, parsimony requires that the cladogram with the fewest___ be accepted as the most probable

homoplasies

What is the purpose of the waxy cuticle in plants?

it prevents desiccation

Trypanosomes contain a(n) ____ which is a single mitochondrion that has an organized deposit of DNA

kinetoplastid